Effective Capacity of URLLC over Parallel Fading Channels with Imperfect Channel State Information

This paper investigates the effective capacity of a point-to-point ultra-reliable low latency communication(URLLC)transmission over multiple parallel sub-channels at finite blocklength(FBL)with imperfect channel state information(CSI).Based on reasonable assumptions and approximations,we derive the effective capacity as a function of the pilot length,decoding error probability,transmit power and the sub-channel number.Then we reveal significant impact of the above parameters on the effective capacity.A closed-form lower bound of the effective capacity is derived and an alternating optimization based algorithm is proposed to find the optimal pilot length and decoding error probability.Simulation results validate our theoretical analysis and show that the closedform lower bound is very tight.In addition,through the simulations of the optimized effective capacity,insights for pilot length and decoding error probability optimization are provided to evaluate the optimal parameters in realistic systems.

Effective Capacity in Cognitive Radio Networks with Relay and Primary User Emulator

In this paper,the transmission performances are studied in cognitive radio networks with primary user emulator and relay existence.In the proposed network,the users include primary users,secondary users and primary user emulators.The decreasing access priority of the users are primary users,primary user emulators and secondary users.Different user access to the network results in different transmission effects.We impose interference power constraints on the secondary users to protect the primary users from being interfered.We also adopt the transmission mechanism that transits among more than one secondary transmitters,secondary receivers and relays.The transition models of the transmission states are proposed to describe the transmission mechanism.To investigate the transmission performances,the theory of effective capacity is adopted.The transmission performances in terms of effective capacity are expressed and demonstrated under different transmission policies.The overall effective capacity,as the overall data traffic in the cognitive radio network,is calculated.Besides,the overall effective capacity is demonstrated under different transmission strategies.The results show the greedy transmission strategy outperforms the rest of the transmission 8 policies in the overall effective capacity.For a larger number of the users,the effective capacity converges to a certain value.

Effective Capacity and Interference Analysis in Multiband Dynamic Spectrum Sensing

In this paper, the performance of multichannel transmission in cognitive radio is studied. Both QoS constraints and interference limitations are considered. The activities of the primary users (PU)s are initially detected by cognitive users (CU)s who perform sensing process over multiple channels. They transmit in a single channel at variable power and rates depending on the channel sensing decisions and the fading environment. The cognitive operation is modeled as a state transition model in which all possible scenarios are studied. The QoS constraint of the cognitive users is investigated through statistical analysis. Analytical form for the effective capacity of the cognitive radio channel is found. Optimal power allocation and optimal channel selection criterion are obtained. Impact of several parameters on the transmission performance, as channel sensing parameters, number of available channels, fading and other, are identified through numerical example.

Long-term feeding of sand rice(Agriophyllum squarrosum seed)can improve the antioxidant capacity of mice

Unhealthy eating habits with sugar-rich and high-fat foods can bring nutritional imbalance and other chronic diseases. At present, there is an increasing demand in regulating human sub-health through functional foods. Agriophyllum squarrosum(L.) Moq., a pioneer plant native to sand dunes with ecological restoration function, is a traditional food plant of sand regions and Mongolian folk medicine. Numerous studies have confirmed that A. squarrosum seed, also called sand rice, has high nutritional value. However, the long-term health effects of eating sand rice remain unclear. To better explore and evaluate its long-term effects, hereby, ICR mice were fed with sand rice flour at different ratios(control, 60% and 95%) for 100 days. Results show that the growth and blood glucose level curve of these experimental mice were lower and more stable than that of the control. In addition, mice fed pure sand rice ingredient(95%) gained more stable body weight and blood glucose after 28 days, which revealed that sand rice is a food with comprehensive nutritional value and rarely negatively impacts the body growth performance. Our data also demonstrates that, the content of triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) provided the lowest level in the blood of mice with a diet of pure sand rice ingredient, 0.48, 4.14, 0.91, 3.03 mmol/L, respectively. Also, T-SOD and GSH-PX activity provided a high level in mice with pure sand rice gradient, which significantly increased by 36%(T-SOD)and 19%(GSH-PX) compared to the control. These results suggest that long term intake of the pure sand rice ingredients is more helpful for stabilizing blood lipid and improve antioxidant capacity and beneficial to people suffering from chronic disease. This study supplies the first animal evidence to support the claim that sand rice is a promising functional food with comprehensive nutrition in the future. We are confident that, with increasing demands of daily sand rice usage, planting A. squarrosum in the vast desert regions will further increase the local economy and ecological restoration when coping with global warming.

Magnetic and magnetocaloric effect of Er_(20)Ho_(20)Dy_(20)Cu_(20)Ni_(20)high-entropy metallic glass

Er_(20)Ho_(20)Dy_(20)Cu_(20)Ni_(20)high-entropy metallic glass exhibited excellent magnetic refrigeration material with a wide temperature range and high refrigeration capacity(RC)was reported.Er_(20)Ho_(20)Dy_(20)Cu_(20)Ni_(20)high-entropy metallic glass was observed with typical spin glass behavior around 15.5 K.In addition,we find that the magnetic entropy change(-△S_(M))originates from the sample undergoing a ferromagnetic(FM)to paramagnetic(PM)transition around 20 K.Under a field change from 0 T to 7 T,the value of maximum magnetic entropy change(-△S_(M)^(max))reaches 12.5 J/kg·K,and the corresponding value of RC reaches 487.7 J/kg in the temperature range from 6 K to 60 K.The large RC and wide temperature range make the Er_(20)Ho_(20)Dy_(20)Cu_(20)Ni_(20)high-entropy metallic glass be a promising material for application in magnetic refrigerators.

Forecast and analysis of the "roof effect" of world net oil-exporting capacity

Oil is extremely crucial to the development of the modern economy. It is important to forecast the oil supply capacity due to its scarcity and non-renewability. This paper attempts to forecast and analyze thirty-five current and potential net oil-exporting countries. Integrating both qualitative and quantitative methods, the oil production and consumption are predicted based on historical data, so that the world net oil-exporting capacity can be obtained. The results show that the ＂roof effect＂ of the world net oil-exporting capacity may appear before 2030. Unconventional oil will play an important role in the future world oil market. The competition and cooperation relationships between OPEC and non-OPEC will last for a long time.

ON THE DRIVING BEHAVIOR，VARIABLE－DIAMETEREFFECT AND BEAKING CAPACITY OF DRIVENCAST－IN－SITU PILE WITHFLAT

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Temperature Effects on Information Capacity and Energy Efficiency of Hodgkin-Huxley Neuron

Recent experimental and theoretical studies show that energy efficiency, which measures the amount of infor- mation processed by a neuron with per unit of energy consumption, plays an important role in the evolution of neural systems. Here we calculate the information rates and energy efficieneies of the Hodgkin-Huxley （HH） neuron model at different temperatures in a noisy environment. It is found that both the information rate and energy efficiency are maximized by certain temperatures. Though the information rate and energy efficiency cannot be maximized simultaneously, the neuron holds a high information processing capacity at the tempera- ture corresponding to the maximal energy efficiency. Our results support the idea that the energy efficiency is a selective pressure that influences the evolution of nervous systems.

Comparative Research of Residents' Effect Perception and Participation Capacity and Willingness on Pro-poor Tourism

In this article,comparative research on residents' effect perception,participation capacity and willingness on Pro-poor Tourism( PPT) is given based on the questionnaire carried out in Wulong County and Fengjie County in Three Gorges Area,Chongqing,China. Some technologies,such as SPSS 13. 0,ANOVA and T-test are applied to analyze the data and results show Wulong residents' perception behavior is better than that of Fengjie residents. Moreover,the residents with different demographic characteristics have different participation behavior.Finally,multiple regression analysis is applied to identify the key factors influencing residents' perception behavior,that is participation willingness and positive economic effect perception,positive social and cultural effect perception and participation capacity.

Quantitative evaluation of Tibet’s resource and environmental carrying capacity

This study identifies the carrying state and value of Tibet’s resource and environmental carrying capacity.A new theoretical framework is proposed for exploring the resource and environmental carrying capacity based on two perspectives of“growth limit”and“stability of Human-Earth relationship system”.On this basis,an ideal growth model that accords with the“short board”effect is established to predict the population limitation.Analytical results show that the holistic state of resource and environmental carrying capacity in Tibet is in jeopardy.From 2010 to 2016,Tibet’s carrying state continued to decline,moreover,the negative forces still overwhelm the positive forces.Although the resource reserves still have room for more population,the environmental capacity and ecological capacity have been overloaded.Meanwhile,the Human-Earth relationship system is in an unstable stage.Three scenarios that respond to different socioeconomic developments are implemented to predict the population limitation of resource and environmental carrying capacity in Tibet;thus,authors argue that Tibet should keep its population size within 4 million around 2025.This research will provide reference for sustainable development and resources and environmental conservation in Tibet.

Cross-Layer Framework for Capacity Analysis in Multiuser Ultra-Dense Networks with Cell DTx

Cell discontinuous transmission(Cell DTx)is a key technology to mitigate inter-cell interference(ICI)in ultra-dense networks(UDNs).The aim of this work is to understand the impact of Cell DTx on physical-layer sum rates of SBSs and link-layer quality-of-service(QoS)performance in multiuser UDNs.In this work,we develop a cross-layer framework for capacity analysis in multiuser UDNs with Cell DTx.In particular,we first extend the traditional one-dimensional effective capacity model to a new multidimensional effective capacity model to derive the sum rate and the effective capacity.Moreover,we propose a new iterative bisection search algorithm that is capable of approximating QoS performance.The convergence of this new algorithm to a unique QoS exponent vector is later proved.Finally,we apply this framework to the round-robin and the max-C/I scheduling policies.Simulation results show that our framework is accurate in approximating 1)queue length distribution,2)delay distribution and 3)sum rates under the above two scheduling policies,and further show that with the Cell DTx,systems have approximately 30% higher sum rate and 35% smaller average delay than those in full-buffer scenarios.

Analysis of petrophysical cutoffs of reservoir intervals with production capacity and with accumulation capacity in clastic reservoirs

Methodologies have been developed for calculating cutoffs of reservoir intervals with production capacity （RIPC） and reservoir intervals with accumulation capacity （RIAC） according to the types of pore throat structures and dynamic force by using data from petrophysical analysis, production tests and mercury injection. The data are from clastic reservoirs in the third member （Es3） and the fourth member （Es4） of the Shahejie Formation in the Shengtuo area on the North Slope of the Dongying Sag, Jiyang Depression, China. The method of calculating cutoffs of RIPC is summarized as follows： 1） determination of permeability cutoffs of RIPC; 2） classification of types of pore-throat structures according to mercury injection data and then relating porosity to permeability and determining the relationship between porosity and permeability according to each type of pore-throat structure; and 3） calculating porosity cutoffs of RIPC using established correlation between porosity and permeability according to the type of pore throat structure. The method of calculating cutoffs of RIAC includes： 1） establishing a functional relationship between oil-water interracial tension and formation temperature; 2） calculating limiting values of maximum connected pore-throat radii according to formation temperature and dynamic forces of each reservoir interval; 3） correlating permeability with maximum connected pore-throat radius and then obtaining permeability cutoffs of RIAC; and 4） calculating porosity cutoffs on the basis of permeability cutoffs according to specific correlations, suitable for the type of porethroat structure. The results of this study show that porosity and permeability cutoffs of clastic reservoirs decrease with depth. For a fixed permeability cutoff, the porosity cutoff of R1PC varies because the type of pore throat is different. At a fixed temperature, porosity and permeability cutoffs of RIAC decrease as dynamic force increases. For a fixed permeability cutoff of effective hydrocarbon accumulation, the porosity cutoff also varies with different types of pore throat.

Extreme high reversible capacity with over 8.0 wt% and excellent hydrogen storage properties of MgH2 combined with LiBH4 and Li3AlH6

Magnesium hydride has attracted great attention because of its high theoretical capacity and outstanding reversibility, nevertheless, its practical applications have been restricted by the disadvantages of the sluggish kinetics and high thermodynamic stability. In this work, an unexpected high reversible hydrogen capacity over 8.0 wt% has been achieved from MgH2 metal hydride composited with small amounts of LiBH4 and Li3AlH6 complex hydrides, which begins to release hydrogen at 276 ℃ and then completely dehydrogenates at 360 ℃. The dehydrogenated MgH2+LiBH4/Li3AlH6 composite can fully reabsorb hydrogen below 300 ℃ with an excellent cycling stability. The composite exhibits a significant reduction of dehydrogenation activation energy from 279.7 kJ/mol(primitive MgH2) to 139.3 kJ/mol(MgH2+LiBH4/Li3AlH6),as well as a remarkable reduction of dehydrogenation enthalpy change from 75.1 k J/mol H2(primitive MgH2) to 62.8 kJ/mol H2(MgH2+LiBH4/Li3AlH6). The additives of LiBH4 and Li3AlH6 not only enhance the cycling hydrogen capacity, but also simultaneously improve the reversible de/rehydrogenation kinetics, as well as the dehydrogenation thermodynamics. This notable improvement on the hydrogen absorption/desorption behaviors of the MgH2+LiBH4/Li3AlH6 composite could be attributed to the dehydrogenated products including Li3Mg7, Mg17Al12 and MgAlB4, which play a key role on reducing the dehydrogenation activation energy and increasing diffusion rate of hydrogen. Meanwhile, the LiBH4 and Li3AlH6 effectively destabilize MgH2 with a remarkable reduction on dehydrogenation enthalpy change in terms of thermodynamics. In particular, the Li3Mg7, Mg17Al12 and MgAlB4 phases can reversibly transform into MgH2, Li3AlH6 and LiBH4 after rehydrogenation, which contribute to maintain a high cycling capacity.This constructing strategy can further promote the development of high reversible capacity Mg-based materials with suitable de/rehydrogenation properties.

Magnetic entropy change of Ce6Ni2Si3-type and large refrigerant capacity GdCoSiGe compound＊

Magnetic entropy change （△SM） and refrigerant capacity （RC） of Ce6Ni2Si3-type Gd6Co1.67Si2.5Geo.5 compounds have been investigated. The Gd6Col.67Si2.5Geo.5 undergoes a reversible second-order phase transition at the Curie temperature Tc = 296 K. The high saturation magnetization leads to a large ASM and the maximal value of △SM is found to be 5.9 J/kg. K around TC for a field change of 0-5 T. A broad distribution of the △SM peak is observed and the full width at half maximum of the △SM peak is about 101 K under a magnetic field of 5 T. The large RC is found around TC and its value is 424 J/kg.

Relationships among achievement motivation,meta-learning capacity and creativity tendencies among Chinese baccalaureate nursing students

capacity and creativity tendencies among Chinese baccalaureate nursing students.Design:Cross-sectional study design.Methods:A convenient sample of 445 baccalaureate nursing students were surveyed in two universities in Tianjin,China.Students completed a questionnaire that included their demographic information,Achievement Motivation Scale,Meta-Learning Capacity Questionnaire,and Creativity Tendencies Scale.Pearson correlation was performed to test the correlation among achievement motivation,meta-learning capacity and creativity tendencies.Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to explore the mediating role of meta-learning capacity.Results:The participants had moderate levels of achievement motivation(mean score 2.383±0.240)and meta-learning capacity(mean score 1.505±0.241)and a medium-high level of creativity tendency(mean score 1.841±0.288).Creativity tendencies was significantly associated with both achievement motivation and meta-learning capacity(both P<0.01).Furthermore,meta-learning capacity mediated the relationship between achievement motivation and high creativity tendencies.Conclusion:The study hypotheses were supported.Higher achievement motivation,and meta-learning capacity can increase creativity tendencies of baccalaureate nursing students,and meta-learning capacity was found to mediate the relationship between achievement motivation and creativity tendencies.Nursing educators should pay attention to the positive role of meta-learning capacity in nursing students’learning,and make them more confident when they finish their studies.

Capacities of Clay Fraction of a Latosol to Retain Cations and Anions as Inferred from the Wien Effect in Soil Suspensions

Suspensions of a latosol with a clay concentration of 30 g kg-1 were prepared from electrodialyzed clay fractions, less than 2 μm in diameter, five nitrate solutions with a concentration of 1 × 10-4/z mol L-1,where z is the valence, and five sodium salt solutions with a concentration of 3.3 × 10-5/z mol L-1. The direct current (DC) electrical conductivities (ECs) of the colloidal suspensions were measured at a constant temperature of 25 ℃, using a newly established method of measuring the Wien effect in soil suspensions at field strengths ranging from 13.5 to 150 kV cm-1, to determine their electrical conductivity-field strength relationships and to infer the order of the bonding strength (retaining force) between soil particles and various ions. The measurements with the latosol suspensions in NaNO3, KNO3, Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2 and Zn(NO3)2 solutions resulted in increments of the suspension ECs, △ECs, of 7.9, 5.0, 7.1, 7.0 and 5.8μS cm-1,respectively, when the applied field strength increased from 14.5 to 142 kV cm-1. As for the suspensions in NaNO3, NaCl, Na2SO4, Na3PO4 and Na3AsO4 solutions, the △ECs were 6.2, 5.3, 4.1, 4.0 and 3.7μS cm-1,respectively, when the applied field strength increased from 13.5 to 90 kV cm-1. Thus, it can be deduced that the retaining forces of the clay fraction of the latosol for the cations were in the descending order K+ ＞Zn2+ ＞ Mg2+ ≥ Ca2+ ＞ Na+, and for the anions in the descending order H2AsO-4 ＞ H2PO-4 ≥ SO42- ＞ Gl- ＞ NO-3.

A distributed Grid-Xinanjiang model with integration of subgrid variability of soil storage capacity

Realistic hydrological response is sensitive to the spatial variability of landscape properties. For a grid-based distributed rainfall-runoff model with a hypothesis of a uniform grid, the high-frequency information within a grid cell will be gradually lost as the resolution of the digital elevation model(DEM) grows coarser. Therefore, the performance of a hydrological model is usually scale-dependent. This study used the GridXinanjiang(GXAJ) model as an example to investigate the effects of subgrid variability on hydrological response at different scales. With the aim of producing a more reasonable hydrological response and spatial description of the landscape properties, a new distributed rainfall-runoff model integrating the subgrid variability(the GXAJSV model) was developed. In this model, the topographic index is used as an auxiliary variable correlated with the soil storage capacity. The incomplete beta distribution is suggested for simulating the probability distribution of the soil storage capacity within the raster grid. The Yaogu Basin in China was selected for model calibration and validation at different spatial scales.Results demonstrated that the proposed model can effectively eliminate the scale dependence of the GXAJ model and produce a more reasonable hydrological response.

Quantum speed-up capacity in different types of quantum channels for two-qubit open systems

A potential acceleration of a quantum open system is of fundamental interest in quantum computation, quantum communication, and quantum metrology. In this paper, we investigate the ＂quantum speed-up capacity＂ which reveals the potential ability of a quantum system to be accelerated. We explore the evolutions of the speed-up capacity in different quantum channels for two-qubit states. We find that although the dynamics of the capacity is varying in different kinds of channels, it is positive in most situations which are considered in the context except one case in the amplitude-damping channel. We give the reasons for the different features of the dynamics. Anyway, the speed-up capacity can be improved by the memory effect. We find two ways which may be used to control the capacity in an experiment： selecting an appropriate coefficient of an initial state or changing the memory degree of environments.

Seismic ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings on slope

The influence of earthquake forces on ultimate bearing capacity of foundations on sloping ground was studied. A solution to seismic ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings on slope was obtained by utilizing pseudo-static analysis method and taking the effect of intermediate principal stress into consideration. Based on limit equilibrium theory, the formulae for computing static bearing capacity factors, Nq, Nc, Nγ, and dynamic bearing capacity factors, Nqd, Ncd, Nγd, which are associated with surcharge, cohesion and self-weight of soils respectively, were presented. A great number of analysis calculations were carried out to obtain the relationship curves of the static and dynamic bearing capacity factors versus various calculation parameters. The curves can serve as the practical engineering design. The calculation results also show that when the values of horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients are 0.2, the dynamic bearing capacity factors Nqd, Ncd and Nγd, in which the effects of intermediate principal stress are taken into consideration, increase by 4%?42%, 3%?27% and 34%?57%, respectively.