Low rank optimization for efficient deep learning:making a balance between compact architecture and fast training

Deep neural networks(DNNs)have achieved great success in many data processing applications.However,high computational complexity and storage cost make deep learning difficult to be used on resource-constrained devices,and it is not environmental-friendly with much power cost.In this paper,we focus on low-rank optimization for efficient deep learning techniques.In the space domain,DNNs are compressed by low rank approximation of the network parameters,which directly reduces the storage requirement with a smaller number of network parameters.In the time domain,the network parameters can be trained in a few subspaces,which enables efficient training for fast convergence.The model compression in the spatial domain is summarized into three categories as pre-train,pre-set,and compression-aware methods,respectively.With a series of integrable techniques discussed,such as sparse pruning,quantization,and entropy coding,we can ensemble them in an integration framework with lower computational complexity and storage.In addition to summary of recent technical advances,we have two findings for motivating future works.One is that the effective rank,derived from the Shannon entropy of the normalized singular values,outperforms other conventional sparse measures such as the?_1 norm for network compression.The other is a spatial and temporal balance for tensorized neural networks.For accelerating the training of tensorized neural networks,it is crucial to leverage redundancy for both model compression and subspace training.

High Efficient Methods of Content-based 3D Model Retrieval

Content-based 3D model retrieval is of great help to facilitate the reuse of existing designs and to inspire designers during conceptual design. However, there is still a gap to apply it in industry due to the low time efficiency. This paper presents two new methods with high efficiency to build a Content-based 3D model retrieval system. First, an improvement is made on the ＂Shape Distribution （D2）＂ algorithm, and a new algorithm named ＂Quick D2＂ is proposed. Four sample 3D mechanical models are used in an experiment to compare the time cost of the two algorithms. The result indicates that the time cost of Quick D2 is much lower than that of D2, while the descriptors extracted by the two algorithms are almost the same. Second, an expandable 3D model repository index method with high performance, namely, RBK index, is presented. On the basis of RBK index, the search space is pruned effectively during the search process, leading to a speed up of the whole system. The factors that influence the values of the key parameters of RBK index are discussed and an experimental method to find the optimal values of the key parameters is given. Finally, ＂3D Searcher＂, a content-based 3D model retrieval system is developed. By using the methods proposed, the time cost for the system to respond one query online is reduced by 75% on average. The system has been implemented in a manufacturing enterprise, and practical query examples during a case of the automobile rear axle design are also shown. The research method presented shows a new research perspective and can effectively improve the content-based 3D model retrieval efficiency.

Prediction of efficient outputs based on GM(1,N) model and weak DEA efficiency

This paper expresses the efficient outputs of decisionmaking unit（DMU） as the sum of ＂average outputs＂ forecasted by a GM（1,N） model and ＂increased outputs＂ which reflect the difficulty to realize efficient outputs.The increased outputs are solved by linear programming using data envelopment analysis efficiency theories,wherein a new sample is introduced whose inputs are equal to the budget in the issue No.n ＋ 1 and outputs are forecasted by the GM（1,N） model.The shortcoming in the existing methods that the forecasted efficient outputs may be less than the possible actual outputs according to developing trends of input-output rate in the periods of pre-n is overcome.The new prediction method provides decision-makers with more decisionmaking information,and the initial conditions are easy to be given.

Evaluation of Green Development Efficiency in Chongqing Municipality Based on Super-SBM and Malmquist Models

The green development of Chongqing municipality is crucial in establishing a major ecological shield in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.By developing a Super-SBM model and using the Malmquist index to analyze and calculate the green development efficiency and its influencing factors in Chongqing from 2011 to 2021,this study reveals an accelerating trend in the overall green development efficiency in Chongqing.The significant enhancement of green development efficiency in Chongqing is primarily attributed to changes in returns to scale.Pure technical efficiency and technological advancements have a considerable potential impact on improving green development efficiency in Chongqing.Furthermore,there are discernible disparities in green development efficiency among districts and counties in Chongqing,with different factors influencing these variations.Chongqing is suggested to promote clean and efficient energy utilization,bolster the application and commercialization of scientific and technological advancements,consistently advance ecological restoration and management,and elevate the quality of green development to a higher level.

Evaluation and Influencing Factors of Urban Renewal Efficiency Based on SBM Model:A Case Study of the First Batch of Pilot Cities for Urban Renewal

China is already in the second half of the urbanization process,which means that the urbanization path in China needs to shift from“large-scale expansion development”in the past to“comprehensive and refined operation”.To explore how to efficiently carry out urban renewal work,from the perspective of urban renewal efficiency,the first batch of pilot cities for urban renewal released by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development in 2021 are selected as the objects.And the SBM model and Malmquist index are used to calculate and analyze their urban renewal efficiency.The results indicate that among the 20 pilot cities,Beijing,Tangshan,Suzhou,Tongling,and Jingdezhen are of high grade,and Hohhot,Xiamen,Huangshi,and Yinchuan are of medium grade,while the rest of the cities are of low grade.The regression results of the Tobit model indicate that population density,real estate investment,and regional economic development level are the main influencing factors of urban renewal.Finally,constructive suggestions are proposed for urban renewal from four aspects:concept,technology,real estate,and policy.

Calculating the shading reduction coefficient of photovoltaic system efficiency using the anisotropic sky scattering model

The front-row shading reduction coefficient is a key parameter used to calculate the system efficiency of a photovoltaic(PV)power station.Based on the Hay anisotropic sky scattering model,the variation rule of solar radiation intensity on the surface of the PV array during the shaded period is simulated,combined with the voltage-current characteristics of the PV modules,and the shadow occlusion operating mode of the PV array is modeled.A method for calculating the loss coefficient of front shadow occlusion based on the division of the PV cell string unit and Hay anisotropic sky scattering model is proposed.This algorithm can accurately evaluate the degree of influence of the PV array layout,wiring mode,array spacing,PV module specifications,and solar radiation on PV power station system efficiency.It provides a basis for optimizing the PV array layout,reducing system loss,and improving PV system efficiency.

Low organic matter abundance and highly efficient hydrocarbon generation of saline source rock in the Qaidam Basin,NW China

The geochemical analysis and experimental simulation are comprehensively used to systematically study the hydrocarbon generation material,organic matter enrichment and hydrocarbon generation model of Paleogene source rock in the Western Qaidam Depression,Qaidam Basin,NW China.Three main factors result in low TOC values of saline lacustrine source rock of the Qaidam Basin:relatively poor nutrient supply inhibits the algal bloom,too fast deposition rate causes the dilution of organic matter,and high organic matter conversion efficiency causes the low residual organic carbon.For this type of hydrogen-rich organic matter,due to the reduction of organic carbon during hydrocarbon generation,TOC needs to be restored based on maturity before evaluating organic matter abundance.The hydrocarbon generation of saline lacustrine source rocks of the Qaidam Basin is from two parts:soluble organic matter and insoluble organic matter.The soluble organic matter is inherited from organisms and preserved in saline lacustrine basins.It generates hydrocarbons during low-maturity stage,and the formed hydrocarbons are rich in complex compounds such as NOS,and undergo secondary cracking to form light components in the later stage;the hydrocarbon generation model of insoluble organic matter conforms to the traditional“Tissot”model,with an oil generation peak corresponding to Ro of 1.0%.

How Does Urban Shrinkage Affect Land Use Efficiency?A Case Study of Shrinking Cities in Northeast China

The effect of urban shrinkage has gradually become a new topic.Theoretically,urban shrinkage may exert great influence on land use efficiency(LUE)through various urban subsystems,but there is currently limited research examining these pathways.Using the Super-SBM-Undesirable model and the Structural Equation Model(SEM),this study calculates the LUE of shrinking cities in Northeast China and simulates the process of urban shrinkage affecting LUE.To quantify the process of urban shrinkage affecting LUE,three mediation variables,namely the economy,public services,and innovation,are used as latent variables to apply SEM.The results show that urban shrinkage will affect LUE through a direct path and indirect paths.In the direct path,urban shrinkage leads to an improvement in LUE.In the indirect paths,the economy and innovation will transmit the negative effect of urban shrinkage on LUE,while public services will reverse this effect.An important contribution of this study is that it quantifies the paths of urban shrinkage affecting LUE,thereby expanding the understanding of urban shrinkage effect and laying a foundation for the sustainable development of shrinking cities.

An Efficient Three-Dimensional Coupled Normal Mode Model and Its Application to Internal Solitary Wave Problems

We present an efficient three-dimensional coupled-mode model based on the Fourier synthesis technique. In principle, this model is a one-way model, and hence provides satisfactory accuracy for problems where the forward scattering dominates. At the same time, this model provides an efficiency gain of an order of magnitude or more over two-way coupled-mode models. This model can be applied to three-dimensional range-dependent problems with a slowly varying bathymetry or internal waves. A numerical example of the latter is demonstrated in this work. Comparisons of both accuracy and efficiency between the present model and a benchmark model are also provided.

The heterogeneous impact of China-Europe railway express on the efficiency of logistics industry in node cities

Purpose-The spatiotemporal compression effect of China-Europe Railway Express(CR-Express)can reduce the filow costs of resources between China's node cities.Additionally,it can break through the limitations of low-added-value marine products,significantly impacting the logistics industry efficiency.However,there are few literature verifying and analyzing its heterogeneity.This study explores the impact of CR-Express on the efficiency of logistics industry in node cities and analyzes the heterogeneity.Design/methodology/approach-First,this study uses panel data to measure the efficiency of node city logistics industry.Secondiy,this study discusses the impact of the opening of CR-Express on the efficiency of logistics industry in node cities based on the multi-period differential model.Finally,according to the node city difference,the sample city experimental group is grouped for heterogeneity analysis.Findings-The results show that CR-Express can promote the urban logistics industry efficiency,with an average effect of 4.55%.According to the urban characteristics classification,the heterogeneity analysis shows that the efficiency improvement effect of logistics industry in inland cities is more obvious.The improvement effect of node cities and central cities in central and western China is stronger,especially in the sample of megacities and type I big cities.Compared with non-value chain industrial products,the CR-Express has significant promotion effects on the logistics efficiency of the cities where main goods are value chain products.Originality/value-Under the background of double cycle development,this paper can provide a scientific basis for the investment benefit evaluation of CR-Express construction and the follow-up route planning.

High Yield and Efficient Cultivation Techniques of Rice under Rice- fish Intergrowth Model in Chengdu

The integrated planting and breeding of paddy fields is a kind of eco-planting and breeding mode which makes rice and aquatic animals benefit from each other,greatly reducing the harm of rice pests and diseases,using less or even no fertilizers or pesticides,greatly reducing the agricultural non-point source pollution,thus achieving the " multiple use of water,multiple harvests in one field,grain and fishing winwin,ecological and high efficient use. " In this paper,the high yield and efficient cultivation techniques of rice under the rice-fish intergrowth model in Chengdu was introduced from the aspects of selecting good paddy fields for fishing,using appropriate rice varieties,soaking disinfection,timely sowing and nurturing strong seedlings,reasonable close planting,reasonable fertilization,scientific water management,scientific pest control and rice harvests.

A Study of the Impact of the Digital Economy on the Efficiency of Urban Green Economy--Based on the Yangtze River Delta City Cluster

This paper adopts the non-expected output-super-efficiency SBM(Slacks-Based Model)model and principal component analysis to calculate the green economy efficiency and the digital economy level of 27 prefecture-level cities in China’s Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration between 2011 and 2019,respectively,and examines the impact of the digital economy on the green economy efficiency by using benchmark regression and mechanism analysis.The findings show that,first,the digital economy has a significant contribution to the green economic efficiency of cities,and this conclusion still holds after robustness tests such as replacing explanatory and interpreted variables and introducing province-fixed effects.Second,through the mechanism test,it is found that the digital economy can indirectly promote urban green economic efficiency through the positive mechanism effect of promoting industrial structure upgrading.

Efficient Energy-Aware Resource Management Model(EEARMM)Based Dynamic VM Migration

In cloud environment,an efficient resource management establishes the allocation of computational resources of cloud service providers to the requests of users for meeting the user’s demands.The proficient resource management and work allocation determines the accomplishment of the cloud infrastructure.However,it is very difficult to persuade the objectives of the Cloud Service Providers(CSPs)and end users in an impulsive cloud domain with random changes of workloads,huge resource availability and complicated service policies to handle them,With that note,this paper attempts to present an Efficient Energy-Aware Resource Management Model(EEARMM)that works in a decentralized manner.Moreover,the model involves in reducing the number of migrations by definite workload management for efficient resource utilization.That is,it makes an effort to reduce the amount of physical devices utilized for load balancing with certain resource and energy consumption management of every machine.The Estimation Model Algorithm(EMA)is given for determining the virtual machine migration.Further,VM-Selection Algorithm(SA)is also provided for choosing the appropriate VM to migrate for resource management.By the incorporation of these algorithms,overloading of VM instances can be avoided and energy efficiency can be improved considerably.The performance evaluation and comparative analysis,based on the dynamic workloads in different factors provides evidence to the efficiency,feasibility and scalability of the proposed model in cloud domain with high rate of resources and workload management.

Efficient model building in active appearance model for rotated face

This paper proposes the efficient model building in active appearance model(AAM) for the rotated face.Finding an exact region of the face is generally difficult due to different shapes and viewpoints.Unlike many papers about the fitting method of AAM,this paper treats how images are chosen for fitting of the rotated face in modelling process.To solve this problem,databases of facial rotation and expression are selected and models are built using Procrustes method and principal component analysis(PCA).These models are applied in fitting methods like basic AAM fitting,inverse compositional alignment(ICA),project-out ICA,normalization ICA,robust normalization inverse compositional algorithm(RNIC)and efficient robust normalization algorithm(ERN).RNIC and ERN can fit the rotated face in images efficiently.The efficiency of model building is checked using sequence images made by ourselves.

Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Analysis of Influencing Factors of Company CW’s Manufacturing Workshops

In this work,the Slacks-Based Measure(SBM)model within Data Envelopment Analysis was employed to establish a set of indicators for evaluating the energy efficiency of manufacturing workshops.The energy efficiency of 12 Company CW’s manufacturing workshops from 2016 to 2022 was assessed.The findings indicated that aside from a few workshops operating at the production frontier,the rest exhibit significant fluctuations in energy efficiency and generally low energy efficiency.Subsequently,a combined GRA-Tobit analysis model was introduced to identify factors influencing the energy efficiency of Company CW’s manufacturing workshops.Regression analysis revealed that technological investments,employee quality,workshop production scale,investment in clean energy,and the level of pollution control all significantly impact the energy efficiency of Company CW’s manufacturing workshops.By evaluating the energy efficiency of Company CW’s manufacturing workshops and studying their influencing factors,this research aids company managers in understanding the energy efficiency of the manufacturing process.It optimizes the combination of various production elements,thereby offering effective guidance for improving the energy efficiency issues of the company’s manufacturing workshops,which can contribute to enhancing the corporation’s overall energy efficiency.

A Higher-Efficient Non-Hydrostatic Finite Volume Model for Strong Three-Dimensional Free Surface Flows and Sediment Transport

In order to accurately simulate strong three-dimensional （3-D） free surface flows and sediment transport, the fully 3- D non-hydrostatic pressure models are developed based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and convection-diffusion equation of sediment concentration with the mixing triangle and quadrilateral grids. The governing equations are discretized with the unstructured finite volume method in order to provide conservation properties of mass and momentum, and flexibility with practical application. It is shown that it is first-order accurate on nonuniform plane two-dimensional （2-D） grids and second-order accurate on uniform plane grids. A third-order approximation of the vertical velocity at the top-layer is applied. In such a way, free surface zero stress boundary condition is satisfied maturely, and very few vertical layers are needed to give an accurate solution even for complex discontinuous flow and short wave simulation. The model is applied to four examples to simulate strong 3-D free surface flows and sediment transport where non-hydrostatic pressures have a considerable effect on the velocity field. The newly developed model is verified against analytical solutions with an excellent agreement.

A Higher-Efficient Three-Dimensional Numerical Model for Small Amplitude Free Surface Flows

A higher-efficient three-dimensional non-hydrostatic model is developed to simulate small amplitude free surface flows based on a staggered unstructured grid. In this model, a fractional step algorithm is adopted to solve the Navier-Stokes equations in two major steps. A top-layer pressure method is proposed to minimize the number of vertical layers and subsequently the computational cost. Three classical examples of small amplitude free surface flows are used to demonstrate the capability and efficiency of the model. The satisfactory results demonstrated the capability and efficiency of modelling a range of small amplitude free surface flows with only a small number of vertical layers.

Modeling screening efficiency with vibrational parameters based on DEM 3D simulation

The efficiency of particle screening was studied over a range of vibrational parameters including amplitude, frequency and vibrational direction. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was used to simulate the screening process. A functional relationship between efficiency and the parameters, both singly and combined, is established. The function is a complicated exponential. Optimal amplitude and frequency values are smaller for particles near the mesh and larger for other particles. The optimum vibration angle is 45° for nearly all kinds of particles. A transverse velocity, V⊥, was defined and V⊥=0.2 m/s was identified to be the most efficient operating point by both simulation and experimental observation. Comparison of these results with those reported by others is included.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR CONTINUOUS DETECTION OF CURRENT EFFICIENCY IN ALUMINUM PRODUCTION

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3D CFD validation of invert trap efficiency for sewer solid management using VOF model

Earlier investigators have numerically carried out performance analysis of the invert trap fitted in an open channel using the stochastic discrete phase model(DPM) by assuming the open channel flow to be closed conduit flow under pressure and assuming zero shear stress at the top wall.This is known as the fixed lid model.By assuming the top wall to be a shear free wall,they have been able to show that the velocity distribution looks similar to that of an open channel flow with zero velocity at the bottom and maximum velocity at the top,representing the free water surface,but no information has been provided for the pressure at the free water surface.Because of this assumption,the validation of the model in predicting the trap efficiency has performed significantly poorly.In addition,the free water surface subject to zero gauge pressure cannot be modeled using the fixed lid model because there is no provision of extra space in the form of air space for the fluctuating part of the water surface profile.It can.however,be modeled using the volume of fluid(VOF) model because the VOF model is the appropriate model for open channel or free surface flow.Therefore,in the present study,three-dimensional(3D) computational fluid dynamics(CFD) modeling with the VOF model,which considers open channel flow with a free water surface,along with the stochastic DPM.was used to model the trap efficiency of an invert trap fitted in an open rectangular channel.The governing mathematical flow equations of the VOF model were solved using the ANSYS Fluent 14.0 software,reproducing the experimental conditions exactly.The results show that the 3D CFD predictions using the VOF model closely fit the experimental data for glass bead particles.