Education Under Siege: Exploring How International Economic Sanctions Create Crises of Pedagogy

Purpose:This article examines the adverse impact of international economic sanctions on pedagogy.The article considers the contemporary times as a period of misinformation,false news,and untruths.Utilizing anti-hegemonic literature,international economic sanctions are viewed as neoliberalism's instrument of coercion,a Western weapon used to enforce Western values on thosewithdifferentperceptions toward thefreemarket system.Design/Approach/Methods:This article utilizes critical scholarship to unmask authoritarian neoliberalism and a scoping review of sanctioned societies.Critical analytics are deployedto interpret and make sense of the dominant educational policy framework that appears to be against diversity.Findings:Neoliberalism has caused a crisis in pedagogy.Education is under siege as academics and scientific evidence are being disregarded.The call is for pedagogues from all over the world to continue to avail evidence to power by practicing critical education.Literature is utilized to propose critical pedagogy when scientific evidence is disputed,and non-Western epistemologies are considered anachronous.Originality/Value:Linking sanctions and neoliberalism is relativelynovel,as is the contribution of the same lenses to authoritarian neoliberalism.The assault on divergent epistemologies is critical,and the defense of critical scholarship is every academic's duty.The article joins conversations on the neoliberal assault on education and society.

US economic and trade sanctions against China: A loss-loss confrontation

The economic and trade sanctions implemented by the United States(US)against China have lasted for a few decades and the structural imbalance of the US–China trade relationship has ultim-ately been escalated to a trade war recently.We examine the eco-nomic impacts of US sanctions against China on both sponsor and target countries during the last 20 years.We find that such impacts have significantly changed over time.On one hand,US economic sanctions have gradually extended from China’s labour-intensive to high value-added products and they have largely slowed down China’s trade growth for the last decade.On the other hand,US consumers and businesses have faced higher pri-ces and production costs for Chinese imports(or import substi-tutes)in the wake of the increasing US trade sanctions,leading to great deadweight losses to the sponsor country.In addition,US economic and trade sanctions against China have largely impacted other economies involved in US–China trade as well.The intermediary status of the Hong Kong SAR has been greatly challenged.Overall,US economic and trade sanctions have caused pain on both China and the US,but their impact on China(the target country)has been largely weakened.