A METHOD IN SYSTEM DESIGN OF EJECTING DEVICES OF MISSILES

Anew method in system design of ejecting devices of missiles is first presented.Some important points are dis-cussed,which guid the research and development of new ejecting devices of missileg,amd provid the foundation flr thw design of mew ejecting device is provided.The system design includes the distribution of techmology specifica-tion,3-D solid modeling of ejecting devices of missiles im-ported from abroad,the design of pmeumatic device sys-tem,the design of ejecting mechanism system,the predic-tion of reliability and the experimental analysis,etc.

Left bundle branch pacing vs biventricular pacing in heart failure patients with left bundle branch block:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Left bundle branch pacing(LBBP)is a novel pacing modality of cardiac resynchronization therapy(CRT)that achieves more physiologic native ventricular activation than biventricular pacing(BiVP).AIM To explore the validity of electromechanical resynchronization,clinical and echocardiographic response of LBBP-CRT.METHODS Systematic review and Meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the standard guidelines as mentioned in detail in the methodology section.RESULTS In our analysis,the success rate of LBBP-CRT was determined to be 91.1%.LBBP CRT significantly shortened QRS duration,with significant improvement in echocardiographic parameters,including left ventricular ejection fraction,left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and left ventricular end-systolic diameter in comparison with BiVP-CRT.CONCLUSION A significant reduction in New York Heart Association class and B-type natriuretic peptide levels was also observed in the LBBP-CRT group vs BiVP-CRT group.Lastly,the LBBP-CRT cohort had a reduced pacing threshold at follow-up as compared to BiVP-CRT.

Are Solar Active Regions Born with Neutralized Currents?

Solar active regions(ARs)are formed by the emergence of current-carrying magnetic flux tubes from below the photosphere.Although for an isolated flux tube the direct and return currents flowing along the tube should balance with each other,it remains controversial whether such a neutralization of currents is also maintained during the emergence process.Here we present a systematic survey of the degrees of the current neutralization in a large sample of flux-emerging ARs which appeared on the solar disk around the central meridian from 2010 to 2022.The vector magnetograms taken by Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager onboard Solar Dynamic Observatory are employed to calculate the distributions of the vertical current density at the photosphere.Focusing on the main phase of flux emergence,i.e.,the phase in which the total unsigned magnetic flux is continuously increased,we statistically examined the ratios of direct to return currents in all the ARs.Such a large-sample statistical study suggests that most of the ARs were born with currents close to neutralization.The degree of current neutralization seems to be not affected by the active-region size,the active-region growing rate,and the total unsigned current.The only correlation of significance as found is that the stronger the magnetic field nonpotentiality is,the further the AR deviates from current neutrality,which supports previous event studies that eruption-productive ARs often have non-neutralized currents.

Rockburst proneness considering energy characteristics and sample shape effects

Accurate prediction of rockburst proneness is one of challenges for assessing the rockburst risk and selecting effective control measures.This study aims to assess rockburst proneness by considering the energy characteristics and qualitative information during rock failure.Several representative rock types in cylindrical and cuboidal sample shapes were tested under uniaxial compression conditions and the failure progress was detected by a high-speed camera.The far-field ejection mass ratio(FEMR)was determined considering the qualitative failure information of the rock samples.The peak-strength energy impact index and the residual elastic energy index were used to quantitatively evaluate the rockburst proneness of both cylindrical and cuboidal samples.Further,the performance of these two indices was analyzed by comparing their estimates with the FEMR.The results show that the accuracy of the residual elastic energy index is significantly higher than that of the peak-strength energy impact index.The residual elastic energy index and the FEMR are in good agreement for both cylindrical and cuboidal rock materials.This is because these two indices can essentially reflect the common energy release mechanism characterized by the mass,ejection velocity,and ejection distance of rock fragments.It suggests that both the FEMR and the residual elastic energy index can be used to accurately measure the rockburst proneness of cylindrical and cuboidal samples based on uniaxial compression test.

A Comprehensive Classification and Analysis of Geomagnetic Storms Over Solar Cycle 24

A geomagnetic storm is a global disturbance of Earth?s magnetosphere,occurring as a result of the interaction with magnetic plasma ejected from the Sun.Despite considerable research,a comprehensive classification of storms for a complete solar cycle has not yet been fully developed,as most previous studies have been limited to specific storm types.This study,therefore,attempted to present complete statistics for solar cycle 24,detailing the occurrence of geomagnetic storm events and classifying them by type of intensity(moderate,intense,and severe),type of complete interval(normal or complex),duration of the recovery phase(rapid or long),and the number of steps in the storm?s development.The analysis was applied to data from ground-based magnetometers,which measured the Dst index as provided by the World Data Center for Geomagnetism,Kyoto,Japan.This study identified 211 storm events,comprising moderate(177 events),intense(33 events),and severe(1 event)types.About 36%of ICMEs and 23%of CIRs are found to be geoeffective,which caused geomagnetic storms.Up to four-step development of geomagnetic storms was exhibited during the main phase for this solar cycle.Analysis showed the geomagnetic storms developed one or more steps in the main phase,which were probably related to the driver that triggered the geomagnetic storms.A case study was additionally conducted to observe the variations of the ionospheric disturbance dynamo(Ddyn)phenomenon that resulted from the geomagnetic storm event of 2015July 13.The attenuation of the Ddyn in the equatorial region was analyzed using the H component of geomagnetic field data from stations in the Asian sector(Malaysia and India).The variations in the Ddyn signatures were observed at both stations,with the TIR station(India)showing higher intensity than the LKW station(Malaysia).

Left bundle branch area pacing:A new era of cardiac resynchronization therapy?

The recent systematic review and meta-analysis provided a comprehensive focus on the current state of cardiac resynchronization therapy(CRT).The authors determined the feasibility of physiological left bundle branch area pacing(LBBAP)in patients indicated for CRT through a careful analysis of trials.They found that LBBAP was associated with significant reductions in QRS duration,New York Heart Association functional class,B-type natriuretic peptide levels,and pacing thresholds as well as improvements in echocardiographic parameters compared to biventricular pacing.

Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in the management of heart failure:Veni,Vidi,and Vici

Heart failure(HF)is a chronic disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates.Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers(including angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors),beta-blockers,and mineralocorticoid receptor blockers remain the mainstay of pharmacotherapy for HF with reduced ejection fraction(HFrEF).However,despite the use of guideline-directed medical therapy,the mortality from HFrEF remains high.HF with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF)comprises approximately half of the total incident HF cases;however,unlike HFrEF,there are no proven therapies for this condition.Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors(SGLT-2is)represent a new class of pharmacological agents approved for diabetes mellitus(DM)that inhibit SGLT-2 receptors in the kidney.A serendipitous finding from seminal trials of SGLT-2is in DM was the significant improvement in renal and cardiovascular(CV)outcomes.More importantly,the improvement in HF hospitalization(HHF)in the CV outcomes trials of SGLT-2is was striking.Multiple mechanisms have been proposed for the pleiotropic effects of SGLT-2is beyond their glycemic control.However,as patients with HF were not included in any of these trials,it can be considered as a primary intervention.Subsequently,two landmark studies of SGLT-2is in patients with HFrEF,namely,an empagliflozin outcome trial in patients with chronic HF and a reduced ejection fraction(EMPEROR-Reduced)and dapagliflozin and prevention of adverse outcomes in HF(DAPA-HF),demonstrated significant improvement in HHF and CV mortality regardless of the presence of DM.These impressive results pitchforked these drugs as class I indications in patients with HFrEF across major guidelines.Thereafter,empagliflozin outcome trial in patients with chronic HF with preserved ejection fraction(EMPEROR-Preserved)and dapagliflozin evaluation to improve the lives of patients with preserved ejection fraction HF(DELIVER)trials successively confirmed that SGLT-2is also benefit patients with HFpEF with or without DM.These results represent a watershed as they constitute the first clinically meaningful therapy for HFpEF in the past three decades of evolution of HF management.Emerging positive data for the use of SGLT-2is in acute HF and post-myocardial infarction scenarios have strengthened the pivotal role of these agents in the realm of HF.In a short span of time,these classes of drugs have captivated the entire scenario of HF.

Epicardial adipose tissue in obesity with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance biomarker study

BACKGROUND Obesity has become a serious public health issue,significantly elevating the risk of various complications.It is a well-established contributor to Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF).Evaluating HFpEF in obesity is crucial.Epicardial adipose tissue(EAT)has emerged as a valuable tool for validating prognostic biomarkers and guiding treatment targets.Hence,assessing EAT is of paramount importance.Cardiovascular magnetic resonance(CMR)imaging is acknowledged as the gold standard for analyzing cardiac function and mor-phology.We hope to use CMR to assess EAT as a bioimaging marker to evaluate HFpEF in obese patients.AIM To assess the diagnostic utility of CMR for evaluating heart failure with preserved ejection fraction[HFpEF;left ventricular(LV)ejection fraction≥50%]by measuring the epicardial adipose tissue(EAT)volumes and EAT mass in obese patients.METHODS Sixty-two obese patients were divided into two groups for a case-control study based on whether or not they had heart failure with HFpEF.The two groups were defined as HFpEF+and HFpEF-.LV geometry,global systolic function,EAT volumes and EAT mass of all subjects were obtained using cine magnetic resonance sequences.RESULTS Forty-five patients of HFpEF-group and seventeen patients of HFpEF+group were included.LV mass index(g/m2)of HFpEF+group was higher than HFpEF-group(P<0.05).In HFpEF+group,EAT volumes,EAT volume index,EAT mass,EAT mass index and the ratio of EAT/[left atrial(LA)left-right(LR)diameter]were higher compared to HFpEF-group(P<0.05).In multivariate analysis,Higher EAT/LA LR diameter ratio was associated with higher odds ratio of HFpEF.CONCLUSION EAT/LA LR diameter ratio is highly associated with HFpEF in obese patients.It is plausible that there may be utility in CMR for assessing obese patients for HFpEF using EAT/LA LR diameter ratio as a diagnostic biomarker.Further prospective studies,are needed to validate these proof-of-concept findings.

Dapagliflozin in heart failure and type 2 diabetes:Efficacy,cardiac and renal effects,safety

BACKGROUND Heart failure(HF),especially HF with reduced ejection fraction(HFrEF),presents complex challenges,particularly in the aging population where it often coexists with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).AIM To analyze the effect of dapagliflozin treatment on cardiac,renal function,and safety in patients with HFrEF combined with T2DM.METHODS Patients with T2DM complicated with HFrEF who underwent treatment in our hospital from February 2018 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed as the subjects of this study.The propensity score matching method was used,and a total of 102 eligible samples were scaled.The clinical efficacy of the two groups was evaluated at the end of the treatment,comparing the results of blood glucose,insulin,cardiac function,markers of myocardial injury,renal function indexes,and 6-min walk test(6MWT)before and after the treatment.We compared the occurrence of adverse effects on the treatment process of the two groups of patients.The incidence of adverse outcomes in patients within six months of treatment was counted.RESULTS The overall clinical efficacy rate of patients in the study group was significantly higher than that of patients in the control group(P=0.013).After treatment,the pancreatic beta-cell function index,left ventricular ejection fraction,and glomerular filtration rate of patients in the study group were significantly higher than control group(P<0.001),while their fasting plasma glucose,2-h postprandial glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin,insulin resistance index,left ventricular end-systolic diameter,left ventricular end-diastolic diameter,cardiac troponin I,creatine kinase-MB,N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide,serum creatinine,and blood urea nitrogen were significantly lower than those of the control group.After treatment,patients in the study group had a significantly higher 6MWT than those in the control group(P<0.001).Hypoglycemic reaction(P=0.647),urinary tract infection(P=0.558),gastrointestinal adverse effect(P=0.307),respiratory disturbance(P=0.558),and angioedema(P=0.647)were not statistically different.There was no significant difference between the incidence of adverse outcomes between the two groups(P=0.250).CONCLUSION Dapagliflozin significantly enhances clinical efficacy,cardiac and renal function,and ambulatory capacity in patients with HFrEF and T2DM without an increased risk of adverse effects or outcomes.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and the first law of thermodynamics

In heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,significant left ventricular diastolic abnormalities are present,despite a normal systolic ejection fraction.This article will consider whether this is consistent with the law of conservation of energy,also know as the first law of thermodynamics.

Prognostic Role of Preoperative Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) in Mitral Valve Replacement (MVR) for Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis Patients

Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion has been proposed as a simple and reproducible parameter for quantitative assessment of the right ventricular ejection fraction. The prognostic importance of preoperative TAPSE in patients with mitral valve replacement for rheumatic mitral stenosis patients is still under focused. Therefore, the objective of the study was to predict the outcome after MVR in rheumatic mitral stenosis patients in relation to preoperative TAPSE. This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute. A total of 72 patients of rheumatic mitral stenosis patients who underwent mitral valve replacement were included in the study. They were divided into two groups: Group A and B. Group A included 36 patients with TAPSE 0.05) except for the preoperative TAPSE. Mean TAPSE of Group A was 13.17 (±1.40) and Group B was 18.61 (±1.57), the difference was statistically significant (p 0.05). Among the postoperative complications, including postoperative atrial fibrillation was higher in Group A (30.56%) than Group B (11.11%), mean ventilation time was higher in Group A (27.78%) than Group B (5.56%), length of intensive care was higher in Group A (33.33%) than Group B (11.12%), and hospital stay was higher in Group A (25.0%) than Group B (5.56%), (p < 0.05). Higher preoperative TASPE could be used as a prognostic tool for MVR in rheumatic mitral stenosis patients in our settings.

Health-related quality of life among congestive heart failure patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction

Objective:To determine factors that affect the health-related quality of life(HRQOL)of congestive heart failure(CHF)patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction.Methods:A cross-sectional study design was used for this study.The stratified random sampling was applied for each subgroup.HRQOL was measured with the Minnesota Living with Hear t Failure Questionnaire.The data were analyzed using chi-square,Spearman's correlation analysis,and independent t-test.Results:A number of 67 respondents participated in the recent study.The total mean scores of HRQOL were significantly different(P=0.001)between heart failure(HF)patients with reduced and preserved ejection fractions,41.07±7.54 and 54.97±4.36,respectively.It related with the physical(mean±standard deviation[SD]=10.4±2.14;t=-10.08,95%CI=-12.46 to-8.34;P-value=0.001)and psychological(mean±SD=3.5±0.5;t=-6.68,95%CI=-4.55 to-2.45;P-value=0.001)domain.Strong correlation was found between age(r=-0.898,P<0.05),NYHA functional classes(r=-0.858,P<0.01),duration of HF(r=-0.807,P<0.01),family support(r=0.927,P<0.01),and quality of life(Qo L).Conclusions:HRQOL in HF patients with reduced ejection fraction was higher than in those with preserved ejection fraction.Family suppor t is a fur ther determinant factor that has a positive correlation to the Qo L.

Interaction between the left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular strain and its relationship with coronary stenosis

BACKGROUND Coronary artery stenosis(CAS)is the most common type of heart disease and the leading cause of death in both men and women globally.CAS occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle harden and become narrower due to plaque buildup-cholesterol and other material-on their inner walls.As a result,the heart muscle cannot receive the blood or oxygen it needs.Most heart attacks happen when a blood clot suddenly cuts off the hearts'blood supply,causing permanent heart damage.AIM To analyze the relationship between the left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),left ventricular strain(LVS),and coronary stenosis.METHODS A total of 190 participants were enrolled in this trail.The control group comprised 93 healthy individuals,and observation group comprised 97 patients with coronary heart disease who were hospitalized between July 2020 and September 2021.Coronary lesions were assessed using the Gensini score,and the LVEF and LVS were measured using magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).The interaction between the LVEF and LVS was examined using a linear regression model.The relationship between LVEF and coronary stenosis was examined using Spearman’s correlation.RESULTS The LVEF of the observation group was lower than that of the control group.The left ventricular end-systolic volume(LVESV)and left ventricular end-diastolic volume(LVEDV)of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group(P<0.05).The longitudinal and circumferential strains(LS,CS)of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group;however,the radial strain(RS)of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05).LVS,LS,and CS were significantly negatively correlated with the LVEF,and RS was positively correlated with the LVEF.There were significant differences in the LVEF,LVESV,and LVEDV of patients with different Gensini scores;the LVEF significantly decreased and the LVESV and LVEDV increased with increasing Gensini scores(P<0.05).In the observation group,the LVEF was negatively correlated and the LVESV and LVEDV were positively correlated with coronary stenosis(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The LVEF measured using MRI is significantly linearly correlated with LVS and negatively correlated with coronary stenosis.

The influence of pressure injury risk on the association between left ventricular ejection fraction and all-cause mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction 80 years or older

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate whether the pressure injury risk mediates the association of left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) with all-cause death in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) aged 80 years or older.METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 677 patients with AMI aged 80 years or older from a tertiary-level hospital. Pressure injury risk was assessed using the Braden scale at admission, and three risk groups(low/minimal, intermediate, high) were defined according to the overall score of six different variables. LVEF was measured during the index hospitalization for AMI. All-cause death after hospital discharge was the primary outcome.RESULTS: Over a median follow-up period of 1,176 d(interquartile range [IQR], 722–1,900 d), 226(33.4%) patients died. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that reduced LVEF was associated with an increased risk of all-cause death only in the high-risk group of pressure injury(adjusted hazard ratios [HR]=1.81, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–3.20;P=0.040), but not in the low/minimal-(adjusted HR=1.29, 95%CI: 0.80–2.11;P=0.299) or intermediate-risk groups(adjusted HR=1.14, 95%CI: 0.65–2.02;P=0.651). Significant interactions were detected between pressure injury risk and LVEF(adjusted P=0.003). The cubic spline with hazard ratio plot revealed a distinct shaped curve relation between LVEF and all-cause death among different pressure injury risk groups.CONCLUSIONS: In older patients with AMI, the risk of pressure injury mediated the association between LVEF and all-cause death. The classification of older patients for both therapy and prognosis assessment appears to be improved by the incorporation of pressure injury risk assessment into AMI care management.

Impact of vericiguat on heart failure with reduced ejection fraction:a review

Introduction:Heart failure is a major public health issue with a prevalence of about 26 million people worldwide.Reduced nitric oxide availability,lower soluble guanylate cyclase(sGC)activity,and decreased cyclic guanosine monophosphate(cGMP)production are the causes of HF's development.Vericiguat prescribed under the brand name Verquvo was approved by U.S.Food and Drug Administration(FDA)in January 2021.It is a novel agent and the first sGC stimulator which helps to treat patients suffering from heart failure with reduced ejection fraction(HFrEF).Objective:The mechanism of action(cGMP pathway)of vericiguat,its clinical trials,its use in the treatment of heart failure,and its possible future aspects in therapeutic recommendations are all covered in this review.It will also raise awareness amongst healthcare professionals about the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters,dosing,administration,and drug-related problems of this new drug.Methods:Various databases for drug review were used in this review like PubMed,Medline,Google scholar,Drug bank,U.s.FDA,Medscape,and European society of cardiology guidelines.A total of 58 articles were screened out of which 39 articles were included in this review.Results:This review discusses vericiguat's mechanism of action(cGMP pathway),clinical studies,application in the treatment of heart failure,and potential future considerations in therapeutic recommendations.It will also educate healthcare professionals about the new drug's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics,dose,administration,and drug-related problems.Conclusion:After hospitalization for HFrEF,the 5-year survival rate is just 25%,and disease morbidity and death are stil significant.As adjunctive therapy for individuals with heart failure and a low ejection fraction,vericiguat has a moderate level of effectiveness.Vericiguat's efficacy as an adjunct therapy to different drugs used to cure HF has to be further investigated.Vericiguat's safety and dosage in patients who have severe renal or hepatic illness need to be studied further.

Targeting epicardial adipose tissue:A potential therapeutic strategy for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF)is a heterogeneous syndrome with various comorbidities,multiple cardiac and extracardiac pathophysiologic abnormalities,and diverse phenotypic presentations.Since HFpEF is a heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes,individualized treatment is required.HFpEF with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)represents a specific phenotype of HFpEF,with about 45%-50% of HFpEF patients suffering from T2DM.Systemic inflammation associated with dysregulated glucose metabolism is a critical pathological mechanism of HFpEF with T2DM,which is intimately related to the expansion and dysfunction(inflammation and hypermetabolic activity)of epicardial adipose tissue(EAT).EAT is well established as a very active endocrine organ that can regulate the pathophysiological processes of HFpEF with T2DM through the paracrine and endocrine mechanisms.Therefore,suppressing abnormal EAT expansion may be a promising therapeutic strategy for HFpEF with T2DM.Although there is no treatment specifically for EAT,lifestyle management,bariatric surgery,and some pharmaceutical interventions(anti-cytokine drugs,statins,proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors,metformin,glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists,and especially sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors)have been shown to attenuate the inflammatory response or expansion of EAT.Importantly,these treatments may be beneficial in improving the clinical symptoms or prognosis of patients with HFpEF.Accordingly,well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to validate the efficacy of current therapies.In addition,more novel and effective therapies targeting EAT are needed in the future.

A Revised Graduated Cylindrical Shell Model and its Application to a Prominence Eruption

In this paper,the well-known graduated cylindrical shell(GCS)model is slightly revised by introducing longitudinal and latitudinal deflections of prominences originating from active regions(ARs).Subsequently,it is applied to the three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction of an eruptive prominence in AR 13110,which produced an M1.7 class flare and a fast coronal mass ejection(CME)on 2022 September 23.It is revealed that the prominence undergoes acceleration from~246 to~708 km s^(-1).Meanwhile,the prominence experiences southward deflection by 15°±1°without longitudinal deflection,suggesting that the prominence erupts non-radially.Southward deflections of the prominence and associated CME are consistent,validating the results of fitting using the revised GCS model.Besides,the true speed of the CME is calculated to be 1637±15 km s^(-1),which is~2.3 times higher than that of prominence.This is indicative of continuing acceleration of the prominence during which flare magnetic reconnection reaches maximum beneath the erupting prominence.Hence,the reconstruction using the revised GCS model could successfully track a prominence in its early phase of evolution,including acceleration and deflection.

Breaking of Large-Scale Filament due to Magnetic Reconnection and Consequent Partial Eruption

Following our previous work,we studied the partial eruption of a large-scale horse-shoe-like filament that had beenobserved in a decaying active region on the solar disk for more than 4.5 days.The filament became active after itwas broken into two pieces,P1 and P2 seen in Hα,by magnetic reconnection between the magnetic field around itand that of a newly emerging active region nearby.P1 eventually erupted 13 hr after the breaking and escaped fromthe Sun,developing to a fast coronal mass ejection,and P2 stayed.But the mass in P1 falling down to P2 in theeruption suggests that the global magnetic fields over P1 and P2 were still connected to each other prior to theeruption.The reconnection process breaking the filament occurred outside the filament,and P1 and P2 were locatedalmost at the same altitude,so the fashion of the filament partial eruption studied here differs from that of the“double-decker model”and that of reconnection inside the filament.Analyzing the decay indices of thebackground fields above P1 and P2,n_(1)and n_(2),showed that the altitude where n_(1)exceeds the critical value of n_(c)=1.5 for the loss of equilibrium or the torus instability is lower than that where n_(2)>nc,and that n_(1)>n_(2) alwaysholds at all altitudes.Combining this fact with that the eruption occurred 13 hr after filament was broken byreconnection,we conclude that the eruption of P1 was triggered by the loss of equilibrium or the torus instability inthe configuration,and magnetic reconnection breaking the filament helped weaken the confinement of thebackground field on P1,allowing P1 to erupt.Detailed features of the eruption and the corresponding physicalscenario were also discussed.

Global Energetics of Solar Powerful Events on 2017 September 6

Solar flares and coronal mass ejections(CMEs)are thought to be the most powerful events on the Sun.They can release energy as high as~10^(32)erg in tens of minutes,and also can release solar energetic particles(SEPs)into interplanetary space.We explore global energy budgets of solar major eruptions that occurred on 2017 September 6,including the energy partition of a powerful solar flare,and the energy budget of the accompanying CME and SEPs.In the wavelength range shortward of~222 nm,a major contribution of the flare radiated energy is in the soft X-ray(SXR)0.1-7 nm domain.The flare energy radiated at wavelengths of Lyαand mid-ultraviolet is larger than that radiated in the extreme ultraviolet wavelengths,but it is much less than that radiated in the SxR waveband.The total flare radiated energy could be comparable to the thermal and nonthermal energies.The energies carried by the major flare and its accompanying CME are roughly equal,and they are both powered by the magnetic free energy in the NOAA AR 12673.Moreover,the CME is efficient in accelerating SEPs,and the prompt component(whether it comes from the solar flare or the CME)contributes only a negligible fraction.

Investigation on the Formation of Herringbone Structure in TypeⅡSolar Radio Bursts

We report detailed observation of the“herringbone”of a Type II solar radio burst that occurred on 2010 November 3rd.Data from the Space Weather Prediction Center,National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,e-CALLISTO,and Nan?ay Radio Heliograph are analyzed.We determine the brightness temperature and degree of circular polarization of the“herringbone”burst.Correlations between the physical parameters and the“herringbone”are examined.Based on the relationship,this is the first study that suggested this“herringbone”was generated through fundamental plasma.