Analysis on Irrational Decision Making of Tobacco Family Farmers from the Perspective of Optimal Scale of Efficiency

The larger the difference between the willingness scale of tobacco family farmers and the optimal scale of efficiency,the greater the degree of irrationality,and the higher the decision making risk.With the aid of DEA model,this study calculated the optimal scale of efficiency of Guiyang tobacco family farms.Using the ratio of willingness scale and efficiency optimal scale,it measured the degree of irrationality of family farmers.In addition,with the help of multiple linear regression model,it explained the irrational decision making mechanism of family farmers.Finally,it made a portrait of farmers who tend to make irrational decisions,to find specific farmers and guide them in their production and operation,reduce the risk of planting scale decision making and stabilize the sustainable development of the tobacco industry.

Literature Review of Agricultural Scale Management and Efficiency

Scale management remains the core position in entire development process of the economics and is a major issue of academic research and government concern. Focusing on related problems of agricultural scale management,this paper explored 4 aspects of past literature.( i) It defined the agricultural scale management based on economies of scale theory and changes in returns to scale.( ii) From the perspective of the returns to scale of grain production,there are changes in returns to scale of China's grain production,but the measured changes are not significant.( iii) Existing analysis on factors influencing agricultural scale management mainly includes factors influencing farmers' willingness of scale management and restrictive factors of implementation of scale management.( iv) In studies of the relationship between land management scale and production efficiency,many scholars made qualitative and quantitative analysis on land scale efficiency on the basis of economic indicators they defined,but they reached different conclusions. Finally,it summarized literature and pointed out several issues needing special attention in this field.

Mechanization and efficiency in rice production in China

Agricultural mechanization and custom machine services have developed rapidly in China,which can influence rice production efficiency in the future.We calculate technical efficiency,allocative efficiency,and scale efficiency using data collected in 2015 from a face-to-face interview survey of 450 households that cultivated 3096 plots located in the five major rice-producing provinces of China.We use a one-step stochastic frontier model to calculate technical efficiency and regress the efficiency scores on socio-demographic and physical land characteristics to find the influencing variables.Variables influencing technical efficiency are compared at three different phases of rice cultivation.We also calculate technical efficiency by using the Heckman Selection Model,which addresses technological heterogeneity and self-selection bias.Results indicate that:(1)the average value of technical efficiency using a one-step stochastic frontier model was found to be 0.74.When self-selection bias is accounted for using the Heckman Selection Model,the average value of the technical efficiency increases to 0.80;(2)mechanization at the chemical application phase has a positive effect on technical efficiency,but mechanization does not affect efficiency at the plowing and harvesting phases;(3)machines are overused relative to both land and labor,and high machine input use on the small size of landholding has resulted in allocative inefficiency;(4)rice farmers are overwhelmingly operating at a sub-optimal scale.Future policies should focus on encouraging farmland transfer in rural areas to achieve scale efficiency and allocative efficiency while promoting mechanization at the chemical application phase of rice cultivation to improve technical efficiency.

Efficiency Evaluation of Effect of Direct Grain Subsidy Policy on Performance of Rice Production

Using the DEA analysis method,on the basis of the national panel data from 2002 to 2014,this paper made a comparative analysis on the rice production performance before and after the implementation of direct grain subsidy policy,and made an empirical analysis on the relationship between the direct grain subsidy policy and the changes in the rice production performance. The results showed that the effect of the direct grain subsidy policy on promoting the rice production performance is declining year by year,largely because drop of scale efficiency. Besides,there are problems of serious redundancy in agricultural subsidy,unreasonable resource allocation,leading to low performance and resource waste of rice production.

基于三阶段数据包络分析模型的苏浙沪皖经济圈医院运行效率研究

目的分析2019年苏浙沪皖经济圈内27个城市医院运行效率,为优化苏浙沪皖卫生资源配置和规划提供参考。方法选取苏浙沪皖27个城市医院指标数据,运用三阶段数据包络分析(data envelopment analysis,DEA)模型法,在控制环境变量和剔除随机效应后效率分析。结果苏浙沪皖经济圈医院综合技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率均值分别为0.941、0.948和0.992。结论苏浙沪皖经济圈内医院运行效率有所差异,环境变量对医院运行效率影响较大,对外部的资源配置存在敏感性不同的差异,应统筹区域医疗资源,提高医院运行效率。

基本公共卫生服务效率及其影响因素

目的基于2017年武汉市13个地区基层医疗卫生机构的横断面数据,分析武汉市基本公共卫生服务效率及其主要影响因素。方法采用松弛测度(slack-based-measure,SBM)-超效率数据包络分析(data envelopment analysis,DEA)模型,对武汉市基本公共卫生服务效率进行测算,通过Tobit回归分析进一步探讨其影响因素。结果2017年武汉市13个地区基本公共卫生服务的超效率、纯技术效率、规模效率几何均数分别为1.073、1.213、0.884。其中76.9%的地区为DEA有效,若非DEA有效地区能达到DEA有效,全市可少开办11家基层医疗卫生机构、减少1451张病床、节省6983万元基本公共卫生服务补助经费。60岁及以上老年人比例、平均期望寿命、每千人口卫生技术人员数、每千人口床位数对武汉市基本公共卫生服务效率的影响具有统计学意义。结论武汉市基本公共卫生服务效率地区差异较大,规模效率是制约基本公共卫生服务效率的关键因素。60岁及以上老年人比例越高、平均期望寿命越长、每千人口卫生技术人员数越多,基本公共卫生服务效率越低;每千人口床位数越多,基本公共服务效率越高。针对这些因素,需提高老年人健康管理水平,优化机构人员配置,合理调整机构规模,重视基本公共卫生服务的公益性。

基于DEA-Malmquist模型的养老机构供给效率研究

目的 评价国内养老机构服务供给效率,了解国内养老机构服务供给现状。方法 应用数据包络分析法对2016—2020年的国内养老机构相关数据进行分析,评估国内养老机构服务供给效率。结果 2016年国内养老机构服务供给的综合技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率分别为0.872、0.891和0.976,2020年分别为0.940、0.959和0.980。2016—2020年全要素生产率指数均值为0.988,综合技术效率上升2.2%,纯技术效率上升2.0%,技术进步均值下降3.3%。结论 养老机构的整体管理和技术水平是影响服务供给综合技术效率的主要因素。服务供给效率省际发展不均衡,区域间服务供给效率差距有所减小。技术进步是影响养老机构服务供给效率的主要因素。建议提高对养老机构管理水平的重视程度,合理配置养老机构资源,通过加强技术研发、加强养老人才队伍建设等方式提高国内养老机构服务供给效率。

Effect of six kinds of scale inhibitors on calcium carbonate precipitation in high salinity wastewater at high temperatures

Precipitation of calcium carbonate （CaCOs） scale on heat transfer surfaces is a serious and expensive problem widely occurring in numerous industrial processes. In this study, we compared the scale inhibition effect of six kinds of commercial scale inhibitors and screened out the best one （scale inhibitor SQ-1211） to investigate its scale inhibition performance in highly saline conditions at high temperature through static scale inhibition tests. The influences of scale inhibitor dosage, temperature, heating time and pH on the inhibition efficiency of the optimal scale inhibitor were investigated. The morphologies and crystal structures of the precipitates were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction analysis. Results showed that the scale inhibition efficiency of the optimal scale inhibitor decreased with the increase of the reaction temperature. When the concentration of Ca^2＋ was 1600 mg/L, the scale inhibition rate could reach 90.7% at 80℃ at pH 8. The optimal scale inhibitor could effectively retard scaling at high temperature. In the presence of the optimal scale inhibitor, the main crystal structure of CaCOs changed from calcite to aragonite.

Molecular simulation of oligomer inhibitors for calcite scale

Molecular simulation was performed to study the interaction between CaCO3 crystal and several oligomer inhibitors, by using the equilibrium morphology method to calculate the growth morphology of CaCO3 without inhibitors. The calculated morphology agreed well with SEM photographs. Then, a double-layer model was built to investigate the interaction between calcite crystal and oligomer inhibitors containing maleic anhydride （MA） and acrylic acid （AA）. Interaction energy per gram of an oligomer inhibitor was introduced as a scale of inhibition efficiency of different monomers. The results indicated that, for calcite scale inhibition, acrylamide （AM） and vinyl phosphonic acid （VPA） were the most efficient monomers, while allylsulfonic acid （AS） was the poorest. Increasing proportion of AM in dimer inhibitor molecule would improve the inhibition efficiency of MA, though, for a trimer, such as MA-AA-AM, certain sequence of monomers in the inhibitor molecule was necessary besides higher proportion of AM.

Efficient scale of prefectural government in China

China has five layers of government including the central government.Recently,some prefectural governments meet fiscal distress.We investigate the effects of urban and rural populations and area sizes on the expenditures of the prefecture-level local government by estimating quintile regression.At around 220,000 people,per capita local government expenditure for urban populations is minimized in our simulation.The expenditure for rural populations is proportional to the population size.The expenditure in accordance with the areas is also proportional to the area size.The cost structure is the reason why China’s recent rapid urbanization increases prefectural government’s fiscal distress.

Evaluating R&D efficiency of China's listed lithium battery enterprises

Promoting the growth of the lithium battery sector has been a critical aspect of China's energy policy in terms of achieving carbon neutrality.However,despite significant support on research and development(R&D)investments that have resulted in increasing size,the sector seems to be falling behind in technological areas.To guide future policies and understand proper ways of promoting R&D efficiency,we looked into the lithium battery industry of China.Specifically,data envelopment analysis(DEA)was used as the primary approach based on evidence from 22 listed lithium battery enterprises.The performance of the five leading players was compared with that of the industry as a whole.Results revealed little indication of a meaningful improvement in R&D efficiency throughout our sample from 2010 to 2019.However,during this period,a significant increase in R&D expenditure was witnessed.This finding was supported,as the results showed that the average technical efficiency of the 22 enterprises was 0.442,whereas the average pure technical efficiency was at 0.503,thus suggesting that they were suffering from decreasing returns to scale(DRS).In contrast,the performance of the five leading players seemed superior because their average efficiency scores were higher than the industry's average.Moreover,they were experiencing increasing scale efficiency(IRS).We draw on these findings to suggest to policymakers that supporting technologically intensive sectors should be more than simply increasing investment scale;rather,it should also encompass assisting businesses in developing efficient managerial processes for R&D.

Experimental study on the compatibility of scale inhibitors with Mono Ethylene Glycol

When both of the scaling and hydrate risks occur in deep water wells or subsea pipelines at the same time,the compatibility between scale and hydrate inhibitors should be paid more attention to for the risk prevention.In this paper,a new deep-water gas field found in the South China Sea is taken as a reference of project background to investigate the compati bility between scale inhibitors and hydrate inhibitors experimentally.Firstly a preliminary qualification evaluation of scale inhibitors was caried out,in which the static scale inhibition eficiency,the scale induction time,and the minimum effective concentrations of the selected scale inhibitors were tested.Then the effect of commonly used thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor MEG(Mono Ethylene Glycol)on the anti-scaling performance of scale inhibitors was evaluated.MEG-resisted scale inhibitors were further optimized.Finally,an extended discussion on the compati-bility of scale inhibition with hydrate inhibition was conducted.The experimental results showed that the scale inhi bitors HPMA and MA/AA were recommended with the best working concentration of 30 ppm.The high concentration inhibitors(30 wt%)can coexist with the same volume of pure MEG for more than 12-14 h at room condition and 60°C without any precipitation.The anti-scale fficiency of inhibitor with 30 ppm concentration is still up to 90%even at the presence of 20wt%MEG(after2-4 h at 95°C).Hence,in deep-water wellbore,compatible scale and hydrate inhi bitors can be injected together using one chemical pipeline.Besides,it is also found that the polymer scale inhibitors generally have good compatibility with MEG.It deserves further studies and can be regarded as one direction for scale inhibitor improvement in the future.

Extra Resource Allocation:A DEA Approach in the View of Efficiencies

Data envelopment analysis has been successfully used in resource allocation problems.However,to the best of our knowledge,there are no allocation models proposed in the literature that simultaneously take both the global efficiency and growing potential into account.Hence,this research aims at developing an allocation model for extra input resources,which maximizes the global technical efficiency and scale efficiency of a decision-making unit(DMU)set while maintaining the pure technical efficiency(i.e.,growing potential)of each DMU.To this purpose,we first discuss the optimal resources required by each DMU.We prove that the optimal inputs for the DMU are actually the inputs of some most productive scale size(MPSS).We then propose the allocation model based on the discussion on the case of one DMU.The allocation model is illustrated using two numerical examples.