A Comprehensive Survey of Candidate Waveforms for 5G, beyond 5G and 6G Wireless Communication Systems

The evolution of global mobile data over the past decades in broadcasting, Internet of Things (IoT), education, healthcare, commerce, and energy has put strong pressure on 3G/4G mobile networks to improve their service offerings. These generations of mobile networks were initially invented to meet the requirements of the above-mentioned applications. However, as the requirements in these applications continue to increase, new mobile technologies such as 5G (fifth generation), 5G and beyond (B5G, beyond fifth generation), and 6G (sixth generation) are still progressing and being experimented. These networks are very heterogeneous generations of mobile networks that will have to offer very high throughput per user, good energy efficiency, better traffic capacity per area, improved spectral efficiency, very low latency, and high mobility. To meet these requirements, the radio interface of future mobile networks will have to be flexible and rationalized the available frequency resources. Therefore, new modulation methods, access techniques and waveforms capable of supporting these technological changes are proposed. This review presents brief descriptions of the types of 5G, B5G, and 6G waveforms. The 5G consists of OFDM including its transmission techniques: generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), filter bank based multi-carrier (FBMC), universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC), and index modulation (IM). Meanwhile, the 6G covers orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS), orthogonal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM) and orthogonal time sequence multiplexing (OTSM). The networks’ potentialities, advantages, disadvantages, and future directions are outlined.

An Examination of Computer Science and Internet Technologies in Addressing Educational Inequities and Societal Psychological Concerns:A Literature Review from the Perspectives of 5G,Artificial Intelligence,and Augmented/Virtual Reality

This study comprehensively reviews the literature to deeply explore the role of computer science and internet technologies in addressing educational inequality and socio-psychological issues,with a particular focus on applications of 5G,artificial intelligence(AI),and augmented/virtual reality(AR/VR).By analyzing how these technologies are reshaping learning and their potential to ameliorate educational disparities,the study reveals challenges present in ensuring educational equity.The research methodology includes exhaustive reviews of applications of AI and machine learning,the Internet of Things and wearable technologies integration,big data analytics and data mining,and the effects of online platforms and social media on socio-psychological issues.Besides,the study discusses applications of these technologies in educational inequality and socio-psychological problem-solving through the lens of 5G,AI,and AR/VR,while also delineating challenges faced by these emerging technologies and future outlooks.The study finds that while computer science and internet technologies hold promise to bridge academic divides and address socio-psychological problems,the complexity of technology access and infrastructure,lack of digital literacy and skills,and critical ethical and privacy issues can impact widespread adoption and efficacy.Overall,the study provides a novel perspective to understand the potential of computer science and internet technologies in ameliorating educational inequality and socio-psychological issues,while pointing to new directions for future research.It also emphasizes the importance of cooperation among educational institutions,technology vendors,policymakers and researchers,and establishing comprehensive ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure the responsible use of these technologies.

Analysis on unit maximum capacity of orthogonal multiple watermarking for multimedia signals in B5G wireless communications

Beyond-5G(B5G)aims to meet the growing demands of mobile traffic and expand the communication space.Considering that intelligent applications to B5G wireless communications will involve security issues regarding user data and operational data,this paper analyzes the maximum capacity of the multi-watermarking method for multimedia signal hiding as a means of alleviating the information security problem of B5G.The multiwatermarking process employs spread transform dither modulation.During the watermarking procedure,Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization is used to obtain the multiple spreading vectors.Consequently,multiple watermarks can be simultaneously embedded into the same position of a multimedia signal.Moreover,the multiple watermarks can be extracted without affecting one another during the extraction process.We analyze the effect of the size of the spreading vector on the unit maximum capacity,and consequently derive the theoretical relationship between the size of the spreading vector and the unit maximum capacity.A number of experiments are conducted to determine the optimal parameter values for maximum robustness on the premise of high capacity and good imperceptibility.

Link Budget and Enhanced Communication Distance for Ambient Internet of Things

Backscatter communications will play an important role in connecting everything for beyond 5G(B5G)and 6G systems.One open challenge for backscatter communications is that the signals suffer a round-trip path loss so that the communication distance is short.In this paper,we first calculate the communication distance upper bounds for both uplink and downlink by measuring the tag sensitivity and reflection coefficient.It is found that the activation voltage of the envelope detection diode of the downlink tag is the main factor limiting the back-scatter communication distance.Based on this analysis,we then propose to implement a low-noise amplifier(LNA)module before the envelope detection at the tag to enhance the incident signal strength.Our experimental results on the hardware platform show that our method can increase the downlink communication range by nearly 20 m.

System Integration of Terrestrial Mobile Communication and Satellite Communication——The Trends, Challenges and Key Technologies in B5G and 6G

Mobile communication standards have been developed into a new era of B5G and 6G.In recent years,low earth orbit(LEO)satellites and space Internet have become hot topics.The integrated satellite and terrestrial systems have been widely discussed by industries and academics,and even are expected to be applied in those huge constellations in construction.This paper points out the trends of two stages towards system integration of the terrestrial mobile communication and the satellite communications:to be compatible with 5G,and to be integrated within 6G.Based on analysis of the challenges of both stages,key technologies are thereafter analyzed in detail,covering both air interface currently discussed in 3GPP for B5G and also novel network architecture and related transmission technologies toward future 6G.

Construction of an evaluation system for the service capabilities of government to business (G2B) web portals

On the basis of analyzing both domestic and foreign evaluation systems for the e-government and also taking into account of the current situation of government portals in urban centers,the paper is aimed to construct an evaluation system primarily for the measurement of the service capability of business-oriented G2B portals of local governments in general and those G2B portals of the new development zones in particular.This system is composed of 6 first tier indicators,18 second tier indicators and 90 third tier indicators.And the weight of each indicator is determined by Delphi Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) Method.Subsequently,we used this system to evaluate the government portals of Tianjin Binhai New Area and Shanghai Pudong New Area and proved to have the desired practicability.

Research Framework of B3G Mobile Communications Systems

Compared with the services in 3G, services in Beyond 3G (B3G) have some distinctive characteristics such as the packet data services being the majority, more service types, larger scale of services, higher peak transmission rate, enlarged range of transmission rates, more spatial and temporal distribution differences, and more service transmission requests occurring in fast moving vehicles. In order to meet the requirements of B3G services, the B3G systems must have great improvement in network architecture, air interface scheme, radio resource allocation strategy, frequency bands, and Radio Frequency (RF) technology etc. Therefore, the research of the B3G systems should focus on the theory of generalized cellular communications networks, theory of the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) wireless transmission system, matching of radio resources to new-type air interfaces, new iterative detection and adaptive link methods, and new-type antenna and RF technologies.

Effects of different intervention methods on psychological flexibility,negative emotions and sleep quality in chronic hepatitis B

BACKGROUND Patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB)experience various problems,including low psychological flexibility,negative emotions,and poor sleep quality.Therefore,effective nursing interventions are required to reduce adverse events.Acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT)combined with enabling cognitivebehavioral education(ECBE)can improve patients'psychological and sleep.Therefore,we speculate that this may also be effective in patients with CHB.AIM To investigate the effects of different intervention methods on psychological flexibility,negative emotions,and sleep quality in patients with CHB.METHODS This retrospective study examined clinical and evaluation data of 129 patients with CHB.Intervention methods were divided into a conventional group(routine nursing,n=69)and a combination group(ACT combined with ECBE,n=60).We observed changes in psychological flexibility,negative emotions,sleep quality,and self-care ability in both groups.Observation items were evaluated using the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-2nd Edition(AAQ-II),Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS),Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI),and Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale(ESCA).RESULTS Compared with the conventional group,the AAQ-II score of the combined group was lower(F_(between-group effect)=8.548;F_(time effects)=25.020;F_(interaction effects)=52.930;all P<0.001),the SAS score(t=5.445)and SDS score(t=7.076)were lower(all P<0.001),as were the PSQI dimensions(tsleep quality=4.581,tfall sleep time=2.826,tsleep time=2.436,tsleep efficiency=5.787,tsleep disorder=5.008,thypnotic drugs=3.786,tdaytime dysfunction=4.812);all P<0.05).The ESCA scores for all dimensions were higher(thealth knowledge level=6.994,t self-concept=5.902,tself-responsibility=19.820,tself-care skills=8.470;all P<0.001).CONCLUSION ACT combined with ECBE in patients with CHB can improve psychological flexibility and sleep quality,alleviate negative emotions,and improve self-care.

从2B到4B——电信行业与垂直行业的供需协同倍增发展

为更好地发展下一代移动通信技术,加快5G/6G建设,需将发力点由“面向企业”的2B(To Business)向“为了企业”的4B(For Business)转变。从2B到4B,是从供给侧主导向需求侧主导的转变,是从“供给外生赋能”向“供需内生协同”本质的转变。发展5G/6G公专网,需要树立全生命周期的可持续发展理念,深度理解目标企业的核心诉求,充分发挥企业的主体作用。应由垂直行业主导公专网应用的标准制定与生态建设,设计可复制、可定义的商业模式,从顶层设计开始,将数字技术融入到垂直行业数字化转型之中,实现5G/6G公专网发展从2B到4B的转变,创造电信行业与垂直行业供需协同、价值倍增的可持续发展模式。

教育硕士产教融合“U-G-S&E”育人模式探析

产教融合是教育与产业的深度合作,我国产教融合的政策经历了从职业教育到普通教育的发展。产教融合符合教育硕士人才培养的逻辑,“U-G-S&E”育人模式以高校为主导,政府提供政策引导和资金支持,中小学和企业协同参与教育硕士的培养。通过实践探索发现,“U-G-S&E”模式可以更好地激发学生提升职业能力的动力,助力学生职业生涯规划和就业,提升以赛赋能的效果,帮助高校校内导师、中小学和企业的校外导师加深对教育链、人才链与产业链、创新链有机衔接的理解,助力孵化本地企业参与遴选国家产教融合型企业,推动本地企业更好的融入国家现代教育体系建设。

利用CRISPR/Cas9构建敲除小鼠模型研究PPP2R3A基因对心脏功能的影响

目的 应用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建蛋白磷酸2调节亚基B″家族α亚型(PPP2R3A)基因敲除小鼠,从分子水平及组织水平上研究PPP2R3A缺失对心脏的影响。方法 将Cas9 mRNA和两个靶向PPP2R3A第3外显子翻译起始密码子附近区域的单导向RNA微注射到C57BL/6小鼠受精卵中。小鼠出生后取其基因组DNA进行聚合酶链反应(PCR)和测序以鉴定基因型,鉴定后,基因PPP2R3A缺失型小鼠为KO组,野生型C57BL/6小鼠为WT组(雄性3只,雌性2只)。小鼠心脏组织经甲醛固定并制成切片后分别进行苏木素-伊红(HE)染色和免疫组织化学染色。提取小鼠心脏组织总RNA和蛋白,应用荧光定量PCR和Western印迹验证基因敲除小鼠的有效性和检测互作蛋白表达。结果 获得F1代PPP2R3A杂合小鼠,PCR和测序结果表明突变小鼠的基因型存在113 bp的缺失突变。与WT组相比,KO组心脏组织中PPP2R3A mRNA和蛋白表达量明显下降(均P<0.05),参与心脏发育的G蛋白信号转导调控因子(RGS)19表达量明显升高(P<0.05)。PPP2R3A蛋白表达受损引起了心脏组织病理学变化。结论 PPP2R3A在体内可能通过与RGS19蛋白互作来参与心脏的发育并对心脏功能产生影响。

硼化氮化碳/二氧化锡异质结的制备及光催化性能

开发光催化材料被认为是缓解能源短缺与环境污染的有效策略之一,然而,同时实现高效、长期稳定和具有宽响应范围的催化剂仍然是光催化领域一个具有挑战性的目标。采用“一锅热聚合法”成功合成一种对光响应良好的硼化氮化碳/二氧化锡异质结。研究结果表明,硼化氮化碳/二氧化锡异质结材料可表现出优异的光催化活性,在模拟太阳光照射40 min时,对亚甲基蓝(methylene blue,MB)的降解率可达到94.8%。原因为异质结构和B掺杂的协同优化作用,优化作用主要表现为使其光学带隙减小而增强其可见光吸收特性,以及降低电子-空穴对的复合,优化其光催化活性。此外,还通过实验构建异质结界面能带结构模型,对光催化降解反应中的活性物种与反应机理进行了深入辨析与讨论。

穿山龙总皂苷对膜性肾病大鼠肾组织M型PLA2R和IgG4表达的影响及其机制

目的 分析穿山龙总皂苷对膜性肾病大鼠肾组织M型磷脂酶A2受体(Phospholipase A2 receptor, PLA2R)和免疫球蛋白G亚型4(Immunoglobulin G4,IgG4)表达影响及可能机制。方法 将40只SPF级雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为对照组、模型组、贝那普利组(10 mg/kg)、低和高剂量穿山龙总皂苷组(80 mg/kg、160 mg/kg),每组各8只。除对照组,其余4组采用Border法制备膜性肾病模型,造模成功后,贝那普利组灌胃给予贝那普利10 mg/(kg·d),低和高剂量穿山龙总皂苷组分别灌胃给予穿山龙总皂苷80 mg/(kg·d)、160 mg/(kg·d),对照组、模型组灌胃给予10 ml/(kg·d)生理盐水。连续给药4周后,检测24 h尿蛋白、白蛋白、血肌酐、血尿素氮、尿酸水平,HE染色观察肾脏病理改变,蛋白免疫印迹法检测肾脏中M型PLA2R、IgG4、磷酸化磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(Phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase, p-PI3K)、磷酸化蛋白激酶B(Phosphorylated protein kinase B,p-AKT)、核因子E2相关因子2(Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶(Heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)表达水平。结果 与模型组比较,贝那普利组、高剂量穿山龙总皂苷组白蛋白水平明显升高,血肌酐、血尿素氮、尿酸水平明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P>0.05)。与模型组比较,贝那普利组、低剂量和高剂量穿山龙总皂苷组肾脏病理改变明显改善,24 h尿蛋白水平及肾脏中M型PLA2R、IgG4、p-PI3K、p-AKT表达水平明显降低,肾脏中Nrf2、HO-1表达水平明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 穿山龙总皂苷对膜性肾病大鼠的肾脏具有保护作用,其机制可能与降低PLA2R、IgG4表达,抑制PI3K/AKT通路,激活Nrf2/HO-1通路相关。

乡村教育服务数字化转型的G-4C协同模式及应用

面向教育强国建设的需要,乡村教育服务数字化转型正成为乡村教育振兴和促进城乡教育一体化的重要命题。然而,多元服务供给主体间协同困难、服务供需总量与结构失衡、服务供给方式待优化、服务监督与治理体系不健全等阻碍了乡村教育服务数字化转型目标的实现。对此,文章以协同学和“服务金三角”模型为理论支持,梳理了乡村教育服务数字化转型的方向,提出了数字环境中乡村教育服务G-4C协同模式:有序联动的多元服务供给主体,群体和个体特色鲜明的多样化需求,连接数据、服务和资源的教育服务数字底座,以及需求导向的教育服务供给方式。利用G-4C协同模式的实践框架,“专递课堂促进乡村小规模学校教师和学生发展”“高职院校助力乡村多样人群学厨脱贫”两个典型案例的多元协同实施乡村教育服务的过程、方法与策略得以剖析,为我国尚属空白的乡村教育服务数字化转型研究与实践提供借鉴与参考。

基于Spring Boot的产教联合体信息平台设计

该文设计基于B/S架构的联合体信息平台,利用Spring Boot、MyBatis Plus、Vue等优秀框架实现高效的开发,集成Spring Security和JWT令牌机制,完成认证和权限控制。同时整合Redis缓存,将热点资源缓存至内存中,以实现快速查询操作,从而减轻MySQL数据库的负载压力。该系统稳定、兼容性强,能使联合体成员沟通更方便、信息的发布和维护的效率更高,实现人才共育共享。

真空紫外活化过氧化氢降解有机染料废水研究

利用真空紫外(VUV)活化过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))产生更多的活性氧(ROS)对染料进行脱色去除,考察H_(2)O_(2)投加量、溶液初始pH值以及染料初始浓度对体系降解酸性红G(ARG)和罗丹明B(RhB)的影响。结果表明,H_(2)O_(2)投加量为3 mmol/L时,80 mg/L的ARG和RhB在7 min时脱色率分别可达到96.3%和98.4%,ARG和RhB的去除率随着初始H_(2)O_(2)浓度的增加而增大,但超过3 mmol/L时,对染料的促进作用受到限制。染料脱色过程符合准一级动力学模型。在酸性条件下,染料的脱色降解拥有更高的效率,而碱性环境下降解受到了抑制作用。自由基捕获实验及EPR检测结果表明,羟基自由基(·OH)和单线态氧(^(1)O_(2))是主要的ROS,·OH占主要作用。无机阴离子(HCO_(3)^(-)、Cl^(-)、NO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-))存在会抑制染料降解。通过紫外可见吸收光谱分析,初步推断ARG通过苯环先遭受攻击,之后偶氮键和萘环断裂,然后矿化;RhB主要是共轭结构破坏、N-位脱乙基、芳环开裂及矿化。

寡糖链、甲胎蛋白对乙型肝炎病毒相关肝细胞癌风险筛查与诊断价值研究

背景 肝细胞癌(HCC)是原发性肝癌(PLC)的主要病理分型,与乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染密切相关,HCC早期无明显症状,发现时多进展至中晚期阶段,有肝内、门静脉或其他部位转移,预后较差。在疾病早期对高风险人群进行定期筛查及早期诊断,对临床治疗及预后有重大意义。目的 探究寡糖链和甲胎蛋白(AFP)在HBV相关HCC的风险人群及患者中的应用价值,为临床诊断提供参考。方法 纳入2022年1—11月就诊于苏州大学附属第一医院的慢性HBV感染患者165例为研究对象,其中非HCC患者123例,HCC患者42例。通过电子病历系统收集患者一般资料(年龄、性别、肝硬化情况)、实验室检查指标[总胆红素(TB)、白蛋白(ALB)、血小板计数(PLT)、AFP],计算慢性肝病患者肝癌风险预测模型评分(aMAP评分),收集寡糖链标志物检测结果(G-Test)。将HCC患者作为HCC组(42例),非HCC患者根据aMAP评分进行分组,<50分为低风险组(40例)、50~60分为中风险组(44例)、>60分为高风险组(39例)。绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)分析AFP、G-Test及两者联合诊断HCC的效能,计算ROC曲线下面积(AUC),并用DeLong检验比较联合指标与单个指标AUC的差异。采用Kappa一致性检验分析AFP、G-Test与临床诊断结果的一致性。结果 HCC组患者AFP、G-Test高于低风险组、中风险组、高风险组,年龄、肝硬化比例高于低风险组、中风险组,ALB低于低风险组、中风险组,TB低于高风险组,PLT低于低风险组(P<0.05);高风险组患者年龄、TB、G-Test高于低风险组、中风险组,ALB、PLT低于低风险组、中风险组,肝硬化比例高于低风险组(P<0.05);中风险组患者的年龄、肝硬化比例高于低风险组,PLT低于低风险组(P<0.05)。AFP和G-Test诊断HCC的AUC分别为0.796(95%CI=0.706~0.886,P<0.001)、0.878(95%CI=0.813~0.943,P<0.001),两者联合诊断HCC的AUC为0.901(95%CI=0.844~0.957,P<0.001)。DeLong检验结果显示,联合诊断HCC的AUC高于AFP(Z=2.104,P=0.035)。一致性分析结果显示,AFP与临床诊断结果的一致率为84.8%(140/165),一致性中等(Kappa值=0.539,P<0.001),G-Test与临床诊断结果的一致率为89.5%(145/165),一致性较高(Kappa值=0.704,P<0.001)。G-Test诊断AFP阴性HCC的AUC为0.895(95%CI=0.839~0.952,P<0.001)。结论 寡糖链作为一种潜在血清生物标志物,对HBV相关HCC患者的诊断效能优于AFP,可作为AFP阴性HCC患者的补充检测标志物。

一种抵抗复杂干扰的工业物联网URLLC系统跨层设计方案

现有蜂窝5G/B5G高可靠低时延通信(ultra-reliable and low latency communications,URLLC)标准3GPP Release 17-18采用经典正交频分复用(OFDM)多载波波形传输,因其工作在授权频带,较少考虑URLLCOFDM多载波传输抗干扰策略。未来工业物联网异构多服务质量(quality of service,QoS)业务大部分部署于非授权频带,其无线通信链路变得复杂,现有URLLC-OFDM波形无法完全为工业物联网信息传输提供高可靠性、低时延的苛刻要求。首先,基于子载波可配置的OFDMA,将鲁棒性更高的子载波跳频(subcarrier frequency hopping,Sub-FH)技术应用于OFDMA中(即Sub-FH/OFDMA),以提高信号传输可靠性。然后,设计将Sub-FH/OFDMA波形融合到以微时隙为基本单位的调度策略中。该调度策略采用Hamming编码+微时隙结合的混合自动重传请求(HARQ)机制,有效降低端到端传输的重传次数,旨在提升节点传输的实时性。并推导了信息误码(块)率与重传次数的折中理论关系。仿真结果表明,在面对外部电磁干扰和内部多用户干扰时,该方案能够保障物联网节点的稳定传输质量,并在目标误块率为10-5时实现毫秒级短数据包的传输时延。通过波形设计和MAC时隙调度的跨层级设计,为未来B5G/6G通信在复杂工业物联网场景中的实际应用提供了可行解决方案。

通感一体化技术探讨

从通感一体化工作模式入手,依据感知方式对其工作模式进行了细分;然后进一步分析通感一体化系统模型,分析了无线信号发送、接收处理,以及频域雷达处理过程,包括插值、目标距离和速度估计;然后依据通感一体化技术特点,分析了通感一体化应用场景;最后,基于5G测试验证了通感一体化技术在低空无人机场景的远距离探测和精准跟踪能力,为通感一体化技术落地实施提供了依据。

独立式北斗机载导航天线适航要求及关键指标分析

北斗卫星导航系统在民航领域的应用已进入“机载导航应用”阶段,与“仅用作定位追踪”阶段相比,此阶段对机载卫星导航系统的要求更为严格。然而,在独立式北斗机载导航天线方面,目前国内仅有“仅用作定位追踪”的标准(CTSO-2C604a)可供参考,无法满足“机载导航应用”阶段对天线的适航要求,同时由于目前应用广泛的GPS信号与北斗信号体制不同,其相关标准也无法完全符合独立式北斗机载导航天线要求。为此,文中针对机载导航天线的技术特点,对当前国内外相关标准进行了综合分析,并考虑了适用性、安全性、当前紧迫需求以及未来发展方向,研究了独立式北斗机载导航天线的关键指标,并提出了相应的修订方案。通过研究建立了一套机载导航天线的指标要求和标准体系,旨在为独立式北斗机载导航天线设计提供必要的工业支持。