Aging effect and test-retest reliability of the sinusoidal harmonic acceleration test and velocity step test using nanotorque rotatory chair

Introduction:Rotatory chair testing has been used to evaluate horizontal canal function.Frequently used tests include sinusoidal harmonic acceleration test(SHAT)and velocity step test(VST).Objectives:Assessment of age effect on the SHAT and VST and assessment of test-retest reliability of the parameters of those two tests.Methods:A prospective study was performed on 100 subjects with no ear or vestibular complaints and normal vestibular evaluation.They were divided into two groups;Group A:below 50 years of age and Group B:50 years of age or above.SHAT was presented at frequencies 0.02,0.04,0.08,0.16,0.32,0.64 Hz with a peak velocity of 60°/s.VST was performed using a maximum velocity of 100°/s with acceleration and deceleration of 200°/s2.Thirty subjects were tested twice to assess reliability.Results:Study participants ranged in age from 20 to 67 years.Regarding group A,the mean age was30.92±7.31 and 55.36±4.61 for group B.No significant differences were found in SHAT parameters between the two groups.As well,there was no significant difference in VST per-rotatory time constant,however,post-rotatory time constant was significantly longer for Group B(P value<0.05).Intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC)values showed moderate to good reliability(ICC 0.5800.818)for SHAT parameters for the lower frequencies and indicated moderate reliability for VST time constant(ICC 0.5090.652).Conclusions:Age has no significant effect on the parameters of SHAT and VST.Test-retest reliability is generally good for both tests.

The effective ionization coefficients and electron drift velocities in gas mixtures of CF_3I with N_2 and CO_2 obtained from Boltzmann equation analysis

The electron swarm parameters including the density-normalized effective ionization coefficients（α-η）/N and the electron drift velocities V e are calculated for a gas mixture of CF3I with N2 and CO2 by solving the Boltzmann equation in the condition of a steady-state Townsend（SST） experiment.The overall density-reduced electric field strength is from 100 Td to 1000 Td（1 Td = 10-17V·cm2）,while the CF3I content k in the gas mixture can be varied over the range from 0% to 100%.From the variation of（αη）/N with the CF3I mixture ratio k,the limiting field strength（E/N） lim for each CF3I concentration is derived.It is found that for the mixtures with 70% CF3I,the values of（E/N） lim are essentially the same as that for pure SF 6.Additionally,the global warming potential（GWP） and the liquefaction temperature of the gas mixtures are also taken into account to evaluate the possibility of application in the gas insulation of power equipment.

Effects of the Reynolds number on a scale-similarity model of Lagrangian velocity correlations in isotropic turbulent flows

A scale-similarity model of a two-point two-time Lagrangian velocity correlation(LVC) was originally developed for the relative dispersion of tracer particles in isotropic turbulent flows(HE, G. W., JIN, G. D., and ZHAO, X. Scale-similarity model for Lagrangian velocity correlations in isotropic and stationary turbulence. Physical Review E, 80, 066313(2009)). The model can be expressed as a two-point Eulerian space correlation and the dispersion velocity V. The dispersion velocity denotes the rate at which one moving particle departs from another fixed particle. This paper numerically validates the robustness of the scale-similarity model at high Taylor micro-scale Reynolds numbers up to 373, which are much higher than the original values(R_λ = 66, 102). The effect of the Reynolds number on the dispersion velocity in the scale-similarity model is carefully investigated. The results show that the scale-similarity model is more accurate at higher Reynolds numbers because the two-point Lagrangian velocity correlations with different initial spatial separations collapse into a universal form compared with a combination of the initial separation and the temporal separation via the dispersion velocity.Moreover, the dispersion velocity V normalized by the Kolmogorov velocity V_η ≡ η/τ_η in which η and τ_η are the Kolmogorov space and time scales, respectively, scales with the Reynolds number R_λ as V/V_η ∝ R_λ^(1.39) obtained from the numerical data.

Analysis of varying velocity on edge effects in laser bending

A 3-D nonlinear coupled thermal-mechanical finite element model accounting for the temperature dependency of the thermal and mechanical properties of the material was presented. Based on the presented model, the edge effects by using the varying scanning velocity in laser bending were investigated. The results show that the deceleration scan scheme can sizably reduce the curvature of the bending edge. However, if the scanning velocity has a deceleration then followed by acceleration, the normal displacement of the plate at the free edge is found to be almost the same as that found in the case where the scanning velocity is constant.

Effects of Transverse Temperature Gradient on the Rotor Velocity in an Ultrasonic Motor

As a result of the nonlinear effect, acoustic streaming has been widely used for increasing the transport coefficient or driving a rotor, for example, in resonant cavities and non-contact ultrasonic motors. It has been demonstrated by experiments that a temperature gradient transverse to the wave propagating direction can significantly increase the velocity of the streaming flows in resonant cavities. To check whether the transverse temperature gradient can also increase the working velocity of acoustic streaming-driven motors, we investigate this issue by numerically solving the hydrodynamic equations. It is found that the velocity of the rotor only weakly depends on the transverse temperature gradient, e.g., even with a temperature difference of 40℃ between the rotor and the stator, the velocity increases only -8.8%.

Velocity Form Calculations of Generalized Oscillator Strengths for 3s→ (3p, 4p, 5p, 6p) Dipole Transitions of Atomic Sodium in Debye Plasma

In this paper, the generalized oscillator strengths (GOSs) of excitations of atomic sodium from ground state to 2p63s0 (3p, 4p, 5p, 6p) states, immersed in Debye plasma, were calculated by using wavefunctions which were obtained numerically from the restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) equation. This RHF equation employs the local density approach for exchange interactions including plasma Debye screening. Theoretical RHF and random phase approximation with exchange (RPAE) velocity calculations have shown that the GOSs for excitations to 3 s0(3 p,4 p,5 p,6 p)depend on the plasma Debye screening effects, as shown by the reduction in the GOS amplitude with decreasing Debye length λD. The agreement between the present RPAE V results for the transitions 3 s→3 s0(3 p,4 p,5 p)and the length calculations of Martínez-Flores was satisfactory. Correlation effects were found quite to be significant in the vicinity of the maxima of the GOS of the 3 s→3 s0(4 p,5 p,6 p)excitations by using the RPAE V approach. We note the poor influence of many electron correlations on the GOS of (3 s→3 p)transition with the same principal quantum number. Finally, we comment that the RPAE V calculations are useful in investigating electron correlation effects on the transition GOS of atomic sodium planted in Debye plasma. The present velocity results also reveal that the 3 s→3 s0(5p, 6p)transition GOSs tend to be delocalized due to more significant screening effects at Debye lengths λD=20and 30 a.u. for excited subshells 5p and 6p, respectively. We report here novel results of GOS for 3 s→3 s06ptransition obtained from different Debye lengths.

Preliminary analysis of the hanging wall effect and velocity pulse of the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake

A preliminary study of the PGA attenuation, hanging wall effect and velocity pulse characteristics from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake ofMS -8.0 is described in this paper. The study was carried out through analyses in the time and frequency domains of main earthquake records. In the PGA attenuation study, records from 316 stations less than 1000 km from the surface rupture of the fault were used as a database and attenuation relationships were developed and compared with some existing relationships that are widely used in China's Mainland, Chinese Taiwan and the US. At the same time, records from 28 stations less than 100 km from the fault were used to study the hanging wall effect and velocity pulse characteristics of this earthquake based on the distribution of PGA, PGV, spectral acceleration, and the velocity pulse peak, and the results are compared with the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. In addition, the large PGAs of the UD components observed in this event are also discussed in this paper. From the results of the preliminary study, some conclusions are developed and suggestions for further research are proposed.

Quantitative Investigation of Tomographic Effects in Abnormal Regions of Complex Structures

The detection of abnormal regions in complex structures is one of the most challenging targets for underground space engineering.Natural or artificial geologic variations reduce the effectiveness of conventional exploration methods.With the emergence of real-time monitoring,seismic wave velocity tomography allows the detection and imaging of abnormal regions to be accurate,intuitive,and quantitative.Since tomographic results are affected by multiple factors in practical small-scale applications,it is necessary to quantitatively investigate those influences.We adopted an improved three-dimensional(3D)tomography method combining passive acoustic emission acquisition and active ultrasonic measurements.By varying individual parameters(i.e.,prior model,sensor configuration,ray coverage,event distributions,and event location errors),37 comparative tests were conducted.The quantitative impact of different factors was obtained.Synthetic experiments showed that the method could effectively adapt to complex structures.The optimal input parameters based on quantization results can significantly improve the detection reliability in abnormal regions.

Physical and chemical effects of phosphorus-containing compounds on laminar premixed flame

Phosphorus-containing compounds are the promising halon alternatives for flame inhibitions. However, some literatures suggested that the phosphorus-related inhibitors may behave as the unfavorable ones that will increase the burning velocity under lean-burn conditions, and this indeed posed potential threats to the fire prevention and fighting. To seek deeper insights into the reaction process, a numerical investigation was actualized to study the phosphorus-related effects on methane-air flames. By replacing a phosphorus-related inhibitor with the corresponding decomposed molecules, the detailed promoting and inhibiting effects of combustion were separated from the general chemical effect. A comparative study was carried out to identify the interaction between the two effects under different combustion conditions. It is observed that the promoting effect becomes the dominant factor during the reaction process when the equivalence ratio is smaller than 0.60. In this lean-burn condition, the exothermic reactions were faster than the others within the reaction chains due to the reduction of radical recombination in hydrocarbon oxidation. The results are believed to be useful for the further application and improvement of flame inhibitors.

Effective(kinetic freeze-out) temperature, transverse flow velocity, and kinetic freeze-out volume in high energy collisions

The transverse momentum spectra of different types of particles produced in central and peripheral gold–gold(Au–Au)and inelastic proton–proton(pp)collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider,as well as in central and peripheral lead-lead(Pb–Pb)and pp collisions at the Large Hadron Collider,are analyzed by the multi-component standard(Boltzmann–Gibbs,Fermi–Dirac,and Bose–Einstein)distributions.The obtained results from the standard distribution give an approximate agreement with the measured experimental data by the STAR,PHENIX,and ALICE Collaborations.The behavior of the effective(kinetic freeze-out)temperature,transverse flow velocity,and kinetic freeze-out volume for particles with different masses is obtained,which observes the early kinetic freezeout of heavier particles as compared to the lighter particles.The parameters of emissions of different particles are observed to be different,which reveals a direct signature of the mass-dependent differential kinetic freeze-out.It is also observed that the peripheral nucleus–nucleus(AA)and pp collisions at the same center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair are in good agreement in terms of the extracted parameters.

Improved Car-Following Model Considering Modified Backward Optimal Velocity and Velocity Difference with Backward-Looking Effect

In this paper, a new traffic flow model called the forward-backward velocity difference (FBVD) model based on the full velocity difference model is proposed to investigate the backward-looking effect by applying a modified backward optimal velocity using generalized backward maximum speed. The FBVD model belongs to the family of microscopic models that consider spatiotemporally continuous formulations. Neutral stability conditions of the discrete car-following model are derived using the linear stability theory. The stability analysis results prove that the modified backward optimal velocity has a significant positive effect in stabilizing the traffic flow. Through nonlinear analysis, a kink-antikink solution is derived from the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation of the FBVD model to explain traffic congestion of the model. The validity of this theoretical model is checked using numerical results, according to which traffic jams were found to have been significantly diminished by the introduction of the modified backward optimal velocity.

Fluid Dynamics Simulation of High Speed Jet under Distinct Initial Input Velocities

The aim of this study is to execute the fluid dynamics simulation of high speed jet under distinct input velocities (i.e., 114.1, 142.4, 165.6, 186.2 and 286.9 m/s). In particular, this study focuses on the impact velocity and velocity of two-phase flow (gas-liquid). Firstly, the three-dimensional geometric model of high speed jet is established on the basis of the actual operational conditions. Next, the unstructured grids of high speed jet are generated by means of ANSYS Fluent. Finally, the fluid dynamics simulation of high speed jet is implemented by using Fluent. The simulation results show that when the input velocity of the liquid increases, the impact velocity declines sharply, while according to the Bonuli law of conservation of energy, the impact effect on the device shows exponential growth with increasing input velocity. In addition, the relationship between the impact velocity and the input velocity and the relationship between the impact effect on the device and the input velocity are achieved, which could provide certain theoretical guidance for predicting the working pressure and velocity of high speed jet based on real input velocity.

Thermodynamic Effects on Particle Movement:Wind Tunnel Simulation Results

Sand/dust storms are some of the main hazards in arid and semi-arid zones. These storms also influence global environmental changes. By field observations, empirical statistics, and numerical simulations, pioneer researchers on these natural events have concluded the existence of a positive relationship between thermodynamic effects and sand/dust storms. Thermodynamic effects induce an unsteady stratified atmosphere to influence the process of these storms. However, studies on the relationship of thermodynamic effects with particles (i.e., sand and dust) are limited. In this article, wind tunnel with heating was used to simulate the quantitative relationship between thermodynamic effects and particle movement on different surfaces. Compared with the cold state, the threshold wind velocity of particles is found to be significantly decrease under the hot state. The largest decrease percentage exceedes 9% on fine and coarse sand surfaces. The wind velocity also has a three-power function in the sand transport rate under the hot state with increased sand transport. Thermodynamic effects are stronger on loose surfaces and fine particles, but weaker on compacted surfaces and coarse particles.

Influence of Velocity Overshoot Effect on High Frequency Perform- ance of AlGaAs / GaAs HBT's

The semiclassical transport equations are used to study the high frequency performance of AlGaAs / GaAs HBTs. Electron velocity overshoot effect and its influence on the cut off frequency characteristics of AlGaAs / GaAs HBTs with different collector design parameters are analyzed and discussed.

Research on the ShakeMap System with Consideration of Site Effects

In accordance with the principle of similarity in geology and topography,the V3S0(the average shear-velocity down to a 30m depth below the surface) approximation of sites is acquired by correlation between V3S0 and slopes after calculating the maximum slope of topography using the 30-sec Chinese Mainland DEM(Digital Elevation Model) data set.Site-amplification factors are then quantified with V3S0 and applied to the ShakeMap system developed by this study to revise ground-motion amplitudes on bedrock estimated from empirical relationships.Finally,the distribution of ground motion parameters on the surface is obtained.This article also introduces the calculation process,calculation models of the ShakeMap systems and related software systems.In conclusion,certain examples indicate that the ShakeMap system is feasible in the Chinese Mainland.

Estimation of the unfrozen water content of saturated sandstones by ultrasonic velocity

The unfrozen water content(UWC)of rocks at low temperature is an important index for evaluating the stability of the rock engineering in cold regions and artificial freezing engineering.This study addresses a new method to estimate the UWC of saturated sandstones at low temperature by using the ultrasonic velocity.Ultrasonic velocity variations can be divided into the normal temperature stage(20 to 0℃),quick phase transition stage(0 to-5℃)and slow phase transition stage(-5 to-25℃).Most increment of ultrasonic velocity is completed in the quick phase transition stage and then turns to be almost a constant in the slow phase transition stage.In addition,the UWC is also measured by using nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)technology.It is validated that the ultrasonic velocity and UWC have a similar change law against freezing and thawing temperatures.The WE(weighted equation)model is appropriate to estimate the UWC of saturated sandstones,in which the parameters have been accurately determined rather than by data fitting.In addition,a linear relationship between UWC and ultrasonic velocity is built based on pore ice crystallization theory.It is evidenced that this linear function can be adopted to estimate the UWC at any freezing temperature by using P-wave velocity,which is simple,practical,and accurate enough compared with the WE model.

Correlation Method of Average Plasma Velocity Measurement in Hall-Effect Thrusters

A new method to measure the average plasma velocity in a Hall-effect thruster is presented. The method is brought forward in virtue of the characteristics of low frequency oscillation induced by the propellant ionization in the channel and the oriented movement feature of the plasma density out of the channel. The method, equivalent to the correlation method generally used in the signal processing field, provides a solution to the problem of specific impulse measurement on a timescale of hundreds of microseconds and makes the time evolution of average plasma velocity clear. The comparison between the measured value and the calibrated value shows that the relative error is about 3%.

不耦合装药系数对岩体爆破损伤的影响

在爆破工程中,选择合适的装药结构能够有效提高炸药利用率,从而改善爆破效果。基于RHT(Riedel-Hiermaier-Thomamodel)动态响应力学关系,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件研究了偏心不耦合装药条件下不耦合系数K对岩体爆破荷载的影响,以及爆破过程中岩体的损伤情况。通过建立单孔偏心不耦合爆破模型,分析了不耦合系数K为1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0和3.5条件下的有效应力、振动速度、爆破地震波能量和损伤状况。同时,研究了不同不耦合系数K条件下爆心距(l)与损伤度(D)、质点振动速度(PPV)与爆心距(l),以及振动速度(vpp)与损伤度(D)之间的关系。结果表明:随着不耦合系数K的增大,耦合侧与不耦合侧有效应力和峰值振动速度、地震波峰值能量略微减小;粉碎区和裂隙区范围逐渐减小,且粉碎区损伤半径较裂隙区减小速率更大。岩体损伤程度和质点振动速度(vpp)均随着爆心距的增大而逐渐减小。质点振动速度越大损伤程度也越大,当vpp=50.4 cm/s时,岩体中的损伤变量达到损伤破坏阈值(D=0.19);当vpp>140.6 cm/s时,损伤度D>0.80。

槽式太阳能阵列挡风增速效果数值模拟

采用开源计算流体力学软件OpenFOAM中的Simple求解器对流场进行数值模拟,研究5.00 m/s风速下槽式太阳能阵列挡风墙挡风效果。对由槽式太阳能阵列组成的6个不同高度的挡风墙对整体流场速度的影响以及不同高度挡风墙背风侧30,60,90 m处的速度进行了分析。研究发现,当气流通过挡风墙时,低于墙高的位置速度大幅衰减,而高于墙高的位置开始加速,存在明显的分区作用。当气流流过挡风墙后,会在其后形成明显的速度衰减区,其面积和延伸与挡风墙的高度正相关。在挡风墙背风侧较远处,高于墙高的气流开始减速,低于墙高的气流开始加速,并随着距离的增加风速逐渐趋于平稳。

艾灸热敏化腧穴结合中药熏蒸治疗腰椎源性下腰痛疗效观察

目的 探讨艾灸热敏化腧穴结合中药熏蒸治疗腰椎源性下腰痛的效果。方法 采用随机平行对照方法将河南中医药大学第一附属医院2020年4月至2023年5月收治的138例腰椎源性下腰痛患者按随机数表法分为对照1组、对照2组和观察组各46例。对照1组采取艾灸热敏化腧穴,对照2组采取中药熏蒸,观察组采取艾灸热敏化腧穴+中药熏蒸。治疗2周后比较三组患者的治疗效果,治疗前、治疗2周后的中医证候积分、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)、改良Qswestry功能障碍指数量表(ODI)、血管活性调节因子[血栓素2 (TXB2)、6-酮-前列腺素(6-keto-PGF1α)]、神经传导速度、等长肌力(IMS)、腰背肌后伸活动度(ROM),同时比较两组患者治疗期间的不良反应发生情况。结果 观察组患者的治疗总有效率为93.48%,明显高于对照1组的76.09%和对照2组的71.74%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗2周后,观察组患者的中医证候积分及VAS、ODI评分分别为(1.31±0.30)分、(1.98±0.42)分、(15.24±1.68)分,明显低于对照1组的(1.50±0.33)分、(2.64±0.46)分、(18.78±2.34)分和对照2组的(1.47±0.34)分、(2.70±0.41)分、(19.11±1.29)分,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗2周后,观察组患者的血清TXB2水平为(40.42±4.25) ng/mL,明显低于对照1组的(45.56±4.71) ng/mL和对照2组的(44.88±5.03) ng/mL,6-keto-PGF1α水平为(53.53±5.78) ng/mL,明显高于对照1组的(49.95±5.42) ng/mL和对照2组的(50.11±6.64) ng/mL,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗2周后,观察组患者的腓总神经、腓浅神经传导速度分别为(42.50±4.43) m/s、(42.63±4.56) m/s,明显快于对照1组的(39.12±3.78) m/s、(39.40±3.87) m/s和对照2组的(38.89±4.05) m/s、(39.11±3.95) m/s,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗2周后,观察组患者的ROM、IMS分别为(7.65±1.85)°、(498.68±75.51) N,明显高于对照1组的(6.25±1.36)°、(452.62±70.33) N和对照2组的(6.32±1.44)°、(450.13±72.68) N,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);三组患者治疗期间均未出现明显不良反应。结论 艾灸热敏化腧穴结合中药熏蒸能改善腰椎源性下腰痛患者临床症状,调节血管活性因子水平,促进神经传导速度及腰椎功能恢复,疗效显著且安全性高。