Spatial emission reduction effects of China’s carbon emissions trading:quasi-natural experiments and policy spillovers

Insufficient assessment of emission reduction effects still exists in the carbon emission rights trading system,a major environmental regulation measure in China.Based on the data from the carbon trading pilot covering the years from 2007 to 2017,this study combined the synthetic control method with dynamic spatial Durbin model to comprehensively evaluate the spatial emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.The results showed that:①The carbon trading policies promoted carbon emission reductions in the pilot regions,among which Tianjin and Hubei responded significantly,and also helped to suppress carbon emissions in the neighboring areas.②Long-term emission reduction effect from carbon emissions trading became gradually significant,while the indirect emission reduction effect was relatively weaker.③In term of reducing carbon emissions,the economic development channel played a key role,but it had a threat to the promotion of carbon emissions in the surrounding areas.Energy consumption was the main obstacle to the growth of carbon emissions.④In the long run,technological progress tended to become the key to the effective implementation of potential emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.Based on the above findings,we suggest that the construction of a national carbon trading market should be promoted,the balanced development and orderly advancement of regional carbon trading markets should be paid attention to,the coordinated development of green economy as well as knowledge and technology exchange and cooperation among regions should be strengthened to form a low carbon development model among regions.

The development of slag processing technology and its impact on energy-saving and emission reduction in the metallurgical industry

This study provides an overview of the production and classification of metallurgical slag and its impact on energy-saving and emission reduction in the metallurgical industry and an analysis of the impact of key factors on slag processing technology, including a brief account of blast furnace（BF） slag processing and applications with a focus on the steel slag disposal processes and the features of some typical processes. In view of the characteristics of the basic oxygen furnace （BOF） slag and the technical difficulties faced by the traditional processes,it describes the principle,features and technical advantages of the Baosteel short-flow （BSSF） steel slag treatment process developed by Baosteel. The thinking and outlook on the direction of the development of the metallurgical slag processing process are stated.

Assessing China’s regional efficiency of energy-saving and emission reduction using the target orientation approach of extended DDF model

Based on the target of energy-saving and emission reduction(ESER)in the national five-year plan in China,an extended directional distance function model(E-DDF)including undesirable input and undesirable output is proposed,and energy-saving efficiency,emission reduction efficiency,ESER efficiency are defined.Then the weighted directional distance function model is constructed for the total factors efficiency index model of ESER to reflect its dynamic change.The results show that the ESER efficiency continues to rise during the three five-year plan periods(2006-2017),and the efficiency score of the east area are higher than those of central and west area.The disparity and change of energy-saving efficiency among difference regions are not obvious,but the disparity and change of emission reduction efficiency are the main reasons for the improvement and change of ESER efficiency index.In the long run,the ESER efficiency is in a dynamic upward trend,and the effect of technological progress is more obvious compared with technical efficient index.

Pollutant emission reduction effect through effluent tax,concentration-based effluent standard,or both

There are numerous studies comparing different kinds of environmental taxes and standards.However,forms of environmental standards focused by former researchers are usually quantitybased limits/standards(e.g.pounds per day or pounds per unit of output).Concentration-based emission standard(e.g.milligrams per liter of wastewater) as one important form of environmental standard has not been given much attention.In this article,comparable estimates of their probable effect on enterprise pollution reduction will be developed for concentrationbased effluent standards,effluent taxes,and a combination of both.A linear simulation model is used to clearly and obviously compare the effects of effluent taxes and concentration-based standards within the same figure.With one detailed application to the paper industry,some enlightenment and conclusions-as well as the general applicability of these principles-are then provided:Under the same effluent tax rate,enterprises,groups,and industries that are cleaner will reduce more pollutants than those that have higher pollutant abatement costs.It is recommended that effluent taxes are set by avoiding cutting it even at one stroke and considering the feasibility of pollution-reducing technology in various industries.It is necessary to reduce MAC of enterprises to better stimulate enterprises' or industries' emission reduction by preferential measures,such as high tax rate coordinated by speeding up the depreciation of environmental protection equipment.

The Five-Year Plan: A new tool for energy saving and emissions reduction in China

China has achieved economic growth while great carbon emissions reduction in recent years. Amid China＇s effort to reduce emissions, the Five-Year Plans have guided and motivated local and foreign forces from the government, industries, and society to work together. This paper showed that a mediumehigh economic growth gate, industry structure adjustment, and energy structure adjustment, which are guaranteed under the Five-Year Plan, all contribute to energy saving in China. The economy entered a stable growing phase during the 12 th Five-Year Plan, while the economic growth rate declined to 7.8% from 11.2% in the 11 th Five-Year Plan. Simultaneously, the CO2 emissions growth rate declined from8.32%（2009-2012 mean） to 1.82%（2012-2014 mean）. Industrial structure adjustment canceled out nearly one-third of the CO2 emissions caused by economic growth. Under the 13 th Five-Year Plan, China will continue its energy saving efforts on the green development path, with greener quotas, a stricter implementation process, and more key projects.

The Impact of Global Value Chain Embedment on Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction:Theory and Empirical Evidence

An in-depth investigation into the effect of embedment in global value chain(GVC)on energy conservation and emissions reduction is of great significance for scientifically assessing the environmental impact of GVC participation,and promoting high-quality development in China.This paper incorporates GVC embedment,energy consumption and carbon emissions into the same analysis framework for the first time.Based on the WIOD database,this paper theoretically and empirically examines the impact and mechanism of global value chain embeddedness on carbon emission reduction from two dimensions:energy consumption intensity and energy consumption structure.The study found that GVC embedment significantly reduced the industry’s carbon emission intensity;developing economies’embedment in GVC helped reduce their carbon emission intensity,while the effect was not obvious in developed economies.GVC embedment had a significant inhibitory effect on the carbon emissions in both upstream and downstream industries,but not conducive to carbon reduction of lowtech manufacturing.The mechanism test shows that the GVC embedment not only exhibits the dual effects of energy conservation and emissions reduction,but also has a significant impact on carbon emissions by reducing the energy consumption intensity and improving the energy consumption structure.

Reducing Carbon Emissions Resulting from Livestock Production Using Ruminants: A Review

Greenhouse gas emissions are increas- ing every year and their effect on the environment is becoming increasingly serious. In 2009, the concen- tration of carbon dioxide in the earth＇s atmosphere reached 387 μL/L, the highest level in recorded histo- ry. This paper summarizes the global carbon emission situation, sources of greenhouse gases, and the con-tribution of agriculture to the accumutauon ot green- house gases. Several scientific measures are proposed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions resulting from ru- minant production such as improving animal perform- ance, regulating the rumen environment, and reduc- ing the amount of greenhouse gases emitted from live- stock manure.

双碳目标下绿色金融碳减排效应的实证研究

绿色金融是实现绿色低碳发展战略的重要手段,研究绿色金融碳减排效应及其作用机制对实现“双碳”目标具有重要现实意义。利用2008—2020年省际面板数据,实证检验了绿色金融碳减排效应、作用机制和异质性。研究结果表明:无论是总维度还是分维度,绿色金融均具有显著的碳减排效应,其中绿色投资的碳减排效应最大,绿色证券次之,绿色信贷最小;绿色技术创新对绿色金融碳减排效应具有中介作用,环境规制与金融市场化均增强了绿色金融碳减排效果;东部组、科技发达组和高耗能组相对中西部组、科技欠发达组和低耗能组绿色金融碳减排效应更为明显。因此,进一步加大绿色金融产品创新,实现绿色金融资源高效配置,制定差异化绿色金融政策尤为重要。

绿色金融发展对中国253个地级市碳排放的影响——基于空间计量模型检验

基于2010—2019年中国253个地级市的面板数据构建空间杜宾模型,分析绿色金融发展对二氧化碳排放量的影响及其空间溢出效应,并结合中介效应模型检验其作用渠道。结果表明,绿色金融发展可以显著降低地级市及邻近地级市的二氧化碳排放,存在正向的空间溢出效应;绿色技术进步和产业结构优化是绿色金融发挥碳减排作用的两个重要渠道;绿色金融发展对我国不同地区的碳减排作用存在明显差异;环境规制在绿色金融实现碳减排过程中存在正向调节作用。研究结果试图探究绿色金融发展能否真正降低地级市碳排放及其发挥碳减排效应的作用机制,为如何通过完善绿色金融的发展,最大程度地降低二氧化碳排放,以促进我国中长期碳减排目标的实现积累理论经验。

外部技术网络嵌入、知识重组能力与制造企业节能减排

在加快发展方式绿色转型的战略部署下,作为绿色转型的关键实施主体,制造企业不断利用网络嵌入和知识重组以促进其在能源消耗和污染排放工作的平稳、有序推进。本文以中国制造业A股上市公司为研究对象,收集整理企业联合申请发明专利数据,采用社会网络分析软件对外部技术网络嵌入的技术网络地位和网络有效规模进行测算,基于“外部合作-知识重组-节能减排”的逻辑思路分别探索外部技术网络嵌入对制造企业节能减排的直接效应,以及从知识重组视角探讨知识再创造和知识再利用在其中的中介作用。结果表明:技术网络地位和网络有效规模显著有利于降低合作企业的能源消耗和污染排放,知识重组能力在技术网络地位与网络有效规模对节能减排的影响中存在显著中介作用。据此提出相应的管理启示以提高制造企业节能减排成效,为推进“统筹发展与绿色低碳转型,深入实施绿色制造”提供一定的经验证据。

可再生能源技术创新的减排效应:空间溢出与门槛特征

可再生能源技术创新是实现绿色低碳发展的重要动力。基于2003—2020年我国30个省份的面板数据,构建固定效应模型分析可再生能源技术创新对碳排放的影响及区域异质性,采用空间杜宾模型探究其空间溢出效应,并通过门槛回归模型检验可再生能源技术创新对碳排放的非线性影响。研究发现:就全国而言,可再生能源技术创新显著抑制碳排放;分区域来看,可再生能源技术创新的碳减排效应在东部地区显著,但在中部、西部及东北地区不显著;空间上,可再生能源技术创新不仅降低本地区的碳排放,同时促进邻近地区的碳减排;可再生能源技术创新对碳排放存在人口规模、研发投入、环境规制的门槛效应,较高的人口规模和研发投入、较低的环境规制可以强化可再生能源技术创新对碳减排的促进作用。

环境补贴能提升企业碳绩效吗--基于A股上市公司实证分析

环境补贴既是国家实现“双碳”目标的宏观调控手段,也是减轻企业环保负担、引导企业节能减排的推动力。选取2014~2019年接受环境补贴的1094家A股上市公司3735个观测值作为研究样本,采用双向固定效应模型,实证探究环境补贴对企业碳绩效的影响。研究表明,环境补贴与企业碳绩效显著正相关且具有滞后性特征,异质性检验发现,成立时间长的企业、国有企业、东部地区与中低污染企业环境补贴作用效果显著;进一步研究发现,环境补贴中的节能减排补贴与企业碳绩效显著正相关,环境治理补贴对企业碳绩效起负向作用。据此,提出环境补贴应以降碳为重点、减污降碳协同增效为目的等建议。

绿色金融改革创新试验区的碳减排效应——基于空间溢出效应与城市异质性的视角

实施绿色金融试点政策是我国自下而上完善绿色金融体系的重要举措,对于地区产业低碳转型和发展新质生产力具有重要意义。本文利用2010—2019年283个地级市的平衡面板数据,以绿色金融试点政策为切入点,采用双重差分模型和空间计量方法系统评估了实施绿色金融试点政策的碳减排效应。研究发现,绿色金融试点政策的实施显著降低了试点城市的工业碳排放总量和工业碳强度,且政策效果具有持续性和稳健性。绿色金融试点政策具有显著的空间溢出效应,即本地绿色金融试点政策的实施会对空间关联地区的碳减排产生积极影响,但施策过程中需防范污染产业转移风险。进一步研究发现,绿色金融试点政策的碳减排效应在不同区域和不同试点城市中呈现异质性。影响机制分析结果表明,绿色金融试点政策主要通过发展绿色信贷、优化能源消费结构和提升能源利用效率等方式促进地区碳减排。本文研究为我国完善绿色金融体系和实现“双碳”目标提供了实证参考。

城市轨道交通低碳效应研究综述

城市轨道交通低碳效应研究是科学认识其环境效益,为行业政策补贴提供理论依据的重要基础。通过文献计量方法,全面梳理了城市轨道交通低碳效应相关研究问题,为该领域进一步研究明确了方向。基于VOSviewer软件对轨道交通碳排放相关研究进行了文献计量学分析,详细阐述城市轨道交通低碳效应的研究边界和碳减排机理,在探究城市轨道交通碳减排潜力量化评估视角及方法的基础上,系统性剖析影响城市轨道交通低碳效应的要素,涉及城市轨道交通基础设施建设、客流量、交通模式转移等多方面。最后,基于城市轨道交通碳减排潜力影响因素分析结果,研究提出提升城市轨道交通低碳效应的对策措施。研究可为城市轨道交通低碳效应研究提供学术参考。

数字金融是否降低了家庭消费碳排放?

依托互联网、大数据、云计算等数字技术,中国数字金融获得了快速发展,深刻影响了居民的生活方式和消费习惯,其在消费端的碳减排效果有待科学评估。基于2015年、2017年和2019年中国家庭金融调查数据以及北京大学发布的数字普惠金融指数,实证检验了数字金融对家庭消费碳排放的影响及作用机制。研究发现,数字金融降低了家庭消费碳排放,且主要通过促进消费结构升级降低了家庭消费碳排放。异质性分析显示,在西部地区家庭、户主处于失业状态家庭、高消费家庭中以及地区数字金融发展水平较低时,数字金融降低家庭消费碳排放的效果更加显著。针对数字金融三个维度的进一步分析表明,相较于数字化程度,数字金融在覆盖广度、使用深度方面的表现才是降低家庭消费碳排放的关键。因此,应大力推进数字金融的发展,并积极推动居民消费结构升级,有效地降低家庭消费碳排放,进而助力实现“双碳”目标。

长三角地区减污降碳协同效应评估

长三角地区正在推动减污降碳协同增效,但其减污降碳协同潜力如何?目前鲜有文献展开量化评估。该研究借助数据包络分析方法,从全要素角度测算了长三角地区PM2.5和CO_(2)的边际减排成本,通过比较单独减排与协同减排下的成本变动,估算长三角整体、省际层面和城市层面的减污降碳协同潜力,模拟不同发展情形下协同效应变化。结果发现:(1)2011—2021年,相比单独减排,协同减排视角下长三角地区边际减污成本与边际降碳成本均有显著降低,其中边际减污成本缩减了35.28%,边际降碳成本缩减了32.41%。(2)省际层面看,长三角三省一市边际减排成本之间异质性明显。其中,安徽省边际减污和边际降碳成本最低,上海市边际减污和边际降碳成本偏高。(3)与单独减排相比,协同减排下安徽省边际减排成本的缩减比例最为突出,其减污降碳协同潜力也最为突出。(4)城市层面看,低碳发展优先是减污成本最小化的治理方案,清洁空气优先是降碳成本最小化的治理策略,而若以减污降碳协同效应最大化为目标,不同城市需根据自身经济发展阶段、能源资源禀赋和环境水平等探索与之相匹配的减污降碳协同策略。该研究通过估算长三角地区边际减污成本和边际降碳成本,揭示了该地区减污降碳协同潜力的时间变化规律和空间分布特征,研究结果对长三角地区科学推动减污降碳协同增效有参考价值。

工业用地市场化配置的降碳效应与作用路径研究

本文探索在碳减排治理新阶段,工业用地要素市场化配置对地区降碳效应的影响,为深化要素市场化配置提供参考。文章基于全国30个省域2009—2020年的碳排放数据,采用双固定模型检验工业用地市场化配置对地区降碳效应的影响及作用机制。结果表明,工业用地市场化配置显著促进地区降碳效应,经过一系列稳健性检验后结果仍然成立;能源强度与能源消费结构低碳化水平对降碳效应产生正向调节作用,强化工业用地市场化配置对降碳效应的促进作用,资本错配会对降碳效应产生负向调节作用,弱化二者之间的促进作用;工业用地市场化配置对降碳效应在北方和低工业化水平地区的促进效应更显著;进一步分析发现,工业用地市场化配置显著抑制地区污染物排放水平,工业用地出让价格扭曲和工业用地出让面积增加均会抑制地区降碳效应,工业用地招拍挂出让方式显著促进降碳效应。为进一步落实碳减排目标,应提高工业用地要素市场化配置程度,充分发挥市场机制,适当弱化政府干预,最大化工业用地市场化配置政策的动态性和延续性对地区长期降碳效应的促进作用。

高铁服务供给对碳减排的影响——基于空间溢出效应

交通基础设施建设深刻影响环境质量,却鲜有研究关注高铁发展对于碳排放的影响。本文基于直接环境效应和间接经济效应双重路径,理论剖析高铁服务供给实现碳减排的内在机制,进而将空间计量模型与连续型双重差分相结合,基于高铁服务频次数据实证考察高铁服务供给如何影响城市碳排放,及其在空间维度的溢出效应。研究发现,高铁服务供给有助于减少本地碳排放,同时具有碳减排空间溢出效应;时间维度上,高铁服务供给的本地减排效应立竿见影且渐趋强化,而对于周边地区碳排放的影响则存在明显的时滞特征;机制检验表明高铁服务供给能够基于交通工具替代发挥空间减排效应;高铁服务供给的碳减排效应在资源禀赋维度和地理位置维度表现出异质特征。本文进一步丰富了高铁与碳减排研究内容,既拓展了碳减排的交通基础设施建设路径,亦为高铁发展的环境效应提供了有力佐证。

生产端和生活端视角下地区高质量发展的碳减排机制研究

在过去的半个多世纪,我国的传统经济增长模式都以“高投入、高消耗、高污染”为特点,快速发展的经济主要依赖资源的投入,掠夺性地开发自然资源导致了对自然环境大量的污染。为了实现碳达峰和碳中和目标,从“三高”型经济增长模式转变为高质量发展模式是我国的必由之路。本文基于2000—2020年中国30个省份的面板数据,从创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享五个维度构建高质量发展水平评价指标体系,采用熵值法进行测算,并研究其在生产端和生活端视角下的碳减排机制。结果表明:(1)通过熵权法测算,高质量发展水平评价体系五个维度中创新发展的权重最高,占比47%,根据帕累托定律,政府应该重点关注创新发展水平,通过提高科学研究与试验发展人员和经费投入,提升高质量发展水平;(2)在生产端,高质量发展通过提高能源利用效率和促进产业结构升级来减少碳排放;在生活端,高质量发展通过提高公共服务水平和居民环保意识来减少碳排放;(3)不同地区高质量发展的碳减排效果不同,西部地区高质量发展的碳减排效果并不显著,政府需要持续深化坚持西部大开发战略,平衡地区差异,更好地向高质量发展和“双碳”目标迈进。

能源结构、绿色科技创新对碳减排的影响机制研究

当前,我国面临碳排放基数较大、能源消耗主要依靠煤炭的严峻形势,碳减排的压力较重。研究表明,能源结构调整与技术创新是推进碳减排的有效途径,但现有研究缺乏能源结构、绿色科技创新以及碳减排三者之间的定量研究。本文拟构建包括4个准则层、13个指标层在内的指标体系,借助计量分析实证检验能源结构、绿色科技创新对碳减排的影响。研究发现,能源结构优化、绿色科技创新对碳排放均有抑制作用,且绿色科技创新在能源结构对碳排放的影响过程中起部分中介作用。