A Historical Review of the Development of Women’s Higher Education in China (1908-2020): Stages, Explanations, and Trends

The development of women’s higher education in China can be divided into four stages:emergence(1908-1948);foundation(1949-1976);accelerating development(1977-2008);and the qualitative leap(2009-2020).This work considers the principal institutional mechanisms that contributed to this development.First,flexibly planned parenthood gradually promoted gender equality and openness in society facilitated by systematic“awards,grants,and loans”initiatives to support women’s higher education economically.Second,compulsory education ensured that left-out and migrant children had access to higher education.Third,effective connectivity across different education types bridged education gaps between those with different levels of education.Fourth,China made great efforts to invite and integrate international experiences that promoted the development of women’s higher education.Looking beyond these achievements,we also discuss the future trends of women’s higher education in China.

Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Between China and the United States

It is well-known that the United States,a highly developed country whether in high-tech.or higher education,is in a leading position in the world.Based on the comparison and analysis of higher education between China and the U.S.,this article highly affirms the advantages of American higher education,offers an objective comment on China's higher education reform in recent years,and earnestly indicates that China's higher education needs to be improved in order to facilitate greater development.

Accreditation System of Distance Higher Education in the U.S. and Its Implications for China

Distance higher education is an important component of the Chinese higher education.How to enhance the quality of distance higher education is one of the key issues to be addressed in the research areas of distance education and higher education.As a crucial step to quality improvement,the constitution of accreditation system in distance higher education balances the benefits of all parties involved.This paper explores the American accreditation system of higher education and distance education and concludes with suggestions for the constitution of the Chinese quality assurance system:1)establishing third-party institutions to share part of the government roles;2)constituting the accreditation system;3)setting up appropriate standards;4)publicizing results of quality assurance work;and 5)building internal quality assurance mechanism.This paper is aimed to provide some reference to the constitution of accreditation system of distance higher education in China,facilitate the solution of quality problems in distance education,and promote the continuous improvement and development of distance education in China.

Analysis of Higher Tourism and Hospitality Education in China

Tourism education plays an important role in supporting tourism development and providing qualified employees to meet the great demands in China. A lack of high quality educators and employees is a common concern of Chinese tourism and hospitality education. The role of higher tourism and hospitality education has become more and more important for Chinese tourism and hospitality education. The purpose of this study was to analyze the situation of Chinese higher tourism and hospitality education and to identify the constraints and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of it.The results suggest three main existing problems of current Chinese higher tourism and hospitality education: lack of practical training occurred both in teaching activity and the quality of teachers; poor curriculum design particularly the unbalance of theory and practice; and teachers require further study especially practical training and work experience.

From Mutual Creation to Mutual Benefit:China’s National Teacher Training Program between Higher Teacher Education and K-12 Teachers

Sustainable Development Goal(SDG 4)lays solid theoretical foundation for the development of higher teacher education in improving the quality of teaching faculty nationwide.Sustainable teacher training paves a way for teacher professional development in the long run.China’s“National Teacher Training Program”serves a connection between higher teacher education and K-12 teachers in multiple perspectives when exploring K-12 teachers’improvement of the essence by upgrading the initiative of the program with the assistance of educational technology and modern educational philosophy from mutual creation to mutual benefit.Direction orientation strategic design based on demand for teaching faculty,curriculum setting in modules,and characteristics creation have been carried out to upgrade the training of teacher colleges and National Teacher Training Program in the future for achieving a win-win situation between higher teacher education and K-12 education.

REFORMING CHINA'S HIGHER ENGINEERING EDUCATION

This article expounds that China’s higher engineering education is facing both challenges and opportunities. Some special difficulties and problems rise in the course of economic transition, and exhort us that it has been of great urgency to carry out a reform of higher engineering education. Here are put forward six measures: to explore training patterns of such an education suited to China’s national conditions; to improve university system: to transform educational ideology, and reform educational contents and methods; to establish a system of cooperation of engineering universities and colleges with industries; to strengthen construction of teacher contingent in engineering universities and colleges; and to carry out testing work of continuing engineering education and training education.

Contribution of Development of China's Higher Education to Human Rights Undertaking

Human rights are the rights and freedoms of humans in their nature, and represent the basic conditions for the free and complete development of the humankind. The educational develop- ment level is an important mark of the level of realization of human rights. China＇s higher education realized the historic development in the 1998- 2007 period, and the number of the enrolled students at common colleges and universities across the nation had exploded from 3.4 million to 18.85 million, the number one in the world.

An Analysis of Teacher's Professional Development of Higher Vocational Education

Teachers are the backbones of any educational institutions. They not only play vital roles in students' development;they also directly affect the stature of their respective scholastic organizations. Highly qualified instructors produce competent and well-rounded students— learners who are more than ready to face the quirks and challenges of the labor force. This paper primarily discusses the following questions: What is teacher's professional development? What is higher vocational teacher's professional development? And how can scholastic institutions promote it? The conclusion states that the characteristics of higher vocational education directly influence the higher vocational teacher's professional development; therefore, it must be nurtured and promoted for the development of all the stakeholders of learning institutions – students, teachers, management staff,the learning institution itself, and the nation as a whole.

Development and construction of China's higher education libraries

Libraries in China's higher education institutions have been developing in keeping pace with the flourishing development of China's higher education. This article aims to make an introduction to the construction of China's higher education libraries, especially the recent three decades' achievements since China's reform and opening-up in 1978. In this article, the authors draw a general picture of the development of libraries in China's higher education institutions, covering such eight aspects as management, types and positioning,organizational structure and personnel, expenditure and buildings, reader service, building and sharing of resources as well as automation system.

Present Situation and Thoughts of Education and Training in China's Refractories Industry

In recent years, China has fully developed in output, quality, and technical advancement of refractories, and become the biggest country in refractories production and consumption in the world. Meanwhile, education and training in China＇s refractories industry have developed rapidly. This paper introduces the present situations of undergraduate education, postgraduate education, academic education, and vocational and other training of China＇s refractories industry＇, including the student recruiting situation, subject arrangement, teachers .force, and R ＆ D equipment level, and also puts forward some suggestions for China＇s refractories education and training.

Study on the Sharing of Municipal Higher Education Resource under Low-carbon Economy Perspective

Started from organic interaction between university and city, low-carbon development of the higher education was promoted by establishing consultation and accountability mechanisms which oriented education resource sharing. It not only was an inevitable choice effectively cracking redundant construction of the higher education resource in China, but also promoted relevant universities changing talent training concept, improving collectivize school mode of the higher education and establishing resource sharing information platform among universities. Problem of the municipal higher education resource sharing in China was listed. Finally, we put forward several measures for strengthening higher education resource sharing.

Philosophical Influences on Education in China:Different Schools of Thought on Self-Cultivation

This essay takes a holistic look at the philosophy of education in China from the antiquity to the present time,with an emphasis on the notion of self-cultivation in different schools of thought.The purpose of the study is to draw out the positive aspects of Chinese philosophy for newer generations to carry forward the cultural heritage for a healthy development of their mind,body,and spirit in the 21st century and beyond.The study is meaningful since the Chinese civilization can be traced back at least 5,000 years,and perhaps even further.Its endurance,intellectual and cultural contributions to the world civilization,and China’s current rise as a world leading political and economic superpower,makes it especially worth examination.The paper is structured around four key themes:the quest for harmony,the pursuit of happiness,the search for health,and the action for healing.The article concludes with a suggestion of an integrated educational philosophy for contemporary Chinese educational practice.The study may have global implications as Confucius Institutes and Classrooms have been established worldwide since 2004 to teach Chinese language and culture.The localization and smooth integration of Chinese philosophy with Western ideologies in these countries is the key to bringing world peace and harmony.

The 21^(st) century system reform and development mode of construction management education (CME) in China

With China’s entry into WTO and the development of the economic globalization, market competition in the construction field is more and more featured by the competition of talents, the core of which is the cultivation mechanism innovation of higher construction management talents. The approach to meet the requirement of this situation is to adopt innovation ideas, improve the supply-demand structure of CME, reform the education system to relate theory to practice, pay attention to the needs of the educated, enhance global communication and cooperation, and improve the knowledge structure of teachers.

The Rise of Women’s Education and the Modernity of East Asia:Focusing on the Education of“Virtuous Wives and Worthy Mothers”in China and Japan

This year marks the 50th anniversary of the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan.Looking back on the past and forward to the future,we realize modernity has become a critical issue that not only China and Japan,but the whole East Asian region should pay attention to.China and Japan are both within the“Circle of Confucius Culture”and are both modern latecomer countries.As they were coerced by western countries to enter the modern age,they shared multiple common features.An exploration of the two countries’respective rising of modern women’s education is an important path to discuss the reconstruction of gender and an important method of the course of the embodiment of east-Asian women into modernization drives.With regards to conclusion,entering the modern age,Chinese and Japanese intellectuals reshaped the female gender in terms of interpersonal relationship,value system,and knowledge structure by advocating the idea of“virtuous wives and worthy mothers”education.In the concept of virtuous wives and worthy mothers in East Asia,the Confucian ethics of“docility and virtue”is the soul,and modern scientific knowledge serves this core value.On the other hand,in the course of localization in China and Japan,this imported concept from the West has encountered a completely different historical fate.

Contributing to Sustainable Development——The Mission and Value of Higher Education

Some notes on sustainable development and scientific outlook on development were given. It is addressed that the mission of higher education to contribute to sustainable development should be reinforced and further expanded. The present situation of China's higher education and the improvements required were analyzed. Two modes of thinking (reductionism and holism) and the relationship between the mode of thinking and the mode of development were discussed. The change in the mode of thinking is the key point for Chinese higher education, and more intensive reform of teaching affairs is necessary. A proposal of the revision of China's Higher Education Act and University Constitutions was put forward.