The Skills of Note-taking in Consecutive Interpretation from the Perspective of Gile's Effort Models

This paper introduces the method of note-taking based on the Gile's Effort Models,exploring how tokeep the balance of memory and note-aking in consecutive interpreting.The paper also analyses some examples tofind an effective way to balance the memory and note-taking in consecutive interpreting,so as to help interpreters tobetter convey the meaning of speakers accurately and quickly with the help of interpreting notes,thereby improvingthe quality of interpreting.

Model simulations to determine optimal fishing effort and season duration for a tropical shrimp fishery

Kuwait's shrimp fishery presents typical tropical shrimp fishery characteristics with highly variable recruitment, fast growth and strong seasonal patterns. Both the General Production Model and Age-structured Model were chosen to assess the stock status of the Kuwait's shrimp fishery. The estimated Maximum Sustainable Yield(MSY) was 2 518 metric ton(t) with a corresponding fishing eff orts( f MSY) 7 265 standard boat-days from the General Production Model. Similar results from the Age-structured Model were 1 936 t and 6 449 boat-days respectively. Comparing these results with the average annual shrimp landings(1 772 t) and average fishing eff ort(9 710 boat-days) in the past 10 years, we concluded that the fishery was overfished. Model simulations to show the changes of recruitment, biomass and possible catch under different fishing eff ort scenarios indicated possible stock collapse if the fishing eff ort continually increase. But both shrimp recruitment and biomass will increase if the current fishing eff ort is reduced. Model simulations also showed a possible increase of MSY by delaying the opening or by closing the season earlier. Based on these results, recommendations to improve the management of Kuwait's shrimp fishery are presented.

Incorporating S-shaped testing-effort functions into NHPP software reliability model with imperfect debugging

Testing-effort（TE） and imperfect debugging（ID） in the reliability modeling process may further improve the fitting and prediction results of software reliability growth models（SRGMs）. For describing the S-shaped varying trend of TE increasing rate more accurately, first, two S-shaped testing-effort functions（TEFs）, i.e.,delayed S-shaped TEF（DS-TEF） and inflected S-shaped TEF（IS-TEF）, are proposed. Then these two TEFs are incorporated into various types（exponential-type, delayed S-shaped and inflected S-shaped） of non-homogeneous Poisson process（NHPP）SRGMs with two forms of ID respectively for obtaining a series of new NHPP SRGMs which consider S-shaped TEFs as well as ID. Finally these new SRGMs and several comparison NHPP SRGMs are applied into four real failure data-sets respectively for investigating the fitting and prediction power of these new SRGMs.The experimental results show that：（i） the proposed IS-TEF is more suitable and flexible for describing the consumption of TE than the previous TEFs;（ii） incorporating TEFs into the inflected S-shaped NHPP SRGM may be more effective and appropriate compared with the exponential-type and the delayed S-shaped NHPP SRGMs;（iii） the inflected S-shaped NHPP SRGM considering both IS-TEF and ID yields the most accurate fitting and prediction results than the other comparison NHPP SRGMs.

基于效果定价模式的网络直播广告定价决策研究

网络直播广告作为一种新型营销方式快速发展,优化直播广告运营主体努力水平及定价策略是一项值得深入研究的课题。本文基于广告投放效果的两种定价模式,构建了包含两个广告商和一个主播的网络直播广告定价决策模型,探索广告商与主播的最优努力水平选择及广告定价策略。研究发现:CPW(cost per watch)定价模式下,广告商承担了消费者是否购买的不确定性风险,当消费者敏感性系数偏低时,广告商会提交较低的出价,且B/D两类广告商赢得竞拍的概率相等;对比CPW模式,在CPA(cost per action)定价模式下广告商的努力水平更低,且CPA定价模式中B型(品牌型)广告商赢得竞拍的概率更大,但赢得竞拍的广告商边际利润往往较低;与广告商相反,主播在CPA定价模式下的收益大于CPW,且随消费者敏感性系数的增加,两种定价模式下的收益差逐渐增大;CPW定价模式下预期观看直播的用户量和购买率均高于CPA,网络直播市场倾向于从CPW广告定价合同中获得较大收益。

Evaluating the Conservation Efforts of Multi-Projects Using Remote Sensing and Light Use Efficiency Model: A Case of Nyungwe Forest National Park, Rwanda

This paper investigates the effectiveness of conservation efforts in the Nyungwe Forest National Park (Nyungwe). The forest is one of the six key landscapes identified for conservation in the Albertine Rift because it hosts many threatened species. As such, a number of different stakeholders have been involved in its conservation since 1987;yet, studies that emphasize and evaluate the success of these conservation efforts are limited. We combined a rapid and relatively low cost remotely-sensed data and the Light Use Efficiency model to generate forest conservation indicators such as NDVI, forest canopy Net Primary Productivity and carbon sequestered from 1986 to 2010. The influence of topographic and climatic factors on these indicators was examined. The supervised classifier was used to catalogue the area into Forest, Wetland, and Bareland. The forest was the major category (above 90%) of Nyungwe relative to wetland and bareland. Based on degradation intensity, two distinctive periods were realised;the first period spans 8 years (1986-1994) whereas the second spans 16 years (1994-2010). The former degradation intensity period is 10 times higher than the latter period. Although the size of forest recovered up to 90%, the daily NPP and carbon sequestration capacity decreased by 37.1% (i.e. NPP 6.5 Mg tons in 1986 to 4.1 Mg tons in 2010). Areas of the forest that are physically constrained (high altitude) had a higher degradation. Guided by our indicators, there is an overall success in conservation efforts, but efforts were mostly concentrated in accessible areas. Therefore, conservation efforts that aim to respond to degradation of the inaccessible areas of the forest should be stressed in the management plan of the park.

Lognormal Process Software Reliability Modeling with Testing-Effort

We propose a software reliability growth model with testing-effort based on a continuous-state space stochastic process, such as a lognormal process, and conduct its goodness-of-fit evaluation. We also discuss a parameter estimation method of our model. Then, we derive several software reliability assessment measures by the probability distribution of its solution process, and compare our model with existing continuous-state space software reliability growth models in terms of the mean square error and the Akaike’s information criterion by using actual fault count data.

考虑政府补贴的绿色供应链创新努力策略研究

为探讨不同政府补贴情形下绿色供应链创新努力最优决策问题,本研究构建由制造商主导,供应商和零售商组成的绿色供应链,供应商和制造商进行产品绿色创新努力,零售商进行定价。通过分析政府对供应商、制造商和消费者进行补贴的3种情形,分别构建绿色供应链成员的利润函数模型,运用博弈理论和逆向归纳法,优化得到不同补贴情形下各成员的最优决策和利润,并探讨了产品绿色水平敏感系数和政府补贴总额对绿色供应链最优策略及利润的影响。研究表明,当政府对供应商和制造商进行补贴时,可获得较高的产品绿色创新努力程度;当政府对消费者进行补贴时,可使供应商和制造商获利较多,而零售商则在政府对制造商进行补贴时盈利最高。

Case Study of Unbalanced Effort Distribution in E-C Consecutive Interpreting

Under the guidance of Daniel Gile's Effort Model, the paper makes an illustration of unbalanced effort distribution in the first phase of E-C consecutive interpretation through case studies, which are based on field interpretation practices. The paper explores the causes of improper effort distribution from three perspectives, namely knowledge of the language, extra-linguistic knowledge, and note-taking method. Then it renders several strategies to address improper effort distribution problems, aiming to offer some inspirations for the future field practice.

北京市医务人员付出回报失衡与工作压力的关系研究

背景医务工作具有挑战性高、任务重和压力大的特点。付出-回报失衡(ERI)模型认为,如果组织环境造成了ERI,会对员工产生负面影响。医务人员调查是2018年全国第六次卫生服务调查的重要组成部分,医务人员的良好工作感受和工作状态是居民服务利用和健康改善的重要决定因素,提高医务人员的获得感和满意度也是新医改的重要目标。目的探讨北京市医务人员ERI与工作压力的关系,为降低医务人员的工作压力提供参考。方法本研究数据来源于2018年全国第六次卫生服务调查中对北京市4156名医务人员的抽样调查结果。根据医务人员的ERI量表和工作压力量表得分,构建工作压力结构方程预测模型,使用偏最小平方法估计相关参数,分析ERI与工作压力之间的关系。结果参与付出回报比(ERI指数)计算的有效记录为4098条,根据ERI指数计算结果,1333名(32.53%)医务人员处于付出与回报平衡状态,2765名(67.47%)医务人员处于付出与回报失衡状态。北京市医务人员46.00%的工作压力可通过ERI模型进行解释。内在付出、外在付出、工作回报对工作压力均具有直接影响(P<0.001),其中内在付出的总效应为0.409(95%CI=0.373~0.443),外在付出的总效应为0.583(95%CI为0.559~0.606),工作回报的总效应为-0.199(95%CI=-0.227~-0.171)。另外,内在付出是外在付出和工作回报对工作压力影响的中介因子(P<0.001)。结论研究结果支持ERI是北京市医务人员工作压力重要来源的研究假设。鉴于内在付出对工作压力影响最大,卫生管理部门和医疗机构应针对性地改善相关管理制度,解决ERI问题,降低医务人员的工作压力。

Application of a Delay-Difference Model for the Stock Assessment of Southern Atlantic Albacore(Thunnus alalunga)

Delay-difference models are intermediate between simple surplus-production models and complicated age-structured models. Such intermediate models are more efficient and require less data than age-structured models. In this study, a delay-difference model was applied to fit catch and catch per unit effort(CPUE) data(1975–2011) of the southern Atlantic albacore(Thunnus alalunga) stock. The proposed delay-difference model captures annual fluctuations in predicted CPUE data better than Fox model. In a Monte Carlo simulation, white noises(CVs) were superimposed on the observed CPUE data at four levels. Relative estimate error was then calculated to compare the estimated results with the true values of parameters α and β in Ricker stock-recruitment model and the catchability coefficient q. α is more sensitive to CV than β and q. We also calculated an 80% percentile confidence interval of the maximum sustainable yield(MSY, 21756 t to 23408 t; median 22490 t) with the delay-difference model. The yield of the southern Atlantic albacore stock in 2011 was 24122 t, and the estimated ratios of catch against MSY for the past seven years were approximately 1.0. We suggest that care should be taken to protect the albacore fishery in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The proposed delay-difference model provides a good fit to the data of southern Atlantic albacore stock and may be a useful choice for the assessment of regional albacore stock.

Grey Prediction Based Software Stage-Effort Estimation

The software stage-effort estimation can be used to dynamically adjust software project schedule, further to help make the project finished on budget. This paper presents a grey model Verhulst based method for stage-effort estimation during software development process, a bias correction technology was used to improve the estimation accuracy. The proposed method was evaluated with a large-scale industrial software engineering database. The results are very encouraging and indicate the method has considerable potential.

收入不平等对居民幸福感的影响研究

本文基于2012-2021年共6期的中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,利用事前非参数法分解得到努力不平等和机会不平等,从结构分解的研究视角揭示了收入不平等对居民幸福感的内在机理。研究发现,努力不平等对居民幸福感存在正向作用,机会不平等产生负向影响,这一研究结论经相关稳健性检验后仍稳健可靠。本研究利用分组回归和双边随机前沿模型探析了这一影响效应在不同收入水平、不同区域以及不同年份的异质性特点。进一步地,本文构建起中介效应检验模型,机制检验结果表明在机会不平等影响居民幸福感的作用路径中,社会公平感发挥着不容忽视的部分中介效应。本文研究结论为提高我国居民幸福感水平、寻求“伊斯特林悖论”的破解之道提供了政策启示与建议。

基于The LE-AT Model下的网络语言研究

网络语言是目前一种流行的语言现象,介于书面语和口语之间,它涉及社会心理学、符号学、语用学以及社会语言学等各门学科。研究网络语言对人们的语言使用有极其重要的意义。The LE-AT Model是基于Zipf省力原则和语言顺应理论整合而成的一个新理论模式,借助此模式可有效探讨网络语言的语用成因,进而提高人们对网络语言的理解。

A Bivariate Software Reliability Model with Change-Point and Its Applications

Testing-time when a change of a stochastic characteristic of the software failure-occurrence time or software failure-occurrence time-interval is observed is called change-point. It is said that effect of the change-point on the software reliability growth process influences on accuracy for software reliability assessment based on a software reliability growth model (SRGM). We propose an SRGM with the effect of the change-point based on a bivariate SRGM, in which the software reliability growth process is assumed to depend on the testing-time and testing-effort factors simultaneously, for accurate software reliability assessment. And we discuss an optimal software release problem for deriving optimal testing-effort expenditures based on our model. Further, we show numerical examples of software reliability assessment based on our bivariate SRGM and estimation of optimal testing-effort expenditures by using actual data.

Test Effort Estimation Using Neural Network

In software industry the major problem encountered during project scheduling is in deciding what proportion of the resources has allocated to the testing phase. In general it has been observed that about 40%-50% of the resources need to be allocated to the testing phase. However it is very difficult to predict the exact amount of effort required to be allocated to testing phase. As a result the project planning goes haywire. The project which has not been tested sufficiently can cause huge losses to the organization. This research paper focuses on finding a method which gives a measure of the effort to be spent on the testing phase. This paper provides effort estimates during pre-coding and post-coding phases using neural network to predict more accurately.

运动健身两极化现象发生机制与对策——基于身体活动最小努力理论、运动成瘾交互模型

运动促进健康已成为当今全球共识,世界卫生组织和各国政府倡导、鼓励人们积极参加运动健身活动,提高健康水平。然而,在运动健身活动中,运动不足与运动成瘾两级化现象亦不容小觑。研究系统总结全球范围内运动不足、运动成瘾现状,分析运动不足、运动成瘾的主要危害与影响因素,基于身体活动最小努力理论探讨身体活动不足发生机制,基于运动成瘾交互模型探究运动成瘾发生机制,阐述运动不足、规律运动健身活动、运动成瘾发展模式,进而提出减少运动不足人数、规避运动成瘾的对策:1)强化控制过程运动健身动机,获得积极自动情感评价;2)遵循运动量-效应曲线规律,享受运动愉悦感受;3)关注运动依赖易发人群,实施运动成瘾综合干预。

秒回?信息通讯技术时代的职场通讯压力

职场通讯压力是指员工想要快速回复基于信息通讯技术(information and communication technology,ICT)的工作消息而体验到的紧迫性,现有研究对其成因及影响路径的探讨较为零散且缺乏系统性认识。基于工作要求−资源模型并结合努力−恢复模型,讨论作为工作要求的ICT使用以及作为个人要求/资源的个体因素对职场通讯压力的前因作用;探讨职场通讯压力因阻碍恢复活动而对员工身心健康以及工作和家庭领域产生的消极影响,以期增进对职场通讯压力的全面了解,丰富现有研究对ICT使用后果的认识,并为未来研究的展开以及员工职业心理健康干预实践提供参考。

四次累积发放神经元同宿环及周期解的存在性和稳定性分析

通过分析具有脉冲效应(状态重置过程)的四次累积发放神经元模型的同宿分岔,研究了该系统周期解的存在性和稳定性。主要针对系统具有两个平衡点的情形,对系统鞍点附近的动力学行为进行定性分析,研究多种情况下系统的1-阶同宿环的存在性。以d为分岔参数,当系统发生同宿分岔后,利用脉冲动力系统理论及庞加莱映射的不动点理论,证明不同情形下1-阶同宿环附近1-阶周期解的存在性和稳定性;最后,数值模拟系统的周期解,验证了理论结果的正确性。所采用的方法提供了一种寻找脉冲动力系统周期解的策略。

基于零售商销售努力的风险和模糊规避报童模型研究

本文基于零售商的销售努力研究了一类风险规避与模糊规避报童问题。本文运用最坏情况条件风险值(WCVa R)方法构建了决策模型,得到了零售商订货量及努力水平的最优决策,该决策可完全退化为风险中性及模糊规避型决策,并进一步刻画了风险规避及模糊规避行为对零售商决策和利润的影响。研究发现,虽然风险容忍度越低,零售商的最优订货量越低,但是对于成长性较好的企业,决策者在WCVa R模型中的“风险”及“模糊”双重规避行为并不会导致决策过度保守,甚至在市场需求分布信息不完备的情况下,该模型比模糊中性的CVa R模型有更好的绩效表现。