Spatio-temporal Pattern Characteristics of Relationship Between Urbanization and Economic Development at County Level in China

The relationship between China’s urbanization and economic development(RCUED) is an important concern nationwide. As important actors in regional strategy and policy, county-level regions have played an increasingly significant role in the development of China’s social economy. However, the existing research on the RCUED lacks the fine depiction of the county-level administrative units.Using 2000 and 2010 census data and the statistical analysis method, we uncovered the evolution characteristics of China’s urbanization and economic development and conducted a quantitative identification for the RCUED with improved methods using the quadrant map approach. In addition, we investigated the spatial correlation effect of the RCUED using the spatial autocorrelation analysis method. The results were as follows: 1) In general, a high degree of matching exists between China’s urbanization and economic development at the county level at the significance level of 0.01. The correlation coefficients between China’s urbanization and economic development in2000 and 2010 were 0.608 and 0.603, respectively. 2) A significant regional difference exists in the RCUED at the county level. Based on a comparative analysis of 2276 county units in China in the two years, we found that county units can be categorized as under-urbanized, basic coordination and over-urbanized in various areas. No situation was observed where urbanization seriously lagged behind the economic development level, so the levels of urbanization and economic development appear to be basically coordinated,and the coordination state may be gradually optimized over time. 3) Over time, the spatial dependency of the RCUED has weakened and the spatial heterogeneity has increased. Northeast China has always been an area characterized by over-urbanization. The number of county units classified as under-urbanized has begun to decline in eastern coastal urban agglomeration areas, while counties rich in resources have transformed from having point-shaped over-urbanization to plane-shaped under-urbanization along the northern border,and the number of over-urbanized county units has increased in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. 4)’Lag-lag’ type and ’advance-advance’ type accounted for 68% of all counties in China, and these counties were shown to have obvious spatial differentiation characteristics.

The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth and the development strategy of a low-carbon economy in Kazakhstan

Fossil energy is the material basis of human survival, economic development and social progress. The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is becoming increasingly close. However, energy consumption is the major source of greenhouse gases, which can significantly affect the balance of the global ecosystem. It has become the common goal of countries worldwide to address climate change, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and implement sustainable development strategies. In this study, we applied an approximate relationship analysis, a decoupling relationship analysis, and a trend analysis to explore the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth using data from Kazakhstan for the period of 1993-2010. The results demonstrated： （1） the total energy consumption and GDP in Kazakhstan showed a ＂U＂-type curve from 1993 to 2010. This curve was observed because 1993-1999 was a period during which Kazakhstan transitioned from a republic to an independent country and experienced a difficult transition from a planned to a market economy. Then, the economic system became more stable and the industrial production increased rapidly because of the effective financial, monetary and industrial policy support from 2000 to 2010. （2） The relationships between energy con- sumption and carbon emissions, economic growth and energy exports were linked; the carbon emissions were mainly derived from energy consumption, and the dependence of economic growth on energy exports gradually increased from 1993 to 2010. Before 2000, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth was in a recessional decoupling state because of the economic recession. After 2000, this relationship was in strong and weak decoupling states because the international crude oil prices rose and energy exports increased greatly year by year. （3） It is forecasted that Kazakhstan cannot achieve its goal of energy consumption by 2020. Therefore, a low-carbon economy is the best strategic choice to address climate change from a global perspective in Kazakhstan. Thus, we proposed strategies including the improvement of the energy consumption structure, the development of new energy and renewable energy, the use of cleaner production technologies, the adjustment and optimization of the industrial structure, and the expansion of forest areas.

Relationship between ecological economics and circular economy,eco-industry,cleaner production,and other relevant categories

Eco-industry, circular economy, cleaner production, industrial ecology or industrial ecosystem and other subjects are all categories related to sustainable developinent. This paper studies the relations and differences between the four categories and sustainable development as well as ecological economics. Circular economy, eco-industry, industrial ecosystem and cleaner production were put forward during the revolution in “end treatment pattern” of traditional industrial society. Industrial ecology, eco-industry and circular economy theory are three content expansions of cleaner production. Ecological economics is of instructive function theoretically and methodologically for circular economy, eco-industrial, cleaner production and industrial ecology. Circular economy theory is easier to be accepted, compared with ecological economics theory. And circular economy in nature is the complete application of ecological economics theory.

A Causality Analysis of Coal Consumption and Economic Growth for China and India

China and India are the two countries with the strongest economic growth in the world. Meanwhile they consume much of the global coal to fuel their economic development. With coal burning as a major factor contributing to global greenhouse gas emissions, China and India are confronted with a dilemma of economic growth and environment protection. Will coal consumption reduction cause economic shocks? Is there a causal relationship between coal consumption and economic growth in China and India? In this paper Granger causality tests were used to examine the relationship between coal consumption and GDP in China and India, using data for the period from 1965 to 2006. It was found that a unidirectional causality from GDP to coal consumption existed in China while a unidirectional causality from coal consumption to GDP did in India. Therefore, developing cleaner and more efficient technologies is essential to reduce their CO2 emissions to reach sustainable development.

Coordination of economic development and ecological environment in resource exhausted cities

This paper establishes the evaluation index system of ecological environment and economic development in resource exhausted cities, and calculates the level of economic development and ecological environment during the year 2005-2012 by using the entropy method. Furthermore, this study analyzes the coordination degree and coordinated development degree by using the coordination model. The results show that the coordination relationship of economic development and ecological environment continues to improve from 2005 to 2012 in most of these resource exhausted cities. By 2012, other resource depletion cities are in all kinds of hierarchical coordination except Yichun and Hegang. From the standpoint of coordination development degree, although most of these resource exhausted cities have been increased continuously but the level is also lower except in Tongling and Xinyu. Finally, this paper puts forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions according to the results of the analysis.

The Centenary of the CPC:Exploration and Improvement of Central-Local Economic Relationship

Decentralization is a global phenomenon,but growth is not.The economic relationship between central and local governments is an important yet unresolved question in China’s economic development.As a large country with unbalanced political and economic development,China is faced with unbalanced and inadequate development as the primary constraint to meeting people’s ever-growing needs for a better life.The Communist Party of China(CPC)has been exploring to mobilize the initiatives of both central and local governments.During the planned economy era,China experienced a few rounds of centralization of economic powers but failed to strike a balance in maximizing the initiatives of both central and local governments.After the reform and opening up policy enacted in 1978,China’s central and local governments have succeeded in combining economic decentralization with administrative decentralization.China’s central government,local governments and enterprises have become resource allocation entities.China’s economic growth miracle has been driven by promoting the initiatives of central and local governments.Entering the new era,the central-local economic relationship represents an institutional strength of concentrating resources to accomplish great undertakings and leveraging the initiatives of both central and local governments.With the principal contradiction facing China’s development shifted into one between people’s growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development,the management of central and local government relationship has taken on greater theoretical significance and salient implications in the new era.

History of the Human and Nature Relationship,Discovery of Green­house Effect and Awareness of the Environmental Problem

The evolution of man and nature relationship during human history has allowed human beings to be sheltered from the threats of their natural environments and has permitted them to exercise their powers there but has against part the breakdown of this relationship because of the excessive exploitation of natural resources,discharges and waste that cause nature pollution.This rupture caused climate change due to the evolution of the production model from the primitive model to the capi­talist model.The objective of this paper is to shed light on the evolution of the relationship between human beings and their natural environment and the awareness of the climate change problem.This research allows appreciating and comparing the effectiveness of the resolutions that can help researchers understanding the climate change context,serve as a springboard for empirical studies,and represent a decision tool for pol­icymakers.To this end,we use a knowledge synthesis methodology to make an inventory of our research problem.

Revisiting the Relationship Between Urbanization and Economic Development in China Since the Reform and Opening-up

The relationship between urbanization and economic development has become a hot topic in the scientific community due to its great practical significance,and economic and social value.However,this relationship continues to change dynamically.In the new stage of urbanization,it is urgent to reveal the causal relationship quantitatively and diagnose the future direction systematically.Based on this,this paper calculates the contribution rate of China’s urbanization to economic development from 1978 to 2019 and uses the panel data cointegration test method to explore the causal relationship between urbanization and economic development in China.The study has three principal results.First,the contribution rate of urbanization to economic growth has maintained the overall growth trend from1978 to 2019,but the growth rate of urbanization’s contribution to economic growth has been relatively low since 2012.It is an important reason that the real estate sector has moved into a new stage of transformation.Second,the cointegration test shows that economic development is a significant factor in advancing urbanization and the urbanization is the product of economic development.Urbanization has a positive feedback effect on economic development,but this effect does not pass the 5%significance level test.The impulse response function shows that the impact of urbanization on economic development is relatively small and stable,indicating that it is limited that the boost of economic development by land-centered urbanization.Third,China’s urbanization and economic development have both shown rapid growth for some time,but their relationship is still the low level of coordination,which has also led to a downward trend in the contribution of new-type,people-oriented urbanization to economic growth in recent years.In the future,China’s urbanization and economy need to maintain relatively medium-low speed growth in the medium-long term,and we should boost the coordinated development of urbanization and economy from low level to high level.

Competitive Relationships and Yield Advantage of Intercropping Faba Bean with Sugar Beet under Bio-Organic Additives and Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates

A field experiment was conducted at El-Serw Agricultural Research Station, Damietta Governorate, Egypt during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons to reduce mineral N inputs of sugar beet with increased land use efficiency and profitability under intercropping conditions. Seven treatments included five treatments (90 kg nitrogen “N” + 30 m3 farm yard manure “FYM”/fad, 80 kg N +30 m3 FYM/fad, 70 kg N +30 m3 FYM/fad and 400 g of Cerealine + 30 m3 FYM/fad for intercropping faba bean cultivar Spanish with sugar beet cultivar Gloria) and two treatments (90 and 20 kg N/fad for solid culture of sugar beet and faba bean, respectively, as recommended mineral N fertilizer rate) were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Solid culture of sugar beet with the application of recommended rate (90 kg N/fad) gave the highest top, root and sugar yields/fad, as well as the percentage of purity compared with the other treatments in both seasons. Intercropping faba bean with sugar beet plants with application of 90 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad gave the highest number of leaves/plant, leaf area/plant, root length, root diameter and root weight/plant followed by intercropped sugar beet plants that fertilized with 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad compared with the other treatments in both seasons. On the other hand, intercropped sugar beet that received 400 g of Cerealine + 30 m3 FYM/fad had the highest percentages of T.S.S. and sucrose followed by 70 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad compared with the other treatments in both seasons. Solid culture of faba bean with the application of 20 kg N/fad gave the highest plant height, number of seeds/pod and seed yield/fad, meanwhile the highest number of branches/plant and pod length were achieved by intercropping faba bean with sugar beet with application of 90 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad followed by intercropped faba bean plants that fertilized with 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad compared with the other treatments in both seasons. However, intercropped faba bean plants that fertilized with 70 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad gave the highest number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed index and seed yield per plant compared with the other treatments in both seasons. Land equivalent ratio (LER), land equivalent coefficient (LEC) and relative crowding coefficient (RCC) were high by intercropping faba bean with sugar beet with the application of 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad indicating yield advantage was achieved. The value of aggressivity (Agg) of sugar beet was negative for all combinations indicating that sugar beet is dominated component in the present study. Intercropping faba bean with sugar beet with the application of 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad achieved higher total income and monetary advantage index (MAI) than the other treatments. Growing sugar beet plants in both sides of beds (1.2 m width) with one faba bean row in middle of sugar beet beds with the application of 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad decreased mineral N fertilizer rate by 10.00% of the recommended sugar beet mineral N fertilizer rate, as well as increased land usage and profitability for Egyptian farmers compared with sugar beet solid culture.

On the Relationship between Human Rights Protection and Economic Development

British Economist Angus Maddison said that eco nomic development is a recent phenomenon inhuman history. Although human species have lived on the planet at least 2.5 million years, economic development only appeared around the 1850s. In pursuit of economic development, not all nationalities have been equally lucky. Among more than 200 countries in the world, only dozens of countries are devel oped. Onethird of the world＇s total population of 6.5 billion are living in poverty. In both developing and developed countries, the wealth gap is often obvious. Therefore, eco nomic development is the goal of each country, the aim of each politi cal party, and the wish of all people. However, economic development usually baffles people. As a result, understanding the relationship be tween economic development and human rights protection is a matter of urgency.

Attitude toward marriage in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice

The present paper,by the novel Pride and Prejudice,shows Jane Austen's opinion of marriage.And from which we also can see the executive concern with money of relationship in the English society at that time.Marriage,a special relationship,is also based on money.We all know that love is the basis of marriage,but at that time,in such a historical social environment,a good eco-nomic situation is necessary.

Economic Evaluation for 5G Planning of a Distribution Network Considering Network Coupling and Important Node Identification

The rapid development of communication services in the power distribution network poses challenges for existing wireless communications,and the deployment of a fiber optic network is costly and difficult.The emerging 5G technology has been piloted in power distribution networks,though the cost-effectiveness of its large-scale deployment remains unclear.This paper proposes an economic evaluation method for 5G planning in power distribution networks,considering the coupling relationship between power distribution and communication networks and the identification of important network nodes.First,the objective function to solve the planned number of 5G base stations is established.This is solved using the adaptive particle swarm algorithm and K-means algorithm.Second,the coupling relationship between the distribution and communication networks is discussed and quantified.The node importance of the coupling network is analyzed to identify the important nodes,and micro base stations or optical fibers are added to improve the reliability of the distribution network at the communication level.Finally,an economic evaluation index of 5G planning of the distribution network is established.The paper compares the economic solutions of 5G and 4G communications in city and town scenarios using the IEEE 123-node network as an example,and concludes that the economics of 5G are better than those of 4G.

政治关系、经济增长率对中国在欧洲OFDI的影响——基于33个欧洲国家面板数据的实证研究

欧洲是中国重要的投资目的地,近年来因其内部政治格局调整、经济增速放缓,使中国对欧洲OFDI的风险增大。文章选取33个欧洲国家2010年—2019年面板数据,构建固定效应模型探讨双边政治关系及经济增长率对中国在欧洲OFDI的影响。结果表明:良好的双边政治关系不仅能够促进中国OFDI,还能减弱东道国监管对中国OFDI的不利影响;东道国经济增长率可通过调节市场规模对中国OFDI的正向影响,进而促进中国OFDI;中国对东道国出口额、东道国市场规模、东道国税收负担对中国OFDI均具有显著影响;同时,中国OFDI存在地区异质性和经济体异质性,表明中国对不同地区或不同经济体进行直接投资的动机和目标差异较大。今后应进一步巩固和深化双边政治关系,积极构建并逐步完善中国OFDI安全审查机制,助力中国对欧洲OFDI持续增长。

Food supply and the obesity scourge: Is there a relationship?

This paper reviews literature on the relationship between food supply and obesity. The focus is on the supply, cost, and variety of food through various types of food outlets and the impact of these factors on obesity in developed countries. The article reveals complex relationships between food supply factors and obesity. A numer of factors related to lifestyles including the mobility of populations and the use of motor vehicles greatly reduce the impact of the local environment on family and individual eating patterns. However, obesity is also affected by factors such as the type and density of food outlets, the cost of food, the travel distance and means of transport to the food outlet. While the relationship between food supply and obesity in the literature reveals complex and mixed findings, this paper concludes obesity is complex and food supply is only part of this phenomenon’s predictors. Because the relationship between food supply and obesity is mediated by such multiple and complex factors including population behaviours, beliefs, lifestyles, knowledge and both food and physical environments;multiple strategies including policy development and other strategies aimed at manipulating food environments, physical environments, populations’ beliefs, behaviours and practices must be considered in searching for evidence to effectively combat obesity.

The Official Promotion Incentive： A New Re-Estimation and Re-Examination

Based on three major theories, the Chinese local officials＇ promotion incentive could be influenced by economic performances, political relationships, and financial performances. However, there were some researchers focusing on these promotion mechanisms and then they got different outcomes. This paper achieves the goal for exploring the influence factors of officials＇ promotion by using OLS empirical test. From collecting the data of Chinese local officials and cities＇ economic conditions, we find that economic performances and political relationships can have a significant effect on officials＇ promotion, but financial performances cannot have this effect. And the experiences and lesson of this research have some reference for exploration of Chinese local officials＇ promotion incentive.

人工智能时代的知识学习与教育变革

随着人工智能的崛起及其对部分人脑活动的替代,其“创造性毁灭”效应对社会带来巨变的同时也形成了前所未有的挑战,如何应对这种巨变及其挑战已经成为人工智能时代学习与教育领域的紧要任务。通过梳理人工智能对当今社会发展造成的影响与挑战,探讨了人工智能在改变人类生活环境与经济需求的同时对知识学习的目标、内容与方式的影响,说明人类在教育和知识学习上如何应对人工智能的挑战。人工智能作为人类智能的延伸与替代,虽然将会极大地改变包括人类教育与知识学习的方式和内容在内的教育的显性功能,但其工具实质不会改变教育与知识学习的本质属性。根据劳动者与人工智能的三重关系及人类自身发展的要求,在新的时代,人类更应以学习者为中心,保持持续学习直至终身学习的能力,重视立体复合知识及其转化能力的学习,培养新型立体多维复合型人才。与此相应,教育体制也必然需要进行适应性的改革,使教育实现更大规模和更深覆盖的同时,助力人的全面发展及“个体禀赋”的提升,从而在提升认知的过程中完善自我。

中国数字经济空间动态演进的区域现状

数字经济已成为引领我国经济一体化高质量发展的主要驱动力,立足于国家整体经济及区域经济稳步协调发展的战略。文章基于中国2013—2020年省级数据,运用主成分分析法对中国数字经济进行测度,并运用社会网络分析及核密度等方法对我国数字经济动态演化的空间关联及区域差异进行研究。研究发现:(1)2013—2020年我国数字经济发展整体网络密度稳步提升但依旧处于低水平。(2)中国各省份数字经济发展两极分化,东部与西北、东北等边缘地区存在“数字经济鸿沟”,加之整体关联水平低,分化严重,发达地区对边缘地区的辐射效应较低,差距可能愈发扩大。(3)将其划分为四个板块,发现存在“弱关联”板块,板块间溢出关系及关联度差异悬殊,进一步研究各省份数字经济发展的“中间人”作用,发现各省份承担角色更是“极化”严重。研究结果可为我国持续深化数字经济建设,推动经济协调、稳定、高质量发展提供参考。

石家庄市县域科技创新与经济发展耦合协调关系时空演变

选取石家庄市13个县域单元作为研究区域,构建科技创新能力和经济发展水平评价指标体系,计算评价指数,测算两者的耦合协调度,使用ArcGIS绘制空间分布图,深入剖析科技创新能力、经济发展水平以及两者耦合协调关系的时空演变特征。研究发现:全市县域科技创新能力和经济发展水平呈现较强的正相关性,且都在2010—2017年间提升速度较快,而在2019年之后提升速度呈减慢的趋势。2010—2021年经济发展水平指数均高于科技创新能力指数,但后者提升速度高于前者,表明石家庄市各县域科技创新能力滞后于经济发展水平,但科技创新能力的发展势头较好。2010年以来,全市县域耦合协调度呈现上升趋势,但耦合协调度与科技创新能力和经济发展水平的变化趋势相似,即2018年之前的提升速度要快于2018年之后。2021年,全市县域耦合协调度等级为“勉强协调发展”,协调发展水平较低,有待进一步提升。

数字金融与区域经济发展的耦合协调性测度及其动态演进

以中国八大综合经济区为例,运用耦合协调度模型分析数字金融对区域经济发展的耦合协调关系,并基于Dagum基尼系数与Kernel核密度揭示数字金融与区域经济发展之间协调关系的地区差异及动态演进规律。结果表明:八大综合经济区的经济发展水平总体呈现稳定增长态势,具有“东高西低”阶梯形的异质性和阶段性特征;数字金融与区域经济发展之间协调发展水平逐年提升,八大综合经济区普遍由失调阶段跨入协调阶段;数字金融与区域经济发展之间协调关系存在明显的地区差异,沿海经济区的协调水平明显高于内陆经济区,但地区间协调程度的差距呈现逐渐缩小的演进态势。