Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a group of heterogeneous,multi-factorial,neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from genetic and environmental factors interplay.Infection is a significant trigger of autism,especially ...Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a group of heterogeneous,multi-factorial,neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from genetic and environmental factors interplay.Infection is a significant trigger of autism,especially during the critical developmental period.There is a strong interplay between the viral infection as a trigger and a result of ASD.We aim to highlight the mutual relationship between autism and viruses.We performed a thorough literature review and included 158 research in this review.Most of the literature agreed on the possible effects of the viral infection during the critical period of development on the risk of developing autism,especially for specific viral infections such as Rubella,Cytomegalovirus,Herpes Simplex virus,Varicella Zoster Virus,Influenza virus,Zika virus,and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.Viral infection directly infects the brain,triggers immune activation,induces epigenetic changes,and raises the risks of having a child with autism.At the same time,there is some evidence of increased risk of infection,including viral infections in children with autism,due to lots of factors.There is an increased risk of developing autism with a specific viral infection during the early developmental period and an increased risk of viral infections in children with autism.In addition,children with autism are at increased risk of infection,including viruses.Every effort should be made to prevent maternal and early-life infections and reduce the risk of autism.Immune modulation of children with autism should be considered to reduce the risk of infection.展开更多
Background:Otoscopy examination can be challenging.Traditional teaching uses still image illustrations.Newer attempts use video samples to simulate the otoscopy exam which is a dynamic process.Aims/Objective:To assess...Background:Otoscopy examination can be challenging.Traditional teaching uses still image illustrations.Newer attempts use video samples to simulate the otoscopy exam which is a dynamic process.Aims/Objective:To assess whether recorded otoscopy videos from a smartphone adaptable otoscope can be used to develop a video-based otoscopy quiz which may be used for instructing and familiarizing participants to normal anatomy and pathologic ear conditions.To use this quiz to assess current pediatric residents’competency of common otoscopy diagnosis.Method and materials:This study was conducted in 2018.Video samples of ear pathology were collected at the Albany Medical Center using a smartphone adaptable otoscope-Cellscope.The videos were used to create a video otoscopy quiz(VOQ)without clinical vignettes.45 pediatric residents from 3 academic institutions were evaluated with the quiz.Results:The weighted mean for the VOQ was 66.90%(95%CI 58.89%-68.42%).The breakdown by questions are:myringosclerosis 72.88%,retraction pocket 80.65%,cholesteatoma 42.22%,hemotympanum 75.04%,tympanic membrane perforation 79.62%,cerumen impaction 95.46%,otitis externa 52.54%,otitis media with effusion 63.30%,acute otitis media 75.55%,normal ear 36.39%.Conclusion:We found that videos of otoscopy exams can be obtained with a smartphone adaptable otoscope and validated to develop a video-based quiz,which may be used to supplement otoscopic instruction.Following our testing process,we found pediatric residents are relatively well equipped to identify ear pathology on VOQ.展开更多
文摘Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a group of heterogeneous,multi-factorial,neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from genetic and environmental factors interplay.Infection is a significant trigger of autism,especially during the critical developmental period.There is a strong interplay between the viral infection as a trigger and a result of ASD.We aim to highlight the mutual relationship between autism and viruses.We performed a thorough literature review and included 158 research in this review.Most of the literature agreed on the possible effects of the viral infection during the critical period of development on the risk of developing autism,especially for specific viral infections such as Rubella,Cytomegalovirus,Herpes Simplex virus,Varicella Zoster Virus,Influenza virus,Zika virus,and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.Viral infection directly infects the brain,triggers immune activation,induces epigenetic changes,and raises the risks of having a child with autism.At the same time,there is some evidence of increased risk of infection,including viral infections in children with autism,due to lots of factors.There is an increased risk of developing autism with a specific viral infection during the early developmental period and an increased risk of viral infections in children with autism.In addition,children with autism are at increased risk of infection,including viruses.Every effort should be made to prevent maternal and early-life infections and reduce the risk of autism.Immune modulation of children with autism should be considered to reduce the risk of infection.
文摘Background:Otoscopy examination can be challenging.Traditional teaching uses still image illustrations.Newer attempts use video samples to simulate the otoscopy exam which is a dynamic process.Aims/Objective:To assess whether recorded otoscopy videos from a smartphone adaptable otoscope can be used to develop a video-based otoscopy quiz which may be used for instructing and familiarizing participants to normal anatomy and pathologic ear conditions.To use this quiz to assess current pediatric residents’competency of common otoscopy diagnosis.Method and materials:This study was conducted in 2018.Video samples of ear pathology were collected at the Albany Medical Center using a smartphone adaptable otoscope-Cellscope.The videos were used to create a video otoscopy quiz(VOQ)without clinical vignettes.45 pediatric residents from 3 academic institutions were evaluated with the quiz.Results:The weighted mean for the VOQ was 66.90%(95%CI 58.89%-68.42%).The breakdown by questions are:myringosclerosis 72.88%,retraction pocket 80.65%,cholesteatoma 42.22%,hemotympanum 75.04%,tympanic membrane perforation 79.62%,cerumen impaction 95.46%,otitis externa 52.54%,otitis media with effusion 63.30%,acute otitis media 75.55%,normal ear 36.39%.Conclusion:We found that videos of otoscopy exams can be obtained with a smartphone adaptable otoscope and validated to develop a video-based quiz,which may be used to supplement otoscopic instruction.Following our testing process,we found pediatric residents are relatively well equipped to identify ear pathology on VOQ.
