Dermal thickness,rather than drug concentration and injection speed,influences the effective area of botulinum toxin type A in the dermis

Background:Recently,microbotulinum,a new technique that involves injecting botulinum toxin type A(BoNTA)microdroplets into superficial cutaneous tissue,has gained popularity.The precise distribution of BoNTA in the targeted area profoundly affects outcomes.Many factors may influence the effective area of BoNTA in the dermis.This study aimed to determine the dermal distribution properties of BoNTA to guide microbotulinum injection.Methods:Ten healthy males aged 18–65 years without BoNTA treatment in the previous year were recruited to receive intradermal injections in the chest and back.Ultrasound was used to ensure the intradermal delivery of injections and measure the dermal thickness.The minor iodine starch test was performed at baseline and 3 days,7 days,21 days,1 month,and 2 months after treatment.Results:All participants received intradermal injections.The dermis was thinner on the chest(thickness,0.20±0.03 cm)than on the back(thickness,0.39±0.07 cm)(P<0.05).An injection in the thicker dermis had a significantly smaller effective area at every follow-up visit.The drug concentration did not affect the effective area except at 3 days after treatment.Injection speed did not influence the effective area at any follow-up visits.Conclusion:An injection in a thicker dermis leads to a smaller effective area for intradermal injections.When the BoNTA dose is the same,the drug concentration and injection speed do not matter.

Variation Characteristics of Hydrothermal Resources Effectiveness Under the Background of Climate Change in Southern Rice Production Area of China

The spatiotemporal characteristics of hydrothermal resources in southern rice production area of China have changed under the background of climate change,and this change would affect the effectiveness of hydrothermal resources during local rice growing period.According to the cropping system subdivision in southern rice production area of China during 1980s,this study used climate data from 254 meteorological stations and phonological data from 168 agricultural observation stations in the south of China,and adopted 6 international evaluation indices about the effectiveness of hydrothermal resources to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of hydrothermal resources during the growing period of single cropping rice system and double cropping rice system for 16 planting zones in the whole study area.The results showed that：in southern rice production area of China,the effectiveness of thermal resources of single cropping rice area（SCRA） was less than that of double cropping rice area（DCRA）,whereas the effectiveness of thermal resources of both SARA and DCRA showed a decreasing trend.The index value of effective precipitation satisfaction of SCRA was higher than that of DCRA,nevertheless the index value of effective precipitation satisfaction of both SCRA and DCRA showed a decreasing trend.There was a significant linear relationship between effective thermal resource and water demand,likely water demand increased by 18 mm with every 100°C d increase of effective heat.Effective precipitation satisfaction index（EPSI） showed a negative correlation with effective heat,yet showed a positive correlation with effective precipitation.EPSI reduced by 1% when effective heat resource increased by 125°C d.This study could provide insights for policy makers,land managers or farmers to improve water and heat resource uses and rationally arrange rice production activities under global climate change condition.

Evaluation of Ecological Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Northwest China

Protected areas(PAs) have experienced explosive growth in Northwest China over the last three decades, but their effectiveness in representing regional ecological system diversity has not attracted considerable attention. Low effectiveness would exacerbate the conservation-development conflicts, particularly those that arise as a result of the Great Western Development Strategy(GWDS). Thus, an assessment of the effectiveness of the PA network has become quite important. We proposed natural vegetation communities to represent regional ecological system diversities, and proposed Global 200 Priority Ecoregions, Important Bird Areas, and ecosystem function regions to represent important conservation areas. To determine their effectiveness, we studied the extent to which ecological system diversities and important conservation areas are represented by the existing 96 PAs. Our results indicated that the total coverage of vegetation communities in PAs in Northwest China is not sufficiently comprehensive. As the PA system has expanded, the growth in the total area of the PAs has been greater than that of their vegetation community richness. While most of the important conservation areas are covered by PAs, some regions have not yet reached the 10% threshold; further, PAs are distributed unevenly and conservation gaps remain in the region. Therefore, these regions should receive more attention when planning new PAs. It is vital that more biodiversity datasets and assessment of ecosystem function regions are integrated in order to provide a basis for the government to formulate appropriate protection and development strategies.

Laboratory Research on Effective Test Area of Short-Crested Waves Generated by Two-Sided Segmented Wavemakers

The size and shape of the effective test area are crucial to consider when short-crested waves are created by segmented wavemakers. The range of the effective test area of short-crested waves simulated by two-sided segmented wavemakers is analyzed in this paper. The experimental investigation on the wave field distribution of short-crested waves generated by two-sided segmented wavemakers is conducted by using an array of wave gauges. Wave spectra and directional spreading function are analyzed and the results show that when the main direction is at a certain angle with the normal line of wave generators, the wave field of 3D short-crested waves generated by two-sided segmented wavemakers has good spatial uniformity within the model test area. The effective test area can provide good wave environments for seakeeping model tests of various ocean engineering structures in the deep ocean engineering basin.

Analysis and Countermeasures on Effective Land Use of Rural Residential Area in Jinan, Shandong Province

With the improvement of urbanization and the expansion of urban size, the cultivated land decreases gradually but the demand for urban land increases, thereby resulting in the conflict of land use. Analyzing the status quo of land use of rural residential area, this paper points out that two main problems, namely, the low degree of land use, and the waste of land resources that are prevalent in the rural residential area. Based on the above analysis, the author states that the emphasis on land use will be the plain regions in the future, and adoption of reasonable economic measures will be the new solution to the problems.

Assessing Marine Protected Areas Effectiveness: A Case Study with the Tobago Cays Marine Park

Given the socio-economic consequences associated with declaring areas of ocean protected in order to achieve conservation objectives, this paper contributes to the growing global need to assess Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as an effective management tool. It adds to the current body of knowledge on MPA effectiveness by conducting an evaluation of the Tobago Cays Marine Park (TCMP), located in St. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) in the eastern Caribbean, using a modified MPA effectiveness framework. Due to the limited information existing about the current performance of this MPA, this assessment also provides needed insight on the effect that the TCMP is having on the marine ecosystem, as well as its overall management performance. By comparing the performance of the MPA over a 10-year span (2007 and 2016), the results indicate that overall, the TCMP could be described as having limited success when key management categories of context, planning, input, process, output and outcomes are evaluated. In particular, efforts dedicated to planning, process and outcomes are assessed as deficient. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that efforts to realize the stated goals relating to conservation, public awareness and public education were being neglected. However, considerable effort was being expended by TCMP staff on achieving the remaining goal focusing on deriving economic benefits from touristic activities in the Park. Preliminary field research examining the effects of the TCMP on the abundance and density of an economically important species, Lobatus gigas, (commonly referred to as the queen conch) showed the TCMP as having no effect towards conch protection. The results and recommendations of this study, combined with continued monitoring of a recommended targeted suite of indicators, could contribute to better-informed adaptive MPA management, leading to progress towards the achievement of the stated goals for the TCMP.

Effective Life and Area Based Data Storing and Deployment in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

In vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), store-carry-forward approach may be used for data sharing, where moving vehicles carry and exchange data when they go by each other. In this approach, storage resource in a vehicle is generally limited. Therefore, attributes of data that have to be stored in vehicles are an important factor in order to efficiently distribute desired data. In VANETs, there are different types of data which depend on the time and location. Such kind of data cannot be deployed adequately to the requesting vehicles only by popularity-based rule. In this paper, we propose a data distribution method that takes into account the effective life and area in addition to popularity of data. Our extensive simulation results demonstrate drastic improvements on acquisition performance of the time and area specific data.

Multi-Objective Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm Based on Effective Area in Cognitive Emergency Communication Networks

Cognitive emergency communication net-works can meet the requirements of large capac-ity,high density and low delay in emergency com-munications.This paper analyzes the properties of emergency users in cognitive emergency communi-cation networks,designs a multi-objective optimiza-tion and proposes a novel multi-objective bacterial foraging optimization algorithm based on effective area(MOBFO-EA)to maximize the transmission rate while maximizing the lifecycle of the network.In the algorithm,the effective area is proposed to prevent the algorithm from falling into a local optimum,and the diversity and uniformity of the Pareto-optimal solu-tions distributed in the effective area are used to eval-uate the optimization algorithm.Then,the dynamic preservation is used to enhance the competitiveness of excellent individuals and the uniformity and diversity of the Pareto-optimal solutions in the effective area.Finally,the adaptive step size,adaptive moving direc-tion and inertial weight are used to shorten the search time of bacteria and accelerate the optimization con-vergence.The simulation results show that the pro-posed MOBFO-EA algorithm improves the efficiency of the Pareto-optimal solutions by approximately 55%compared with the MOPSO algorithm and by approx-imately 60%compared with the MOBFO algorithm and has the fastest and smoothest convergence.

Evolution and Determinants of Population Agglomeration in Less Developed Metropolitan Areas:A Case Study of the Taiyuan Metropolitan Area,China

It is of importance to enhance the urban areas'capacity for population aggregation in underdeveloped regions,aiming to rectify the imbalanced and insufficient pattern of economic development in China.Taking the Taiyuan Metropolitan Area(TMA)in central China as a case study,this paper examines the evolutionary process and characteristics of population agglomeration from 2000 to 2020,and identifies factors associated with agglomeration and their spatial effects.The findings indicated that:1)against the background of sustained population shrinkage in the provincial area,the TMA showed a demographic trend of steady increase,albeit with a decelerated growth rate.In the metropolitan area,urban population size continued to grow rapidly,whereas the rural areas endured sustained losses.Disparities in city size continued to widen,and the polarization of concentrated population in the core cities kept increasing.2)Agglomerations in both secondary and service industries had significant positive effects on local population agglomeration,with the former effect being stronger.Regional economic development,government fiscal expenditure,and financial advancement all contributed to facilitating local population clustering.From a spatial spillover perspective,service agglomeration and financial development promoted population agglomeration in surrounding areas.Conversely,fiscal expenditure inhibited such agglomeration.As for industrial agglomeration and regional economic development,their spatial spillover effects were non-significant.The results obtained reveal several policy implications aimed at enhancing the population agglomeration capacity of the metropolitan area in underdeveloped regions during the new era.

Climate-Vegetation Coverage Interactions in the Hengduan Mountains Area, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, and Their Downstream Effects

Little is known about the mechanism of climate-vegetation coverage coupled changes in the Tibetan Plateau(TP)region,which is the most climatically sensitive and ecologically fragile region with the highest terrain in the world.This study,using multisource datasets(including satellite data and meteorological observations and reanalysis data)revealed the mutual feedback mechanisms between changes in climate(temperature and precipitation)and vegetation coverage in recent decades in the Hengduan Mountains Area(HMA)of the southeastern TP and their influences on climate in the downstream region,the Sichuan Basin(SCB).There is mutual facilitation between rising air temperature and increasing vegetation coverage in the HMA,which is most significant during winter,and then during spring,but insignificant during summer and autumn.Rising temperature significantly enhances local vegetation coverage,and vegetation greening in turn heats the atmosphere via enhancing net heat flux from the surface to the atmosphere.The atmospheric heating anomaly over the HMA thickens the atmospheric column and increases upper air pressure.The high pressure anomaly disperses downstream via the westerly flow,expands across the SCB,and eventually increases the SCB temperature.This effect lasts from winter to the following spring,which may cause the maximum increasing trend of the SCB temperature and vegetation coverage in spring.These results are helpful for estimating future trends in climate and eco-environmental variations in the HMA and SCB under warming scenarios,as well as seasonal forecasting based on the connection between the HMA eco-environment and SCB climate.

宁南黄土区中庄小流域土壤密度坡面变化及尺度效应

[目的]分析土壤密度在坡面上的变化特征及尺度效应,探讨土壤密度坡面尺度转换路径,为精准监测土壤密度、科学评价土壤功能、指导土壤资源管理提供理论依据。[方法]在宁夏南部半干旱黄土丘陵区中庄小流域,选择3个退耕还林还草后的典型坡面,按坡位从上至下设置了5个样地,调查各样地的植被类型、土地利用、立地条件等,采用环刀法分层测定了200 cm深度的土壤密度。[结果]在东坡、西坡、南坡,土壤密度随土层加深基本表现为线性增加,土层每加深10 cm土壤密度平均增加0.0062,0.0036,0.0075 g/cm^(3),其原因为植被根系、土壤有机质、压实作用的土层差异。在0—200 cm土层,东坡和南坡土壤密度坡面均值均为1.22 g/cm^(3),低于西坡(1.26 g/cm^(3))。3个坡面土壤密度的坡面变化存在差异,东坡、西坡、南坡沿坡变化表现为逐渐增加或先增后减、先升后降、先降后升,整体上为坡面下部大于上部,主要原因包括植被类型、土地利用、人类活动、恢复年限等坡面差异。以离坡顶水平距离增加100 m土壤密度坡面滑动平均值的变化量评价坡面尺度效应,0—200 cm土层的平均土壤密度坡面尺度效应在东坡为0.032(g/cm^(3))/100 m,在西坡为0.024(g/cm^(3))/100 m(离坡顶0—250 m)和-0.007(g/cm^(3))/100 m(离坡顶250—329 m),在南部为-0.011(g/cm^(3))/100 m(离坡顶0—140 m)和0.018(g/cm^(3))/100 m(离坡顶140—368 m)。构建3个坡面不同坡位样地各土层的土壤密度与坡面均值的比值随离坡顶水平距离增加而变化的关系式(R2>0.80,p<0.0001),且基于拟合关系式预测的土壤密度坡面均值的相对误差均小于2.5%,藉此可由任一坡位样地土壤密度测定值准确便捷地估算坡面均值。[结论]半干旱黄土区土壤密度坡面变化和坡位差异明显,且植被类型、人为干扰、土地利用等对土壤密度坡面分布格局影响较大,未来应加强主要作用因子对土壤密度坡面变化及尺度效应的贡献研究。

中国文化情境下价值感知对农户混农林低碳增汇措施采纳的影响

混农林是高效利用自然资源、减缓气候变化的生态农业模式,农户的混农林低碳增汇措施对其贡献“双碳”目标具有重要影响。基于陕南秦巴山区864份调研数据,运用多元Probit模型以及调节效应模型探讨中国文化情境下价值感知对农户混农林低碳增汇措施采纳的影响,并分析不同措施之间的关联效应以及社会权威的调节作用。结果表明:(1)农户的减少含碳要素投入与减少非合意产出、减少含碳要素投入与提高经营强度、减少含碳要素投入与加强森林保护以及提高经营强度与加强森林保护措施之间均存在互补效应;(2)功利感知对各低碳增汇措施均具有显著正向影响,合群感知对减少含碳要素投入具有显著正向影响,颜面感知对减少含碳要素投入和提高经营强度具有显著正向影响;(3)社会权威在合群感知、颜面感知与减少含碳要素投入,功利感知、颜面感知与提高经营强度,功利感知与加强森林保护的关系中起负向调节作用。建议政府从中国本土文化特征入手,激发农户响应“双碳”目标的内生力量,同时发挥不同措施与技术之间的协同效应,推动农林减排增汇的长效开展。

以全政府和全社会方法推动生物多样性治理目标实现路径分析

《生物多样性公约》明确提出生物多样性保护、对生物多样性组分的可持续利用、遗传资源获取及其惠益的公平公正分享三大目标,《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》进一步强调了平衡且全面实现此三项目标的重要性。近年来,伴随中国作为《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会(COP15)主席国的持续发力,“生物多样性治理”一词的使用频次逐步上升。习近平总书记更是在多个国际重要场合屡次重申中国将致力于强化“生物多样性治理”。在新的历史背景下,需要思考如何通过系统化的生物多样性治理,均衡地推进《生物多样性公约》设定的各项目标,以高水平的生物多样性保护助推高质量发展。针对当前生物多样性治理面临的新挑战和中国的实际国情,基于全政府和全社会方法,本文提出中国生物多样性治理的策略,包括在政府层面明确中央政府、地方政府及相关部门的各自职责,确保各项政策措施的有效执行;在社会层面,倡导科研机构、金融机构、企业、非政府组织、地方社区以及广大公众等多个主体,通过紧密的合作、信息的共享以及协同的行动,共同为生物多样性的治理与可持续发展的推进贡献力量。

Application Effects of Ultra-fine Powder Shaped Maize Seed Coating Agent in Spring Sowing areas in northeast China

The research explored adaptability maize seed coating agent in spring sowing and effects of ultra-fine powder shaped areas in northeast China. The results showed that germination potential and rate both improved around 5% and the num- ber of root increased by 4% in the treatments with ultra-fine powder shaped maize seed coating agent compared with the control group without seed coating. What＇s more, the treatments with ultra-fine powder shaped maize seed coating agent took advantages in terms of fresh weight of seeding, stem diameter, and dry weight. It is notable that control effects on underground insects performed the best, with per- centage over 94%, which is more excellent relative to other agents in markets. Therefore, ultra-fine powder shaped maize seed coating agent can be widely applied in spring sowing areas in northeast China, without side effects.

湘中紫云山花岗岩和暗色包体的源区及其地质意义:来自全岩地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素的证据

湘中紫云山花岗质岩体形成于晚三叠世,近年来因其周边众多金属矿床的发现而备受关注。岩体内含有丰富的暗色包体(MMEs),为研究其源区和形成过程提供了一个重要的窗口。本文对紫云山暗色包体进行了全岩主、微量元素分析,并对紫云山花岗岩和暗色包体进行了Sr-Nd同位素分析。暗色包体主要为闪长质-花岗闪长质,SiO_(2)含量在55.24%~68.72%(平均为63.758%),K_(2)O含量为1.22%~6.33%(平均值为2.76%),属于钙碱性系列至高钾钙碱性系列岩石。暗色包体的(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)i值为0.714943~0.720623,ε_(Nd)(t)值为-9.53~-6.5,t DM2为1.53~1.78 Ga;主体花岗岩的(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_(i)值为0.718160~0.724384,ε_(Nd)(t)值为-7.4~-8.2,二阶段模式年龄t DM2为1.60~1.67Ga;补体花岗岩的(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_(i)值为0.735888~0.745734,ε_(Nd)(t)值为-10.1~-10.9,二阶段模式年龄t_(DM2)值为1.82~1.89Ga。研究表明:紫云山花岗岩主要来源于变杂砂岩熔融的壳源岩浆,并混合了部分富集幔源岩浆;其中主体花岗岩相较补体花岗岩含有较多的幔源组分,而紫云山暗色包体主要来源于富集地幔。紫云山花岗岩和暗色包体可能是印支期华南板块受周缘板块碰撞挤压后岩石圈伸展减薄,底侵的高温幔源岩浆注入到壳源长英质岩浆房后,两者混合不均的产物。在湘中地区,印支晚期花岗岩与其附近的金(锑)、钨等矿床存在密切的时、空联系,可能具有良好的成矿潜力;该区印支晚期花岗岩的成岩-成矿作用的强度远超传统认识,在找矿过程中需加以重视。

120 t转炉五孔氧枪喷头优化设计研究

针对国内某钢厂120 t转炉氧枪供氧强度低、吹炼时间长、化渣慢、寿命短等问题,对其五孔氧枪喷头倾角进行优化设计。基于数值模拟软件FLUENT,在冷态下(300 K)分析了喷头倾角对射流特性的影响,并在炼钢温度下(1873 K)进一步对比新旧氧枪喷头的射流特性。结果表明:在冷态下,随着喷头倾角增加,射流独立性改善;当喷头倾角11°时,有效冲击面积最大;当喷头倾角12°时,化渣面积最大;最佳操作枪位为40 D_(e),综合考虑最佳喷头倾角为12°。在炼钢温度下,与旧喷头相比,新喷头的超音速区域长度增加1.0 D_(e),冲击深度更大,有效冲击面积增大6.67%,化渣面积增大10.39%,喷头出口负压更小,使用寿命更长。

三峡库区小流域典型植物群落水源涵养功能

水源涵养功能的变化显著影响区域生态水文和土壤侵蚀过程,三峡库区作为我国典型的生态脆弱区和水土流失重点治理区,明确其典型植物群落的水源涵养功能,对于库区生态环境的改善具有重要意义。通过野外采样和室内分析相结合的方法,系统分析了库区典型植物群落枯落物蓄积特征、持水过程以及枯落物和土壤层的水源涵养能力。结果表明:不同植物群落枯落物蓄积量(0.43~5.76 t/hm^(2))和持水能力之间存在显著差异,库区湿热的气候条件导致未分解枯落物蓄积量均小于半分解枯落物,且未分解层枯落物最大持水量和有效拦蓄量均小于半分解枯落物(除桉树和草地外)。此外,未分解和半分解枯落物持水量和吸水速率随浸水时间的增加分别呈对数函数增加和幂函数减小的趋势。不同植物群落土壤层(0~20 cm)有效蓄水量存在一定差异,其中桉树林的有效蓄水量最大(208.42 t/hm^(2)),灌木最小(63.90 t/hm^(2))。综合来看,库区各植物群落枯落物和土壤层的水源涵养能力从高到低依次为:桉树、草地、柏树、马尾松、柑橘、坡耕地、灌木,且其大小主要受控于土壤层的水源涵养能力。

倾斜桩水平承载变形特性现场试验研究

倾斜桩因具有良好的承载性能逐渐应用于桩基工程与基坑支护工程之中,但目前缺乏运用工程试验系统性研究倾斜桩水平受荷在桩身不同位置处产生变形的案例。为此,进行了软土地区现场倾斜桩水平承载试验,对桩身范围内进行了深层水平位移的量测,并结合ABAQUS有限元模拟结果,研究了倾斜桩在水平荷载下的承载变形及桩间协同变形特性。研究结果表明:负斜桩组合承载性能优于正斜桩组合及双排桩,夹角相同的不同倾斜桩组合在受到相同荷载时承载性能不同;倾斜桩桩身变形与竖直桩相似,不同之处在于倾斜桩桩身下部易产生反弯现象,且荷载越大反弯现象越明显,20d(d为桩径)深度内桩身水平位移易受荷载因素影响;实际工程中可将桩距控制在4d以上,此时桩身受荷对邻近桩变形的影响几乎可以忽略。

风沙区铁路路堑积沙特征及高立式沙障防护效果

以将淖铁路沿线风沙特征为背景,基于Fluent双流体模型,对铁路路堑内部风沙流场、积沙分布特征和不同数量高立式沙障防护效果进行模拟研究。结果表明:将淖铁路沿线最大瞬时风速29.00 m/s,最大起沙风平均风速12.63 m/s,积沙粒径0.075~0.250 mm;携沙风通过路堑时会下沉至路堑内部,在路堑中形成回流效应,并在路堑坡肩处产生一个速度峰值;设置高立式沙障,沙粒在沙障附近堆积,减少路堑内部道床上沙相体积分数,减小路堑内部携沙风回流速度;双排沙障相比于单排沙障,沙相体积分数及回流速度呈明显降低。

爆破荷载作用下减振孔减振隔振效应数值模拟研究

爆破产生的振动效应影响邻近建(构)筑物的安全。作为减振手段之一,减振孔可用于控制爆破振动影响。然而,目前减振孔布设方案多基于经验方法,并且减振效果评价标准主要集中在局部单排测点,无法全面表征减振孔后方区域内的减振效果与规律。基于枕头坝护坦爆破开挖工程,采用LS-DYNA软件中的数值分析方法,系统研究了减振孔排数、深度、爆心距和单排布孔数对有效减振区域面积、峰值减振率等减振效果的影响。首先,利用小尺寸爆破模型试验对LS-DYNA方法模拟爆破荷载作用下减振孔减振隔振效应的有效性进行了验证。随后,系统开展了不同减振孔参数对有效减振区域的影响规律研究。研究结果表明:减振效果最优的区域位于减振孔布设区后方垂直于爆源的位置;随着排数、深度、爆心距和单排布孔数的增大,有效减振区域面积增大;峰值减振率随排数增大而显著增大,随爆心距增大而减小,受到减振孔深度和爆破孔深度的共同影响。与单一测点减振率相比,有效减振区域面积可以体现减振效果的区域分布,并且不受测点选取位置影响。另外,基于不同减振孔参数对减振隔振效应的相关性分析表明,有效减振区域面积与减振孔深度相关性最明显,其次是减振孔排数和爆心距。峰值减振率与减振孔排数相关性最明显,集中减振率与减振孔排数和深度密切相关。研究结果对减振孔的布设和最大程度地利用减振效果保护邻近建(构)筑物具有参考意义。