Effective DOA Estimation Under Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Based on Multi-Source Information Meta Fusion

Efficiently performing high-resolution direction of arrival(DOA)estimation under low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)conditions has always been a challenge task in the literatures.Obvi-ously,in order to address this problem,the key is how to mine or reveal as much DOA related in-formation as possible from the degraded array outputs.However,it is certain that there is no per-fect solution for low SNR DOA estimation designed in the way of winner-takes-all.Therefore,this paper proposes to explore in depth the complementary DOA related information that exists in spa-tial spectrums acquired by different basic DOA estimators.Specifically,these basic spatial spec-trums are employed as the input of multi-source information fusion model.And the multi-source in-formation fusion model is composed of three heterogeneous meta learning machines,namely neural networks(NN),support vector machine(SVM),and random forests(RF).The final meta-spec-trum can be obtained by performing a final decision-making method.Experimental results illus-trate that the proposed information fusion based DOA estimation method can really make full use of the complementary information in the spatial spectrums obtained by different basic DOA estim-ators.Even under low SNR conditions,promising DOA estimation performance can be achieved.

Signal-to-noise ratio comparison of angular signal radiography and phase stepping method

Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has the potential to be applied in future medical applications as it is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron source. However, information retrieval methods are important because acquisition speed, scanning mode, image quality, and radiation dose depend on them. Phase-stepping （PS） is a widely used method to retrieve information, while angular signal radiography （ASR） is a newly established method. In this manuscript, signal-to-noise ratios （SNRs） of ASR are compared with that of PS. Numerical experiments are performed to validate theoretical results. SNRs comparison shows that for refraction and scattering images ASR has higher SNR than PS method, while for absorption image both methods have same SNR. Therefore, our conclusions would have guideline in future preclinical and clinical applications.

Effect of Peak Power and Pulse Width on Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar’s SNR

The laser device is the core component of coherent Doppler wind lidar.The peak power and pulse width of laser transmitting pulse have important effects on SNR.Based on coherent Doppler wind pulse lidar,the peak power and pulse width influence on SNR is studied on the theoretical derivation and analysis,and the results show that the higher the peak power can realize the greater the signal-to-noise ratio of coherent Doppler wind lidar.But when the peak power is too large,the laser pulse may appear nonlinear phenomenon,which cause the damage of the laser.So,the peak power must be less than the stimulated brillouin scattering power threshold.Increasing the pulse width can make the laser device to output more energy,but it will also make the spatial resolution lower,and the influence of turbulence on SNR will be greater.After a series of simulation analyses,it can be concluded that when the peak power is 650W and the pulse width is 340ns,the SNR of the system can be maximized.In addition,the coherent Doppler wind lidar system is set up to carry out corresponding experimental verification.The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis and simulation,which verifies the correctness of the theoretical analysis and simulation results.It provides theoretical basis and practical ex-perience for the design of laser transmitting pulse in coherent Doppler wind lidar system.

Speech Separation Methodology for Hearing Aid

In the design of hearing aids(HA),the real-time speech-enhancement is done.The digital hearing aids should provide high signal-to-noise ratio,gain improvement and should eliminate feedback.In generic hearing aids the perfor-mance towards different frequencies varies and non uniform.Existing noise can-cellation and speech separation methods drops the voice magnitude under the noise environment.The performance of the HA for frequency response is non uni-form.Existing noise suppression methods reduce the required signal strength also.So,the performance of uniform sub band analysis is poor when hearing aid is con-cern.In this paper,a speech separation method using Non-negative Matrix Fac-torization(NMF)algorithm is proposed for wavelet decomposition.The Proposed non-uniformfilter-bank was validated by parameters like band power,Signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),Mean Square Error(MSE),Signal to Noise and Dis-tortion Ratio(SINAD),Spurious-free dynamic range(SFDR),error and time.The speech recordings before and after separation was evaluated for quality using objective speech quality measures International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication standard ITU-T P.862.

Simple and effective method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of compressive imaging

This Letter presents a simple and effective method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio（SNR） of compressing imaging. The main principles of the proposed method are the correlation of the image signals and the randomness of the noise. Multiple low SNR images are reconstructed firstly by the compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm, and then two-dimensional time delay integration technology is adopted to improve the SNR. Results show that the proposed method can improve the SNR performance efficiently and it is easy to apply the a lgorithm to the real project.

一种具有纹波消除技术的10 bit SAR ADC

逐次逼近寄存器模数转换器(SAR ADC)在逐次逼近的过程中,电容的切换会使参考电压上出现参考纹波噪声,该噪声会影响比较器的判定,进而输出错误的比较结果。针对该问题,基于CMOS 0.5μm工艺,设计了一种具有纹波消除技术的10 bit SAR ADC。通过增加纹波至比较器输入端的额外路径,将参考纹波满摆幅输入至比较器中;同时设计了消除数模转换器(DAC)模块,对参考纹波进行采样和输入,通过反转纹波噪声的极性,消除参考纹波对ADC输出的影响。该设计将信噪比(SNR)提高到56.75 dB,将有效位数(ENOB)提升到9.14 bit,将积分非线性(INL)从-1~5 LSB降低到-0.2~0.3 LSB,将微分非线性(DNL)从-3~4 LSB降低到-0.5~0.5 LSB。

Consistency in responses to conspecific advertisement calls with various signal-to-noise ratios in both sexes of the Anhui tree frog

Environmental noise has a significant negative impact on acoustic communication in most situations,as it influences the production,transmis-sion,and reception of acoustic signals.However,how animals respond to conspecific sounds when there is interference from environmental noise,and whether males and females display convergent behavioral responses in the face of noise masking remain poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the effects of conspecific male advertisement calls with different signal-to-noise ratios on male-male competition and female choice in the Anhui tree frog Rhacophorus zhoukaiyae using playback and phonotaxis experiments,respectively.The results showed that(1)female Anhui tree frogs preferentially selected the conspecific calls with higher SNR compared to calls with lower SNR;(2)males preferen-tially responded vocally to the conspecific calls with higher SNR compared to calls with lower SNR;and(3)males'competitive strategies were flexible in the face of noise interference.These results suggest that preferences of both sexes converge in outcome,and that male competitive strategies may depend on predictable female preferences.This study will provide an important basis for further research on decision-making in animals.

Nonsaturation Throughput Enhancement of IEEE 802.11b Distributed Coordination Function for Heterogeneous Traffic under Noisy Environment

In this paper, we propose a mechanism named modified backoff （MB） mechanism to decrease the channel idle time in IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function （DCF）. In the noisy channel, when signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） is low, applying this mechanism in DCF greatly improves the throughput and lowers the channel idle time. This paper presents an analytical model for the performance study of IEEE 802.11 MB-DCF for nonsaturated heterogeneous traffic in the presence of transmission errors. First, we introduce the MB-DCF and compare its performance to IEEE 802.11 DCF with binary exponential backoff （BEB）. The IEEE 802.11 DCF with BEB mechanism suffers from more channel idle time under low SNR. The MB-DCF ensures high throughput and low packet delay by reducing the channel idle time under the low traffic in the network. However, to the best of the authors＇ knowledge, there are no previous works that enhance the performance of the DCF under imperfect wireless channel. We show through analysis that the proposed mechanism greatly outperforms the original IEEE 802.11 DCF in the imperfect channel condition. The effectiveness of physical and link layer parameters on throughput performance is explored. We also present a throughput investigation of the heterogeneous traffic for different radio conditions.

Long term integration of radar signals with unknown Doppler shift for ubiquitous radar

Ubiquitous radar is a new radar system that provides continuous and uninterrupted multifunction capability within a coverage volume. Continuous coverage from close-in ＂pop-up＂ targets in clutter to long-range targets impacts selection of waveform parameters. The coherent processing interval （CPI） must be long enough to achieve a certain signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） that ensures the efficiency of detection. The condition of detection in the case of low SNR is analyzed, and three different cases that would occur during integration are discussed and a method to determine the CPI is presented. The simulation results show that targets detection with SNR as low as -26 dB in the experimental system can possibly determine the CPI.

A NOVEL METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE SNR OF UNKNOWN EMITTER SIGNAL

It is important to estimate the Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR) of unknown emitter signal accurately.In order to resolve the disadvantages of present algorithm,a novel method is proposed in this letter.We extract and normalize the information of zero frequency of received signal by the Wigner-Vile Distribution(WVD) transformation and then get the approximate power of original signal by mathematic transformation,at last,we get the estimate value of SNR by the known account formula of SNR.Simulation results show that it is correct and feasible.

Blind parameter estimation of pseudo-random binary code-linear frequency modulation signal based on Duffing oscillator at low SNR

Conventional parameter estimation methods for pseudo-random binary code-linear frequency modulation(PRBC-LFM)signals require prior knowledge,are computationally complex,and exhibit poor performance at low signal-to-noise ratios(SNRs).To overcome these problems,a blind parameter estimation method based on a Duffing oscillator array is proposed.A new relationship formula among the state of the Duffing oscillator,the pseudo-random sequence of the PRBC-LFM signal,and the frequency difference between the PRBC-LFM signal and the periodic driving force signal of the Duffing oscillator is derived,providing the theoretical basis for blind parameter estimation.Methods based on amplitude method,short-time Fourier transform method,and power spectrum entropy method are used to binarize the output of the Duffing oscillator array,and their performance is compared.The pseudo-random sequence is estimated using Duffing oscillator array synchronization,and the carrier frequency parameters are obtained by the relational expressions and characteristics of the difference frequency.Simulation results show that this blind estimation method overcomes limitations in prior knowledge and maintains good parameter estimation performance up to an SNR of-35 dB.

Atmospheric Refractive Turbulence Effect on Diffraction-Limited Infrared Coherent Lidar

This paper, based on the Kavaya-Suni format, discusses the signal-to-noise ratio equation of the diffraction-limited coherent CO 2 lidar in detail, which is applied to atmospheric turbulence. The cumulative SNR and relative SNR, which are all affected by the nonlinear effects of the diffraction-limited Gaussian beam, atmospheric molecule and atmospheric turbulence, are simulated by microcomputer. Six instructions for the optimal design of IR CO 2 Coherent Lidar System, are provided.

Parametric SNR Estimation Based on Auto-Regressive Model in AWGN Channels

Signal-to-noise ratio（SNR）estimation for signal which can be modeled by Auto-regressive（AR）process is studied in this paper.First,the conventional frequency domain method is introduced to estimate the SNR for the received signal in additive white Gauss noise（AWGN）channel.Then a parametric SNR estimation algorithm is proposed by taking advantage of the AR model information of the received signal.The simulation results show that the proposed parametric method has better performance than the conventional frequency doma in method in case of AWGN channel.

Carrier Synchronization for Very Low SNR

The Turbo decoding performance will suffer serious degradation under low signal-to-noise ratios （SNR） conditions for the reason of residual frequency and phase offset in the carrier. In this paper, an improved residual carrier frequency offset estimation algorithm based on a priori probability aided （APPA） phase estimation is proposed. A carrier synchronization loop that combines the iterative turbo decoder and the phase estimator together is constructed, where the extrinsic information obtained from the Turbo decoder is used to aid an iterative phase estimation process. The simulation results show that the algorithm performs successfully under very low SNR conditions （for example, less than -7.4 dB） with large frequency offset and phase error and the performance of this algorithm is very close to the optimally synchronized system.

北斗三号码观测值评估及定位精度分析

随着北斗卫星导航系统(BeiDou Navigation Satellite System,BDS)完成全球组网,北斗三号(BDS-3)3个新频段观测值和定位精度需要评估。文章选取全球范围20个国际GNSS服务(International GNSS Service,IGS)组织的监测站数据,从信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)、伪距多路径(multipath,MP)误差和伪距定位误差方面综合对比BDS-3的6个频段码观测值数据。结果表明:6个频段的SNR从大到小依次为B2a+b、B3I、B2a、B2b、B1C、B1I;6个频段的伪距MP误差从小到大依次为B2a+b、B2a、B3I、B1C、B2b、B1I;B3I频段观测值定位精度最高,B2a+b、B2a频段定位精度相当,且优于B1C频段;目前接收机跟踪BDS-3新频段的可见卫星数相对较少,独立解算时误差较大,稳定性较差。研究结果可为BDS-3应用和发展提供参考。

高精度SAR ADC电容阵列设计及校准算法

在高精度逐次逼近寄存器模数转换器(SAR ADC)中,电容阵列是SAR ADC的核心之一。电容阵列中的电容失配问题是导致转换精度降低的一个重要原因。为了尽可能改善这一问题,设计了一种6+6+6分段电容阵列,并且基于这种阵列设计了权重迭代算法的前台数字校准。该方法不需要额外的电容阵列,利用自身的电容阵列与比较器量化出电容失配,计算出每一位输出码的权重校准系数,用来对正常量化出的输出码进行编码,实现校准功能。仿真结果表明,引入电容失配的18 bit SAR ADC经过该算法校准后,信噪比(SNR)从77.6 dB提升到107.6 dB,无杂散动态范围(SFDR)从89.8 dB提升到125.6 dB,有效位数(ENOB)从12.54 bit提升到17.54 bit。在SMIC 0.18μm工艺下,该校准算法对高精度SAR ADC的动态性能具有较大提升。

Optimizing Optical Attocells Positioning of Indoor Visible Light Communication System

Visible light communication(VLC),which is a prominent emerging solution that complements the radio frequency(RF)technology,exhibits the potential to meet the demands of fifth-generation(5G)and beyond technologies.The random movement of mobile terminals in the indoor environment is a challenge in the VLC system.The model of optical attocells has a critical role in the uniform distribution and the quality of communication links in terms of received power and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).As such,the optical attocells positions were optimized in this study with a developed try and error(TE)algorithm.The optimized optical attocells were examined and compared with previous models.This novel approach had successfully increased minimum received power from−1.29 to−0.225 dBm,along with enhanced SNR performance by 2.06 dB.The bit error rate(BER)was reduced to 4.42×10−8 and 6.63×10−14 by utilizing OOK-NRZ and BPSK modulation techniques,respectively.The optimized attocells positions displayed better uniform distribution,as both received power and SNR performances improved by 0.45 and 0.026,respectively.As the results of the proposed model are optimal,it is suitable for standard office and room model applications.

Target tracking methods based on a signal-to-noise ratio model

In traditional target tracking methods,the angle error and range error are often measured by the empirical value,while observation noise is a constant.In this paper,the angle error and range error are analyzed.They are influenced by the signalto-noise ratio(SNR).Therefore,a model related to SNR has been established,in which the SNR information is applied for target tracking.Combined with an advanced nonlinear filter method,the extended Kalman filter method based on the SNR model(SNR-EKF)and the unscented Kalman filter method based on the SNR model(SNR-UKF)are proposed.There is little difference between the SNR-EKF and SNR-UKF methods in position precision,but the SNR-EKF method has advantages in computation time and the SNR-UKF method has advantages in velocity precision.Simulation results show that target tracking methods based on the SNR model can greatly improve the tracking performance compared with traditional tracking methods.The target tracking accuracy and convergence speed of the proposed methods have significant improvements.

Pragmatic Physical Layer Abstraction Method Based on Bit-LLR-Wise Exponential Effective SNR Mapping for Bit Interleaved Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing System

In this paper, we analyze the physical layer abstraction for bit interleaved coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(BIC-OFDM) system from a parallel bit channel perspective. By combining the exponential effective SNR(signal-to-noise ratio) mapping(EESM) with the maximum a posteriori(MAP) algorithm, a bit LLR(log-likelihood ratio) wise EESM(BL-EESM) method is proposed. This method can abstract the link performance with high accuracy, especially for the case when channel estimation is imperfect. Afterward, the BL-EESM method is simplified by utilizing the non-linear quantization idea, which can reduce the times of exponential operation by two orders of magnitude at wide system bandwidth, yet shows little loss in accuracy. Our proposal can be applied to both system level simulations to save the time consumption and to practical terminals to facilitate the adaptive modulation and coding(AMC) procedure, bringing about throughput improvement at low hardware cost.

Slab Yb：YAG pulse amplifier with high amplification gain and signal-to-noise ratio

This study experimentally investigated a Yb： YAG pulse laser amplifier with a high amplification gain and a high signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）. The highest amplification gain of 172 and highest pulse energy of 131 mJ were obtained with the highest SNR of 24.9 dB from a volume gain of 10 mm × 10 mm × 1 mm. The output beam quality values ofM2 = 1.91 in the slow axis and M2 = 1.58 in the fast axis were also achieved.