Fatty Acid Composition and Digestive Enzyme Activities of Rainbow Trout in Response to Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid(DHA)and Eicosapentaenoic Acid(EPA)During Salinity Acclimation

This physiological study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)and eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)on the fatty acid composition and digestive enzyme activities of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)during salinity acclimation.Rainbow trout with an average initial weight of 90.61 g±9.25 g were fed diets with the quantities of DHA and EPA equaling to 0.54%,0.95%,1.40%and 1.79%(abbreviated as DE-0.54,DE-0.95,DE-1.40,and DE-1.79,respectively)for eight weeks,after which the gastric and intestinal fatty acids composition were analyzed.Subsequently,the fish underwent salinity acclimation.On days 1,4,7,and 14 after the freshwater was replaced by seawater and at the end of the 8-week period,gastric and intestinal digestive enzyme activities were determined.The results showed that the gastric and intestinal DHA and EPA contents of the fish were positively correlated to their dietary DHA and EPA levels.Low dietary DHA and EPA levels inhibited the protease activity of rainbow trout.Fish in the DE-0.54 group increased the lipase activity to enhance the utilization of lipids maybe due to the inadequate essential fatty acids for fish in this group.Hence,rainbow trout in the DE-0.54 group failed to maintain suitable activities of digestive enzymes after salinity acclimation.Therefore,a diet with minimum 0.95%DHA and EPA levels is necessary for rainbow trout during salinity acclimation.

Fatty Acid Treatment with Pure Omega-3 Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester for Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: Differences between Branded (EPADEL®) and Generic Products

Background: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have some protective benefits for patients with coronary artery and cerebrovascular diseases. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) drugs are prescribed as branded (B: EPADEL?) or generic products but no data exist concerning the differences in treatment outcomes between these products. Methods and Results: We investigated the differences in the serum levels of EPA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA), and the EPA/AA ratios through blood sampling six months after daily administration of 1800 mg of EPADEL? and a generic EPA drug was initiated for 96 patients with cardiovascular diseases. All patients received these PUFA treatments while continuing with baseline therapy. After 6 months of administration, EPADEL? produced better results than the generic (G) product (EPA;baseline: 59.4 ± 25.5 μg, B: 215.5 ± 58.8 μg, G: 199.7 ± 63.8 μg, B vs G, p < 0.0005;AA;baseline: 197.4 ± 44.6 μg, B: 158.3 ± 36.3 μg, G: 163.6 ± 38.9 μg, B vs G, p < 0.02, as mean ± SD). Conclusions: There were clear differences between EPA branded and the generic products. Further study is required to determine whether the benefits from the branded product justify the higher price compared to the generic drug cost.

Solid Dose Form of Metformin with Ethyl Eicosapentaenoic Acid Does Not Improve Metformin Plasma Availability

Background: The purpose of the study was to investigate effects of ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid on pharmacokinetics of metformin. Pharmacokinetic profiles of metformin and ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid when delivered separately or together in solid dose form were investigated and compared to determine whether the solid dose resulted in an altered metforminpharmacokinetics when given with or without food. Methods: A single-center, open-label, repeated dose study investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of metformin when administered in solid dose form with ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid compared to co-administration with icosapent ethyl, an ester of eicosapentaenoic acid and ethyl alcohol used to treat severe hypertriglyceridemia with metformin hydrochloride. Non-compartmental PK methods were used to compare area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) between patients randomized to either the ester or separate medications group under both fasting and fed conditions. Results: Using these two PK parameters, results showed that metformin availability was higher under fasting conditions when delivered separately from icosapent ethyl. There were no group differences in the fed condition. Conclusions: The solid dose form of metformin and ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid did not improve the pharmacokinetics of metformin in terms of plasma availability, suggesting that little is to be gained over the separate administration of ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid and metformin hydrochloride.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA methylation in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer(CRC) has been designated a major global problem, especially due to its high prevalence in developed countries. CRC mostly occurs sporadically(75%-80%), and only 20%-25% of patients have a family history.Several processes are involved in the development of CRC such as a combination of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation play a vital role in the progression of CRC. Complex interactions between susceptibility genes and environmental factors, such as a diet and sedentary lifestyle, lead to the development of CRC. Clinical and experimental studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs) in preventing CRC. From a mechanistic viewpoint, it has been suggested that PUFAs are pleiotropic agents that alter chromatin remodeling,membrane structure and downstream cell signaling. Moreover, PUFAs can alter the epigenome via modulation of DNA methylation. In this review, we summarize recent investigations linking PUFAs and DNA methylationassociated CRC risk.

Dietary arachidonate in milk replacer triggers dual benefits of PGE2 signaling in LPS-challenged piglet alveolar macrophages

Background: Respiratory infections challenge the swine industry, despite common medicinal practices. The dual signaling nature of PGE2(supporting both inflammation and resolution) makes it a potent regulator of immune cell function. Therefore, the use of dietary long chain n-6 PUFA to enhance PGE2 effects merits investigation.Methods: Day-old pigs(n = 60) were allotted to one of three dietary groups for 21 d(n = 20/diet), and received either a control diet(CON, arachidonate = 0.5% of total fatty acids), an arachidonate(ARA)-enriched diet(LC n-6,ARA = 2.2%), or an eicosapentaenoic(EPA)-enriched diet(LC n-3, EPA = 3.0%). Alveolar macrophages and lung parenchymal tissue were collected for fatty acid analysis. Isolated alveolar macrophages were stimulated with LPS in situ for 24 h, and m RNA was isolated to assess markers associated with inflammation and eicosanoid production.Culture media were collected to assess PGE2 secretion. Oxidative burst in macrophages was measured by: 1)oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification(via Seahorse), 2) cytoplasmic oxidation and 3) nitric oxide production following 4, 18, and 24 h of LPS stimulation.Results: Concentration of ARA(% of fatty acids, w/w) in macrophages from pigs fed LC n-6 was 86% higher than CON and 18% lower in pigs fed LC n-3(P < 0.01). Following LPS stimulation, abundance of COX-2 and TNF-α mRNA(P < 0.0001), and PGE2 secretion(P < 0. 01) were higher in LC n-6 PAM vs. CON. However, ALOX5 abundance was1.6-fold lower than CON. Macrophages from CON and LC n-6 groups were 4-fold higher in ALOX12/15 abundance(P < 0.0001) compared to LC n-3. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates increased over 4 h following LPS stimulation(P < 0.05) regardless of treatment. Similarly, increases in cytoplasmic oxidation(P < 0.001)and nitric oxide production(P < 0.002) were observed after 18 h of LPS stimulation but were unaffected by diet.Conclusions: We infer that enriching diets with arachidonic acid may be an effective means to enhance a stronger innate immunologic response to respiratory challenges in neonatal pigs. However, further work is needed to examine long-term safety, clinical efficacy and economic viability.

Dietary and Nutritional Value of Fish Oil,and Fermented Products

Present review article explains the dietary and nutritional value of various fish derived natural food products.Fish is a good source of important nutrients such as proteins,fats,vitamins and minerals.Fish oil contains polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs)mainly omega-3 fatty acids,eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA),docosahexaenoic acid(DHA),and eicosanoids.Fish contains high-quality protein(~14-16 percent)and is consumed worldwide.This article also emphasizes therapeutic uses of fish nutrients and oil in healing of wounds,hyper pigmentation,dermatitis,and in cardiovascular risks.Fish oil polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs)are highly beneficial in cardiovascular problems and dermatitis.Fish oil is good for skin-related diseases such as photo-ageing and melanogenesis These also affect anticancer,wound healing and anti-depressant activity.In the present review various local,national,and international processed fish derived food currently available in the market fish dishes have been mentioned.

Effects of N-3 Fatty Acids on the Coronary Heart Disease Patients

Objectives To evaluate the effects of n-3 fatty acids on the coronary heart disease patients. Methods From September 2007 to March 2008, 60 patients with coronary heart disease were randomly assigned to n-3 fatty acids group (group N) and control group (group C). Both groups received standard coronary artery disease secondary prevention treatment and group N also received eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 1.8 g plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 1.2 g per day for 12 weeks. Plasma triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and blood pressure were measured before and after the study. Results Plasma triacylglycerols, blood pressure and LDL-C level were lower in group N after n-3 fatty acids treatment while no change was found in group C (P<0.05). HDL-C level slightly increased and total cholesterol level slightly decreased after n-3 fatty acids but both change were not significant (P>0.05). Conclusions N-3 fatty acids have beneficial effects on the coronary artery disease patients.

Correlation between bioactive lipids and novel coronavirus:constructive role of biolipids in curbing infectivity by enveloped viruses,centralizing on EPA and DHA

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)belongs to the family coronaviridae.It is spherical and possesses proteins called spikes,which can clamp onto the human cells.Once in close interaction with the human cells,these viruses undergo structural change and can fuse with the cell membrane.The virus enters the host and starts the process of translation and transcription in the cells and uncoated genome,respectively.Due to the rapid transmittable nature of the virus,extant actions should be taken.The fatty acids administrated orally,or intravenously,could help us gear things up in providing resistance and preventing infection.Hence,the multiplication of the virus could be hindered by arachidonic acid,eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA),and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA).In that context,the current review highlights the role of these unsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives such as lipoxins and resolvins in the inactivation of the enveloped coro-navirus disease 2019(COVID-19).