240 nm AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet micro-LEDs:size effect versus edge effect

240 nm AlGaN-based micro-LEDs with different sizes are designed and fabricated.Then,the external quantum efficiency(EQE)and light extraction efficiency(LEE)are systematically investigated by comparing size and edge effects.Here,it is revealed that the peak optical output power increases by 81.83%with the size shrinking from 50.0 to 25.0μm.Thereinto,the LEE increases by 26.21%and the LEE enhancement mainly comes from the sidewall light extraction.Most notably,transversemagnetic(TM)mode light intensifies faster as the size shrinks due to the tilted mesa side-wall and Al reflector design.However,when it turns to 12.5μm sized micro-LEDs,the output power is lower than 25.0μm sized ones.The underlying mechanism is that even though protected by SiO2 passivation,the edge effect which leads to current leakage and Shockley-Read-Hall(SRH)recombination deteriorates rapidly with the size further shrinking.Moreover,the ratio of the p-contact area to mesa area is much lower,which deteriorates the p-type current spreading at the mesa edge.These findings show a role of thumb for the design of high efficiency micro-LEDs with wavelength below 250 nm,which will pave the way for wide applications of deep ultraviolet(DUV)micro-LEDs.

Edge Effect Correction in the S-A Method for Geochemical Anomaly Separation

Anomaly separation using geochemical data often involves operations in the frequency domain, such as filtering and reducing noise/signal ratios. Unfortunately, the abrupt edge truncation of an image along edges and holes (with missing data) often causes frequency distribution distortion in the frequency domain. For example, bright strips are commonly seen in frequency distribution when using a Fourier transform. Such edge effect distortion may affect information extraction results; sometimes severely, depending on the edge abruptness of the image. Traditionally, edge effects are reduced by smoothing the image boundary prior to applying a Fourier transform. Zero-padding is one of the most commonly used smoothing methods. This simple method can reduce the edge effect to some degree but still distorts the image in some cases. Moreover, due to the complexity of geoscience images, which can include irregular shapes and holes with missing data, zero-padding does not always give satisfactory results. This paper proposes the use of decay functions to handle edge effects when extracting information from geoscience images. As an application, this method has been used in a newly developed multifractal method (S-A) for separating geochemical anomalies from background patterns. A geochemical dataset chosen from a mineral district in Nova Scotia, Canada was used to validate the method.

Edge effects on plant diversity in tropical forest ecosystems at Periyar Wildlife sanctuary in the Western Ghats of India

Forest resource conservation has been widely accepted as a key to sustain the local and regional economic development. The forest edges are affected by anthropogenic activities including deforestation, forest fragmentation, selective logging, extraction of non-timber forest products, collection of medicinal plants, recreations, hydroelectric pro- jects and its associated developmental activities, which alter the biodiver- sity. The present study intends to evaluate the edge effect on vegetation structure and species compositions in the tropical forest ecosystems at Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary in the Western Ghats. High species richness （number of species） and Shannon＇s diversity indices were observed in the site IlI （completely undisturbed forest） compared to site I （adjacent to the village/edge of the forest, which is next to the teal（ plantation, severely disturbed forest） and site II （in between the undisturbed forest and mod- erately disturbed forest） while density of tree species showed greater value in site II. Single species such as Tectona grandis （IVI of 80） and Terminaliapaniculata （IVI of 112） were the dominant tree species in site I and site II, respectively, whereas, in site III Terminalia bellirica, Bishofia javanica and Syzgium gardneri shared the dominance. Perturba- tion leads to alien plant invasion particularly Lantana camara, Eupato- rium odoratum and Ageratum conizoides. Site II is at forest transition level because the site is dominated by both natural species as well as plantation species such as Tectona grandis. This site seems to be a buffer zone on natural forest and plantations. Further studies are required to analyse the real patterns of regeneration and dynamic change due to human impact by long term monitoring with the establishment of perma- nent plots.

Urbanization strengthens the edge effects on species diversity and composition of woody plants in remnant forests

Background:Urban remnant forests are embedded in urban areas and are threatened directly and indirectly by urbanization.The direct effects(e.g.,loss of area)have been well studied.However,knowledge about the indirect influence of urbanization through edge effects on the biodiversity in remnant forests is limited.Methods:In this study,we surveyed woody plant species in 72 plots in nine remnant forest patches in Guiyang,China.We examined the influences of urbanization and edge effects on the species diversity and composition of woody plants in remnant forests.We compared alpha diversities and quantified compositional dissimilarities in interior and edge sites at different levels of urbanization.We also measured the niche width of the recorded plant species and assessed whether high levels of urbanization and edge effects increased the number of generalist species.Results and conclusions:The Shannon index,the Simpson index and the Pielou index of adult trees were lowest in the edge habitat under high levels of urbanization.Significant differences in the Shannon index and the Simpson index of sapling/seedling were detected between interior and edge sites under low urbanization.The edge effects on the species composition of adult trees were intensified by high levels of urbanization.Woody plant species with wide niche widths were more abundant at edge sites under high levels of urbanization.Therefore,we recommend that urban expansion surrounding remnant patches should be strictly controlled to alleviate edge effects on biodiversity.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON FOREST EDGE EFFECT AND APPLICATION

Researches and analyses were carried on the mechanism of forest edge effect by the classification of its types in forest ecosystem. Two kinds of practical models were put forward to extricate forestry from 'Two Crisises' and increase the utilization efficiency of solar energy and the net primary productivity on unit area by combination forest edge effect theory with forestry production. 1. Cultivating fast growth and rich yield plantation directionally in optimal community structure by use of forest edge effect theory. 2. Establishing artificial-natural compound forest community by openning up effect belts in natural secondary forest.

Analytical solutions to edge effect of composite laminates based on symplectic dual system

In the symplectic space composed of the original variables,displacements,and their dual variables,stresses,the symplectic solution for the composite laminates based on the Pipes-Pagano model is established in this paper.In contrast to the traditional technique using only one kind of variables,the symplectic dual variables include displacement components as well as stress components.Therefore,the compatibility conditions of displacement and stress at interfaces can be formulated simultaneously.After being introduced into the symplectic dual system,the uniform schemes,such as the separation of variables and symplectic eigenfunction expansion method,can be implemented conveniently to analyze composite laminate problems.An analytical solution for the free edge effect of composite laminates is obtained,showing the effectiveness of the symplectic dual method in analyzing composite laminates.

Edge effects on the characteristics of uranium diffusion on graphene and graphene nanoribbons

The first principles density-functional theoretical calculations of U adatom adsorption and diffusion on a planar graphene and quasi-one-dimensional graphene nanoribbons（GNRs） are performed. An energetic preference is found for U adatom diffusing to the hollow sites of both graphene and GNRs surface. A number of U distinctive diffusion paths either perpendicular or parallel to the ribbon growth direction are examined. The edge effects are evidenced by the calculated energy barriers of U adatom diffusion on armchair and zigzag nanoribbons surfaces. The calculation results indicate that the diffusion of U adatom from the inner site toward the edge site is a feasible process, particularly in zigzagGNR. It is viable to control the initial morphology of nuclear carbon material to retard the diffusion and concentration of nuclides.

Edge Effects and Coupling Effects in Atomic Force Microscope Images

The AFM images were obtained by an atomic force microscope (AFM) and transformed from the deformation of AFM micro cantilever probe. However, due to the surface topography and surface forces applied on the AFM tip of sample, the deformation of AFM probe results in obvious edge effects and coupling effects in the AFM images.The deformation of AFM probe was analyzed,the mechanism of the edge effects and the coupling effects was investigated, and their results in the AFM images were studied. It is demonstrated by the theoretical analysis and AFM experiments that the edge effects make lateral force images more clear than the topography images,also make extraction of frictional force from lateral force images more complex and difficult. While the coupling effects make the comparison between topography images and lateral force images more advantage to acquire precise topography information by AFM.

Electronic structures and edge effects of Ga_2S_2 nanoribbons

Ab initio density functional theory calculations are carried out to predict the electronic properties and relative stability of gallium sulfide nanoribbons(Ga2S2-NRs) with either zigzag- or armchair-terminated edges. It is found that the electronic properties of the nanoribbons are very sensitive to the edge structure. The zigzag nanoribbons(Ga2S2-ZNRs)are ferromagnetic(FM) metallic with spin-polarized edge states regardless of the H-passivation, whereas the bare armchair ones(Ga2S2-ANRs) are semiconducting with an indirect band gap. This band gap exhibits an oscillation behavior as the width increases and finally converges to a constant value. Similar behavior is also found in H-saturated Ga2S2-ANRs,although the band gap converges to a larger value. The relative stabilities of the bare ANRs and ZNRs are investigated by calculating their binding energies. It is found that for a similar width the ANRs are more stable than the ZNRs, and both are more stable than some Ga2S2nanoclusters with stable configurations.

NUMERICAL-PERTURBATION ANALYSIS OF EDGE EFFECT IN BENDING LAMINATED PLATE

In this paper, we consider a bending laminated plate. At first, the dimensionless variables are used to transform the equilibrium equations of any layer to perturbation differential equations. Secondly, the composite expansion is used and the solution domain is divided into interior and boundary layer regions and the mathematical models for the outer solution and the inner solution are yielded respectively. Then, the inner solution is expressed with the boundary intergral equation.

Arthropods on plants in a fragmented Neotropical dry forest： A functional analysis of area loss and edge effects

Loss and fragmentation of natural ecosystems are widely recognized as the most important threats to biodiversity conservation, with Neotropical dry forests among the most endangered ecosystems. Area and edge effects are major factors in fragmented landscapes. Here, we examine area and edge effects and their interaction, on ensembles of arthropods associated to native vegetation in a fragmented Chaco Serrano forest. We analyzed family richness and community composition of herbivores, predators, and parasitoids on three native plant species in 12 fragments of varying size and at edge/interior positions. We also looked for indicator families by using Indicator Species Analysis. Loss of family richness with the reduction of forest fragment area was observed for the three functional groups, with sirnilar magnitude. Herbivores were richer at the edges without interaction between edge and area effects, whereas predators were not affected by edge/interior position and parasitoid richness showed an interaction between area and position, with a steeper area slope at the edges. Family composition of herbivore, predator, and parasitoid assemblages was also affected by forest area and/or edge/interior situation. We found three indicator families for large remnants and five for edges. Our results support the key role of forest area for conservation of arthropods taxonomic and functional diversity in a highly threatened region, and emphasize the need to understand the interactions between area and edge effects on such diversity.

Natural vegetation cover in the landscape and edge effects： differential responses of insect orders in a fragmented forest

Human activities have led to global simplification of ecosystems, among which Neotropical dry forests are some of the most threatened. Habitat loss as well as edge effects may affect insect communities. Here, we analyzed insects sampled with pan traps in 9 landscapes （at 5 scales, in 100-500 m diameter circles） comprising cultivated fields and Chaco Serrano forests, at overall community and taxonomic order level. In total 7043 specimens and 456 species of hexapods were captured, with abundance and richness being directly related to forest cover at 500 m and higher at edges in comparison with forest interior. Community composition also varied with forest cover and edge^interior location. Different responses were detected among the 8 dominant orders. Collembola, Hemiptera, and Orthoptera richness and^or abundance were positively related to forest cover at the larger scale, while Thysanoptera abundance increased with forest cover only at the edge. Hymenoptera abundance and richness were negatively related to forest cover at 100 m. Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera were more diverse and abundant at the forest edge. The generally negative influence of forest loss on insect communities could have functional consequences for both natural and cultivated systems, and highlights the relevance of forest conservation. Higher diversity at the edges could result from the simultaneous presence of forest and matrix species, although ＂resource mapping＂ might be involved for orders that were richer and more abundant at edges. Adjacent crops could benefit from forest proximity since natural enemies and pollinators are well represented in the orders showing nositive edge effects.

Edge effect and interface confinement modulated strain distribution and interface adhesion energy in graphene/Si system

In order to clarify the edge and interface effect on the adhesion energy between graphene(Gr)and its substrate,a theoretical model is proposed to study the interaction and strain distribution of Gr/Si system in terms of continuum medium mechanics and nanothermodynamics.We find that the interface separation and adhesion energy are determined by the thickness of Gr and substrate.The disturbed interaction and redistributed strain in the Gr/Si system induced by the effect of surface and interface can make the interface adhesion energy decrease with increasing thickness of Gr and diminishing thickness of Si.Moreover,our results show that the smaller area of Gr is more likely to adhere to the substrate since the edge effect improves the active energy and strain energy.Our predictions can be expected to be a guide for designing high performance of Grbased electronic devices.

Edge effect of optical surfacing process with different data extension algorithms

This study presents a strategy which integrates extra polishing path （EPP） and error map extension to weaken the edge effect in the ultraprecise optical surfacing process. Different data extension algorithms were pre- sented and analyzed. The neighbor-hood average can be selected as the frequently-used method, as it has not bad precision and time-saving performance for most surface forms through the simulation results and practical experi- ment. The final error map was obtained, its peak-to-valley （PV） was 0.2732 and root mean square （RMS） was 0.0282 （2 = 632.8nm）. The edge effect was weakened and suppressed well through the experiment.

Sensitivity of forest phenology in China varies with proximity to forest edges

Background:Shifts in forest phenological events serve as strong indicators of climate change.However,the sensitivity of phenology events to climate change in relation to forest origins has received limited attention.Moreover,it is unknown whether forest phenology changes with the proximity to forest edge.Methods:This study examined the green-up dates,dormancy dates,time-integrated NDVI(LiNDVI,a measure of vegetation productivity in growing season),and their sensitivities to climatic factors along the gradients of distance(i.e.proximity)to forest edge(0–2 km)in China's natural forests(NF)and planted forests(PF).For the analysis,field-surveyed data were integrated with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)NDVI from 2000 to 2022.Results:Our results reveal that PF had earlier green-up dates,later dormancy dates,and higher LiNDVI than NF.However,green-up sensitivities to temperature were higher at the edges of NF,whereas no such pattern was observed in PF.Conversely,the sensitivity of dormancy dates remains relatively stable from the inner to the edge of both NF and PF,except for a quadratic change in dormancy date sensitivity to precipitation found in NF.Additionally,we found that the green-up sensitivity to temperature increased with decreasing proximity to edge in NF evergreen forests,while it showed the opposite trend in PF evergreen forests.Furthermore,we observed that the precipitation impact on green-up dates shifts from postponing to advancing from the inner to the edge of NF,whereas precipitation dominantly postpones PF's green-up dates regardless of the proximity to edge.The LiNDVI exhibits higher sensitivity to precipitation at the edge areas,a phenomenon observed in NF but not in PF.Conclusions:These results suggest that the responses of forests to climate change vary with the distance to the edge.With increasing edge forests,which results from fragmentation caused by global changes,we anticipate that desynchronized phenological events along the distance to the edge could alter biogeochemical cycles and reshape ecosystem services such as energy flows,pollination duration,and the tourism industry.Therefore,we advocate for further investigations of edge effects to improve ecosystem modelling,enhance forest stability,and promote sustainable tourism.

Random-Gate-Voltage Induced Al'tshuler–Aronov–Spivak Effect in Topological Edge States

Helical edge states are the hallmark of the quantum spin Hall insulator. Recently, several experiments have observed transport signatures contributed by trivial edge states, making it difficult to distinguish between the topologically trivial and nontrivial phases. Here, we show that helical edge states can be identified by the randomgate-voltage induced Φ_(0)/2-period oscillation of the averaged electron return probability in the interferometer constructed by the edge states. The random gate voltage can highlight the Φ_(0)/2-period Al'tshuler–Aronov–Spivak oscillation proportional to sin^(2)(2πΦ/Φ_(0)) by quenching the Φ_(0)-period Aharonov–Bohm oscillation. It is found that the helical spin texture induced π Berry phase is key to such weak antilocalization behavior with zero return probability at Φ = 0. In contrast, the oscillation for the trivial edge states may exhibit either weak localization or antilocalization depending on the strength of the spin-orbit coupling, which has finite return probability at Φ = 0. Our results provide an effective way for the identification of the helical edge states. The predicted signature is stabilized by the time-reversal symmetry so that it is robust against disorder and does not require any fine adjustment of system.

Macro-superlubricity in sputtered MoS_(2)-based films by decreasing edge pinning effect

To date,MoS_(2) can only be achieved at microscale.Edge pinning effect caused by structure defects is the most obvious barrier to expand the size of structural superlubricity to macroscale.Herein,we plan to pin edge planes of MoS_(2) with nanospheres,and then the incommensurate structure can be formed between adjacent rolling nanoparticles to reduce friction.The sputtered MoS_(2) film was prepared by the physical vapor deposition(PVD)in advance.Then enough Cu_(2)O nanospheres(~40 nm)were generated in situ at the edge plane of MoS_(2) layers by liquid phase synthesis.An incommensurate structure(mismatch angle(θ)=8°)caused by MoS_(2) layers was formed before friction.The friction coefficient of the films(5 N,1,000 r/min)was~6.0×10^(−3) at the most.During friction,MoS_(2) layers pinned on numerous of Cu_(2)O nanoparticles reduced its edge pinning effect and decreased friction.Moreover,much more incommensurate was formed,developing macro-superlubricity.

Optical polarization response at gold nanosheet edges probed by scanning near-field optical microscopy

Optical properties of metallic edge-like structures known as knife-edges are a topic of interest and possess potential applications in enhanced Raman scattering, optical trapping, etc. In this work, we investigate the near-field optical polar- ization response at the edge of a triangular gold nanosheet, which is synthesized by a wet chemical method. A homemade scanning near-field optical microscope （SNOM） in collection mode is adopted, which is able to accurately locate its probe at the edge during experiments. An uncoated straight fiber probe is used in the SNOM, because it s611 preserves the prop- erty of light polarization though it has the depolarization to some extent. By comparing near-field intensities at the edge and glass substrate, detected in different polarization directions of incident light, the edge-induced depolarization is found, which is supported by the finite differential time domain （FDTD） simulated results. The depolarized phenomenon in the near-field is similar to that in the far-field.

Profiled Cylindrical Roller Design in Consideration of Grinding Undercut Effect

In this paper, the effect of the grinding undercut of the raceways on the longitudinal pressure distribution of the profiled rollers, which are the most popular axial profile employed by the bearing manufacturers, was discussed. Based on the profiled roller geometrical equations and numerical calculation of three dimensional elastic contact problems of finite length, a new numerical method for calculating the crown drop evaluation considering the effect of grinding undercut was used. The analyses of two structure case, that roller length is greater or less than raceway width, were carried out and compared with each other. The Results show that the width of grinding undercut must be considered in determining the crown drop of rollers.

Influence of the Transverse Field Component on the Edge Efect in a Short-Gap Discharge

In a general plane-parallel electrode system the edge of the electrode will undermine the uniformity of the dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） because of the influence of the distorted electrical field. In this paper, the influence of the non-uniform electrical field on the edge effect of DBDs in a short-gap is investigated. We present some o.f the experimental results of DBDs produced by three kinds of convex-spherical electrodes. The results show that there is a dark area （the homogeneous discharge） in the central region of the electrode and a bright halo （the filamentary discharge） in the outer peripheral region, and the radius of the dark region is determined by the electrode geometry. The calculated results of the transverse （radial） field component distribution on the surface of the electrodes show that the edge effect does not come from the electrode edge, but the transverse field. The discharge has enough space to be fully developed and then format the filamentary discharge in the outer peripheral region because the streamer of the filamentary discharge is driven to move along the direction of the longer path by the transverse field. Thus, the homogeneous discharge （the Townsend DBD or a glow DBD） could not be produced in this area.