Generative and Elaborative Processes in Learning

Learning is no longer regarded as knowledge acquisition but as knowledge construction;therefore,learner is not a passive recipient but an active constructor.In generative and elaborative learning process,the learner’s existing knowledge is considered to be modified while it is used to construct a meaning from the text.Therefore,the focus in learning is on generating relations,rather than on storing information.This paper aims to draw the outlines of the main ideas of generative learning and their related concepts and theoretical significance.

EXPLORATIONS OF THE MODERNIZATION OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION

By means of producing and using TV teaching materials on chemical teaching,the authors have been exploring thecomprehensive reform in the curriculum system,the teaching content and the teaching methods of the subject ofchemical education at higher normal universities.This paper takes the production of TV-teaching

A Study of Puns in English Advertisements from the Cognitive Perspective

Pun,as a figure of speech applied in advertisements,can make the advertisements more vivid and indelible by adding attraction and humor,stimulating consumers' purchasing desire.Based on the elaboration of puns in English advertisements from the cognitive perspective,this paper attempts to analyze those puns under the guidance of relevant cognitive theoretical framework such as figure/ground theory,prominence view and conceptual blending theory.It also aims to explore the human cognitive activities involved in creation and understanding of advertising language.

Environmental Data Acquisition, Elaboration and Integration： Preliminary Application to a Vulnerable Mountain Landscape and Village （Novalesa, NW Italy）

Climate conditions play a crucial role in the survival of mountain communities, whose survival already critically depends on socioeconomic factors. In the case of montane areas that are prone to natural haz-ards, such as alpine slope failure and debris flows, climatic factors exert a major influence that should be considered when creating appropriate sustainable scenarios. In fact, it has been shown that climate change alters the availability of ecosystem services （ES）, thus increasing the risks of declining soil fertility and reduced water availability, as well as the loss of grassland, potential shifts in regulatory services （e.g., protection from natural hazards）, and cultural services. This study offers a preliminary discussion on a case study of a region in the Italian Alps that is experiencing increased extreme precipitation and erosion, and where an isolated and historically resilient community directly depends on a natural resource econ- omy. Preliminary results show that economic factors have influenced past population trends of the Novalesa community in the Piemonte Region in northwest Italy. However, the increasing number of rock fall and debris flow events, which are triggered by meteo-climatic factors, may further influence the livelihood and weflbeing of this community, and of other similar communities around the world, Therefore, environmental monitoring and data analysis will be important means of detecting trends in landscape and climate change and choosing appropriate planning options. Such analysis, in turn, would ensure the survival of about 10% of the global population, and would also represent a possibility for future economic development in critical areas prone to poverty conditions.

ESTABLISHMENT OF TAI PIN DI COMPREHENSIVE PROTECTING FOREST SYSTEM

A multi-function protecting forest system was planed and arranged elaborately for im-provement of the local ecological conditions and high economical benefit. The system in-cludes level farmland shelter belt network, hillside farmland shelter belt network, stereoscop-ic sparse-wood pasture, erosion control fuel forest, fast growing commercial forest, eco-nomical forest, salt-soda controlling project and salt-soda protecting forest on salt-sodaland, ect..

Enlightenment of Brownfield Development Practices in China and Abroad on Urban Development of China

This study proposed obstacles in the brownfield development and analyzed 3 classical cases of brownfield development:German Ruhr Industrial Area,the American Automobile City and 798 Art Zone in China.Based on the comprehensive elaboration and evaluation of the driving factors,patterns,rehabilitation benefits,costs and prospects of brownfield development,its enlightenment on urban development of China was summarized from 4 perspectives:inhibiting urban sprawl,improving environmental quality of brownfield,promoting urban renewal and reserving cultural heritage.

Incorporation of Carboplatin in Microporous Granular Calcium Phosphate Biphasic Matrix

The HA/β-TCP biphasic bioceramics stand out on researches in different areas of biomedical applications. These bioceramics with microporous microstructures also stand out in biomedical applications on controlled drug release. This study aimed at the synthesis of the biphasic HA/β-TCP powder, and at the elaboration and characterization of the microporous biphasic HA/β-TCP granular biomaterial. The microporous granular material was elaborated through the process of ceramic powder sieving (200 μm < d < 500 μm mesh sizes). The granular material was sintered at 1100&deg;C/2 h, providing the microporous biphasic granular biomaterial. The drug loading in the biomaterial was performed through the high vacuum method. The results here presented are related to the synthesis method and elaboration of the biphasic biomaterial. The results obtained from the drug loading through the high vacuum method conducted the incorporation of the drug onto the surface and into the microporous granular biomaterial.

Space Construction and Environmental Adaptability of Traditional Living Spaces in Turpan

Turpan traditional residences are primitive green buildings adaptive to the climate, materials and geographical conditions of the arid regions. The environmental adaptability of local residences and the construction methods was elaborated to provide references for building new oasis settlements in the local area.

Reform and Opening-up Start over in a New Era

IN his 100-minute,13,000-character speech addressing the official commemoration of the 40th anniversary of reform and opening-up on December 18,2018,President Xi Jinping offered what is,to date,the most comprehensive elaboration of the latest proposal for the 40-year-old cause to“start over.”

软件体系结构教学大纲设计中精致教学理论的应用与教学实践(英文)

In this paper,we firstly describes problems in designing a syllabus for a course named software architecture,then presents the creation of the syllabus by applying Elaboration Theory of Instruction.Our actual teaching practice by following the bottom-up,and iterative method in classroom presentations is also discussed.Finally a use case study in teaching this course is given.

Approaches to the Elaboration of Regeneration and Transformation Systems for Elite Kazakh Cotton Varieties

The development and wide application of genetic transformation for cotton improvement are restrained by the unresolved problem of genotype dependence in regeneration in vitro.High embryogenic and regenerative potential have been obtained for limited number of Coker type genotypes。

Elaborate Forecast about Fire Risk Grade in Forest and Grassland of Inner Mongolia Based on Intelligent Grid

Based on the fire and meteorological data of forest and grassland in Inner Mongolia in recent 30 years,a forest and grassland fire risk grade forecast model is established,and a refined forest and grassland fire risk level forecast system based on smart grid is developed. The results show that predictors are determined about forest and grassland fire risk grade,such as precipitation,minimum relative humidity,maximum temperature,maximum wind speed,number of sunny or rainy days,and forest and grassland combustible stock. According to fire risk division conclusion,forest and grassland areas are divided into 5 forecast areas. By using discriminant analysis and weighted factor overlay method,an elaborate fire risk grade forecast model is established in different forecast areas of Inner Mongolia forest and grassland. By using smart grid forecast field data,an elaborate fire risk grade forecasting system is established for making fire risk grade forecast during 24,48 and 72 h.

Extraction and Characterization of Bagasse Fibres from Sugar Cane (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>) for Incorporation into a Mortar

The paper reported a comparative study of the methods of extraction of vegetable fibres encountered in the literature;three main ones was chose, namely: combing, retting with pre-treatment of the bagasse in salt and distilled water, and Chemical extraction at three concentration levels of soda (2N, 1N, 0.1N) with pre-treatment of bagasse with salt water and distilled water. After extracting the fibres using these methods, it appeared that the natural methods (retting and combing) have a higher yield of around 70% compared to the chemical method which has a low yield of around 40%. The fibres obtained by the chemical extraction method (1N-BPD) had the best characteristics.

Elaboration and Characterization of a Fiber Composite Material Made of Petioles of the <i>Elaeis guineensis</i>(Oil Palm)

The aim of this study is to characterize physically and mechanically a polyester/fiber palm petiole composite material. This work made it possible to provide the local database of composite materials but also to develop agricultural waste. According to BSI 2782 standard three formulations [A (10% fiber, 90% polyester);B (20% fiber, 80% polyester) and C (30% fiber, 70% polyester)]. Water Absorption rate, density, compressive and three points bending tests are carried out on the samples obtained by the contact molding method for each formulation. The material composite obtained by adding fibers from palm oil petiole has a density of 17.98% lower than the one made of pure polyester. Fiber reinforcement rate has no impact on the density of the composite. Formulation A most absorbs water while formulation C has good tensile/compression characteristics and the greatest breaking stress in bending among the three formulations.

词海探珠——84.战胜恐惧

心理学家对人类的各种恐惧进行了研究,把恐惧症大致分为三个大的类别:社会恐惧症、莫名其妙的恐惧症和特殊的恐惧症。这些大的类别以下又有小的类别,例如,特殊的恐惧症可以分为四个小的类别:对昆虫和动物的恐惧,对自然环境的恐惧,对血和伤害的恐惧,对危险场合的恐惧。据统计,大约5000万美国人患有某种恐惧症,其小大部分是妇女。心理学家提出下面8种情况,

改进建筑60秒

我们仿效BBC的广播节目“60秒改进世界”（Sixty Second Idea to Improve the World）推出了＂改进建筑60秒＂栏目,每期将在世界范围内采访两位人物,请他们就建筑、城市、景观、技术等相关问题在60秒的时间里讲出一个或两个有启发性、批判性甚至有争议性的观点。本栏目如实记录了他们的话,采访所拍摄的视频将会出现在我们的相关网页上。所述观点只代表嘉宾本人,与本杂志立场无关。

Influence of the Age of Bamboo Culm and Its Vertical Position on the Technological Properties of Bamboo Fibers: A Case of Bambusa vulgaris Species from Cameroonian Culture

Due to their interesting properties, bamboo fibers are more and more used as reinforcements in polymer matrices as a substitute for synthetic fibers. For their future service life, it is important to understand their physical and mechanical behavior over time in order to control the aging phenomenon within this fiber. The paper analyzed the influence of the age of the bamboo thatch and the vertical position of the Bambusa vulgaris species cultivated in Cameroon on the physicomechanical properties of the fibers extracted from the thatch. Fibers were mechanically extracted from three bamboo culms aged respectively 3 years (BV3), 4 years (BV4) and 5 years (BV5). The culms were thus identified according to their number of ramifications, and were felled no abated for a total of three culms. A section of about one meter on each of the parts (lower part, middle part, upper part) of these three culms was made for the opposite technological studies. Each age was therefore represented by three portions of thatch, one from the upper part, one from the middle part and the last from the lower part of the thatch, all giving a total number of nine samples taken and marked BV3inf, BV3moy, BV3sup, BV4inf, BV4moy, BV4sup, BV5inf, BV5moy, BV5sup before handling in the laboratory. Physical (density, moisture absorption rate) and mechanical (tensile tests according to DIN EN ISO 13934-1, natural durability) characterizations were used to better understand the mechanisms of this influence. In view of all the results obtained, the fiber from the upper part of the 3-year-old thatch (BV3sup) is the one with the best characteristics and is recommended for a better elaboration of bamboo fiber composites: (Density: 0.83;Absorption rate 11.7%;Young’s modulus: 7.4 GPa;Maximal stress: 64.3 MPa;Elongation at rupture: 1.1;Loss of mass natural durability: 7.63%).

英语中的近似转变

英语中有一种构词能力极强的构词法叫做“转类法”(conversion)这种构词法不改变词形,不借助词缀就实现了词类转换。这种方法又叫“零位派生”(zero derivation),即一种词类加上“零”形式后缀转化为另一种词类。如,在句子“We water the flowers every day in summer.”中water不改变词形,不加任何后缀(或加上“零”形式后缀)就从名词转化为动词towater(浇水)了。英语中还有一种转类法叫做“近似转类”。(approximate conversion)。

趣谈toilet

乍看toilet soap(香皂)一词似乎不好理解。“厕所”加上“肥皂”,怎么会是“香皂”呢?这是对 toilet 一词的词义没有全面了解的缘故。 toilet一词的词根是toil。toil源于拉丁语tela(网),在现代英语里仍是“网、圈套”等意思。toil加上表示缩小的名词后缀—et,含义是放衣服和梳妆打扮的小块地方。那么 toilet 一词作为名词就有了“梳妆打扮,服饰,浴室,盥洗室,厕所,抽水马桶。