Evaluation of soil fabric using elastic waves during load-unload

It is essential to assess the evolution of soil fabric as it has an important role in the mechanical responses of soils during complex loading conditions.This contribution carries out the physical experiments using three granular materials in the laboratory.The variations of compression and shear wave velocities(Vp and Vs)are investigated during load-unload cycles under dry and drained conditions.Supplementary discrete element method(DEM)simulations are performed to understand the evolution of soil fabric during the equivalent load-unload cycles using spherical particles.Vp and Vs are not always reversible even though the stress state regains its isotropic condition after unload,indicating that Vp and Vs are governed by not only the stress state but also the fabric change.The variations of Vp/Vs are density-and stress-dependent;a higher level of stress ratio(s01/s03)threshold is observed for denser packings to trigger a significant change in wave velocity ratio(Vp/Vs)for experimental results using spherical glass beads and simulation data using spherical particles.Considering the particle shape,a higher s01/s03 threshold is found for more angular particles than rounded particles.The DEM result reveals that Vp/Vs of spherical particles can be correlated linearly with the evolution of fabric ratio(Fver/Fhor)during loadunload in a pre-peak range under dry and drained conditions.

THE ILLUSTRATION CALCULATIONS OF SECOND ORDER EFFECTS IN ELASTIC HALF-SPACE ACTED UPON BY A NON-UNIFORM SHEAR LOAD

This paper is a continuation of [1]. An example is discussed in derail to illustrate the second order effects. Numerical calculations for the second order elastic material for the z-direction displacement and the stress t(rz) are carried out. It is found that the second order effect is to reduce z-direction displacement and to decrease t(rz)inside the circle but to increase its value outside the circle.

Dynamic Stress and Pore Pressure Around Circular Cavity in Saturated Porous Elastic Half-space Under Harmonic Plane Dilatational Waves

Dynamic stress concentration and pore pressure concentration around an infinitely long cylindrical cavity of circular cross-section subjected to harmonic plane dilatational waves in fluid-saturated porous elastic half-space were obtained by a complex function method based on potential function and multi-polar coordinate. The steady state Biot’s dynamic field equations of porous elastic solid with a viscous liquid were uncoupled into Helmholtz equations via given potential functions. A circular cavity with large radius is used to replace the straight boundary of the saturated porous elastic half-space. The stresses and pore pressures were obtained by using complex functions in multi-polar coordinates with certain boundary conditions of the solid matrix and the fluid matrix. The approximate solutions were compared to existing numerical solutions. Then the variations of the coefficients of dynamic stress concentration and the pore pressures concentration on boundaries of the cavity were discussed with different parameter conditions. The results of the given numerical example indicate that the method used is useful and efficient to the scattering and dynamic stress concentration of plane dilatational waves in saturated porous elastic half-space.

THE GENERAL SOLUTION OF SECOND ORDER EFFECTS IN ELASTIC HALF-SPACE ACTED UPON BY A NON-UNIFORM SHEAR LOAD

This paper is a continuation of [1]. A closed form solution to the second order elasticity problem, when an isotropic compressible elastic half-space undergoes a deformation owing to a non-uniformly distributed shear load, is presented. The method of integral transform is employed to determine the solutions.

The reflection and transmission of elastic waves at a interface between a transversely isotropi celastic soils and saturated soils

According to Biot′s wave equation of transversely isotropic saturated soil, this paper deduces the general equation of the reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients when qP 1 wave goes through from saturated soil to elastic media. The effects of anisotropies and boundary drainage condition on reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients are analyzed by numerical method. The idea of this paper can be applied to the case when qSV wave or qP 2 wave goes through from saturated soils to elastic soils.

Scattering of elastic wave by a cylindrical shell deeply embeded in saturated soils

The compression of soil grain and pore fluid as well as viscid coupling of pore fluid and soil skeleton is considered, the scattering problem of incident plane P1 wave （fast compressional wave） by an infinite cylindrical shell deeply embedded in isotropic saturated soils is studied by adopting the amended Biot model, amplitude equations about potential functions of scattering and refracting fields are obtained, and the effect of dimensionless frequencies and shell thickness on the back-scattering spectra and dynamic stress concentration factors of two types of cylindrical shells with high and low rigidity are numerically computed and analyzed.

High-strain dynamic model of large-diameter pipe piles with soil plug for vertical vibration analysis

A rigorous analytical model is developed for simulating the vibration behaviors of large-diameter openended pipe piles(OEPPs)and surrounding soil undergoing high-strain impact loading.To describe the soil behavior,the soil along pile shaft is divided into slip and nonslip zones and the base soil is modeled as a fictitious-soil pile(FSP)to account for the wave propagation in the soil.True soil properties are adopted and slippage at the pile-soil interface is considered,allowing realistic representation of largediameter OEPP mechanics.The developed model is validated by comparing with conventional models and finite element method(FEM).It is further used to successfully simulate and interpret the behaviors of a steel OEPP during the offshore field test.It is found that the variation in the vertical vibrations of shaft soil along radial direction is significant for large-diameter OEPPs,and the velocity amplitudes of the internal and external soil attenuate following different patterns.The shaft soil motion may not attenuate with depth due to the soil slippage,while the wave attenuation at base soil indicates an influence depth,with a faster attenuation rate than that in the pile.The findings from the current study should aid in simulating the vibration behaviors of large-diameter OEPP-soil system under high-strain dynamic loading.

ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF LAYERED AND VISCO-ELASTIC SOILS UNDER ARBITRARY LOADING

Based on the layered visco-elastic soil model, according to the Terzaghi's one dimensional consolidation theory, by the method of Laplace transform and matrix transfer technique, the problems about the consolidation of layered and saturated visco-elastic soils under arbitrary loading were solved. Through deductions, the general solution, in the terms of layer thickness, the modulus and the coefficients of permeability and Laplacian transform's parameters was obtained. The strain and deformation of the layered and saturated visco-elastic soils under arbitrary loading can be calculated by Laplace inversion. According to the results of several numerical examples, the consolidation of visco-elastic soils logs behind that of elastic soils. The development of effective stress and the displacement is vibrant process under cyclic loading. Finally, an engineering case is studied and the results prove that the methods are very effective.

State space solution to 3D multilayered elastic soils based on order reduction method

Starting with the governing equations in terms of displacements of 3D elastic media, the solutions to displacement components and their first derivatives are obtained by the application of a double Fourier transform and an order reduction method based on the Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Combining the solutions and the constitutive equations which connect the displacements and stresses, the transfer matrix of a single soil layer is acquired. Then, the state space solution to multilayered elastic soils is further obtained by introducing the boundary conditions and continuity conditions between adjacent soil layers. The numerical analysis based on the present theory is carried out, and the vertical displacements of multilayered foundation with a weak and a hard underlying stratums are compared and discussed.

DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN ELASTIC THICK CIRCULAR PLATE AND TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC SATURATED SOIL GROUND

A study of the dynamic interaction between foundation and the underlying soil has been presented in a recent paper based on the assumption of saturated ground and elastic circular plate excited by the axisymmetrical harmonic source. However, the assumption may not always be valid. The work is extended to the case of a circular plate resting on transversely isotropic saturated soil and subjected to a non-axisymmetrical harmonic force. The analysis is based on the theory of elastic wave in transversely isotropic saturated poroelastic media established. By the technique of Fourier expansion and Hankel transform, the governing difference equations for transversely isotropic saturated soil are easily solved and the cooresponding Hankel transformed stress and displacement solutions are obtained. Then, under the contact conditions, the problem leads to a pair of dual integral equations which describe the mixed boundary-value problem. Furthermore, the dual integral equations can be reduced to the Fredholm integral equations of the second kind solved by numerical procedure. At the end, a numerical result is presented which indicates that on a certain frequency range, the displacement amplitude of the surface of the foundation increases with the increase of the frequency of the exciting force, and decreases in vibration form with the increase of the distance.

PROPAGATION VELOCITIES OF ELASTIC WAVES IN SATURATED SOILS

Bused on the wave equations established by the authors, the characteristics of propagation velocities of elastic vaves in saturated soils arc analyzed and verified by ultrasonic test in laboratory and seismic survey in the field. The results provide theoretical basis for the determination of physical and mechanical parameters of saturated soils using propagation velocities of elastic waves. especially P-wave Velocity.

SECOND ORDER EFFECTS IN AN ELASTIC HALF－SPACE ACTED UPON BY A NON－UNIFORM NORMAL LOAD

A closed form solution to the second order elasticity problem ,when an isotropiccompressible elastic half-space undergoes a deformation owing to a non-uniformlydistributed normal load,is presented,The method of integral transform is employedand the case when loading is distributed,in accordance with Hertz'x law ,is discussed.The limiting solution for incompressible isotropic elastic material is also derived.Numerical calculations for the second order elastic material for the displacement and the normal stress in the z-direction are carried out .It is found that,in comparison to the linear elastic case,the displacement increases and the normal stress decreases in the second order elastic material.

简谐荷载作用下弹性土体中圆形隧道和轨道结构的动力响应

采用解析的方法研究了弹性土体中圆形隧道和轨道结构的动力响应。将隧道视为无限长的薄壁圆管,轨道被简化成铺设在隧道仰拱上无限长的欧拉梁,周围土体为无限空间弹性介质。通过在环向采用模态叠加法,在轴向采用傅里叶变换求解隧道与轨道之间的耦合问题,获得了在简谐荷载作用下弹性土体中圆形隧道和轨道结构的动力响应。研究结果表明:低支承刚度的结构体系会产生连续的干涉现象,这种情况在高频的情况下尤为明显;虽然轨道的弯曲刚度越大,结构的位移越小,但是整体规律保持不变;支承刚度的增加会导致轨道固有频率向高频偏移;无轨道结构中土体位移会随着荷载频率的升高而降低,在加入轨道后荷载会与轨道固有频率产生共振效应,形成特定的极大值。

基于能量的振冲碎石桩加密效果评价方法

采用常规检测手段进行处理地基的工后质检存在时间滞后与空间局部的问题,不能及时反映处理地基的整体加固效果。提出了一种基于能量的碎石桩复合地基桩周土振动加密效果评价方法,为实现桩周土加密效果的准实时评价提供参考。首先,根据地基弹性波传播理论建立振冲施工过程中桩周土吸收波动能量的计算方法,通过不排水动三轴试验建立典型饱和粉砂土基于吸收能量的超静孔压模型,为进一步根据固结理论预测处理后复合地基桩周土密实度提供依据;其次,依托某工程水电站深厚坝基碎石桩处理工程实例,采用桩周土超静孔压峰值和处理后孔隙比两个关键物理量对方法进行了检验,发现与施工现场实测超静孔压和工后质检得到的孔隙比相比,方法的预测精度达到90%左右,说明基于能量的振冲碎石桩加密效果评价方法具有可行性。

非饱和膨胀土脱湿过程中的弹性模量研究

现有的理论与测试方法通常没有考虑非饱和作用对膨胀土弹性模量的影响,在处理降雨问题时会产生较大的误差。针对这一问题,本文研究了膨胀土在脱湿过程中的收缩变形特征,同时采用弯曲元以及应变控制仪获得了在小变形条件和有限变形条件下膨胀土的弹性模量与含水率的变化关系。结果表明:随着土样饱和度降低,膨胀土发生了明显的收缩变形;小变形弹性模量远大于有限变形弹性模量,且土样的小变形弹性模量随着饱和度的降低迅速增大,而有限变形弹性模量则随着饱和度的降低变化幅度很小;含水率或基质吸力对非饱和土弹性模量的影响趋势与应变水平密切相关。

垂直弹射系统中缓冲及反后坐效应的建模方法

针对垂直弹射过程中,由缓冲以及弹射后坐引发的对发射性能与阵地产生的负面影响问题,从缓冲吸能角度,提出按缓冲器的塑性应变能-压缩量关系曲线拟合并求导解算缓冲力-压缩量关系模型的方法,有效规避了缓冲力波动所造成的拟合漂移问题,并据此构造了模拟缓冲器的线弹性-塑性弹簧模型;依据弹射试验数据,反演了反后坐效应的动态数据,据此构造了模拟反后坐效应的非线性粘弹性-塑性弹簧模型;通过力元、状态变量及牛顿迭代法的有机结合,在动力学模型中实现了上述二模型的高效解算。仿真结果表明:两模型计算稳定高效且缓冲特性与有限元仿真结果高度吻合、反后坐效应和试验数据符合良好,这验证了数据处理方法的有效性和建模方法的可信性,为后续含缓冲和反后坐效应的弹射动力学仿真提供了一种稳定而又可信的建模思路。

筋土峰值拉拔力的影响因素研究

为解决加筋土结构中筋土界面间复杂效应问题,采用筋材的微单元受力平衡方法,考虑剪切刚度与位移的影响,推导筋土峰值拉拔力计算公式;预测筋材在所受拉力不超过其峰值拉拔力的情况下各个位置的拉力及位移;在最大峰值拉拔力的范围内分析筋材有效加筋长度、剪切刚度对筋材位移的影响及其变化规律。结果表明,在峰值拉拔力一定的情况下,筋材的有效加筋长度与剪切刚度对峰值拉拔力的影响较为显著,而弹性模量对峰值拉拔力的影响较小,筋材位移随着筋材有效加筋长度、剪切刚度的增大而呈非线性减小。将采用筋土界面峰值拉拔力公式的计算结果与拉拔试验的试验结果进行对比分析,发现两者的最大峰值拉拔力相差不大,结果吻合较好。研究成果可以为加筋土工程提供一定的理论参考。

含盐量及冻融条件对冻融氯盐粉质黏土静动强度特性影响研究

沿海地区隧道建设中人工冻结法加固越来越多,而冻融氯盐粉质黏土静动强度及弹性模量特征是人工冻结法加固解冻融沉预测与稳定性设计的重要依据。为深入研究氯盐粉质黏土静动强度及弹性模量变化规律,开展了冻融前后、不同含盐量及冻融温度的固结不排水静三轴试验和动三轴试验。研究结果表明:不同试验条件下静三轴应力-应变曲线及动三轴骨干曲线均呈现应变硬化特征;冻融前试样曲线初始线性阶段更明显。静强度随含盐量增加先降后升,存在一对应最低强度的临界含盐量为1%;-10℃冻融后,含盐量≤3%时动强度无明显变化,含盐量为4%时动强度显著增大至其余含盐量试样的1.8倍;含盐量增加使弹性模量增加1.1~2.0倍。对弹性模量进行E/E_(max)归一化处理,并可用双曲线模型进行描述。冻融后,2%含盐量试样静、动强度损伤率分别为52%~66%、69%~78%,峰值静、动弹性模量损伤率为90%、81%。冻融温度对静、动强度及弹性模量影响不明显。研究结果可为人工冻结法在海相含盐地层应用、预测与控制工后融沉提供理论依据,保证隧道安全运营。

层状地基分界面及土体参数变化对土体振动响应影响研究

为研究空沟在层状地基上时,土体参数和土体分界面对土体振动响应的影响,采用Comsol仿真物理场建立了二维有限元分析模型。在研究中,分析了层状地基不同土体参数时的土体振动响应表现差异,结果表明:空沟在深度达到层状地基的土体分界面附近时会出现振动加强现象,该现象受到分层土体的泊松比和密度以及弹性模量的影响。土体参数的变化同样会导致土体振动响应的变化,具体表现为密度越大则土体振动响应就越大;而弹性模量和泊松比则需考虑分层情况。其中下层弹性模量越大则土体振动响应越大,上层则与之相反;下层泊松比越小则土体振动响应越大,而上层在空沟深度小于一定范围内时时表现为泊松比越小土体振动响应越大,在当达到一定深度后,上层土体不同泊松比的加速度大小曲线呈现交错状态。

快压缩P_(1)波在饱和冻土与弹性基岩分界面上的能量传输特性

基于弹性波在冻结饱和多孔介质与单相弹性介质中的传播理论,选取了饱和冻土中传播速度最大的快压缩P 1波入射在饱和冻土与弹性基岩分界面上的能量传输问题。根据分界面上的边界条件,推导出了快压缩P 1波从饱和冻土介质入射到弹性基岩分界面上透反射振幅比和能量率的解析表达式。研究了快压缩P_(1)波入射在饱和冻土与弹性基岩分界面上的能量与入射角度,入射频率,温度(含冰量),孔隙率,胶结参数以及接触参数的关系。研究结果表明:当入射角度为0°时仅存在压缩波,达到临界角后透射P波消失;各种波在达到临界角时出现不同程度的脉冲,其中反射P_(1)波最为显著;随着胶结参数,孔隙率,接触参数的增大,临界角越早出现;入射频率仅对反射P_(2),P_(3)和S_(2)波的能量反射率影响较大;当温度和含冰量较低或较高时,均不利于反射S_(2)波的能量产生。