Monitoring the change in horizontal stress with multi-wave time-lapse seismic response based on nonlinear elasticity theory

Monitoring the change in horizontal stress from the geophysical data is a tough challenge, and it has a crucial impact on broad practical scenarios which involve reservoir exploration and development, carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) injection and storage, shallow surface prospecting and deep-earth structure description. The change in in-situ stress induced by hydrocarbon production and localized tectonic movements causes the changes in rock mechanic properties (e.g. wave velocities, density and anisotropy) and further causes the changes in seismic amplitudes, phases and travel times. In this study, the nonlinear elasticity theory that regards the rock skeleton (solid phase) and pore fluid as an effective whole is used to characterize the effect of horizontal principal stress on rock overall elastic properties and the stress-dependent anisotropy parameters are therefore formulated. Then the approximate P-wave, SV-wave and SH-wave angle-dependent reflection coefficient equations for the horizontal-stress-induced anisotropic media are proposed. It is shown that, on the different reflectors, the stress-induced relative changes in reflectivities (i.e., relative difference) of elastic parameters (i.e., P- and S-wave velocities and density) are much less than the changes in contrasts of anisotropy parameters. Therefore, the effects of stress change on the reflectivities of three elastic parameters are reasonably neglected to further propose an AVO inversion approach incorporating P-, SH- and SV-wave information to estimate the change in horizontal principal stress from the corresponding time-lapse seismic data. Compared with the existing methods, our method eliminates the need for man-made rock-physical or fitting parameters, providing more stable predictive power. 1D test illustrates that the estimated result from time-lapse P-wave reflection data shows the most reasonable agreement with the real model, while the estimated result from SH-wave reflection data shows the largest bias. 2D test illustrates the feasibility of the proposed inversion method for estimating the change in horizontal stress from P-wave time-lapse seismic data.

Weighted-elastic-wave interferometric imaging of microseismic source location

Knowledge of the locations of seismic sources is critical for microseismic monitoring. Time-window-based elastic wave interferometric imaging and weighted- elastic-wave （WEW） interferometric imaging are proposed and used to locate modeled microseismic sources. The proposed method improves the precision and eliminates artifacts in location profiles. Numerical experiments based on a horizontally layered isotropic medium have shown that the method offers the following advantages： It can deal with Iow-SNR microseismic data with velocity perturbations as well as relatively sparse receivers and still maintain relatively high precision despite the errors in the velocity model. Furthermore, it is more efficient than conventional traveltime inversion methods because interferometric imaging does not require traveltime picking. Numerical results using a 2D fault model have also suggested that the weighted-elastic-wave interferometric imaging can locate multiple sources with higher location precision than the time-reverse imaging method.

Effects of porosity on seismic velocities, elastic moduli and Poisson's ratios of solid materials and rocks

The generalized mixture rule(GMR) is used to provide a unified framework for describing Young’s(E),shear(G) and bulk(K) moduli, Lame parameter(l), and P- and S-wave velocities(Vpand Vs) as a function of porosity in various isotropic materials such as metals, ceramics and rocks. The characteristic J values of the GMR for E, G, K and l of each material are systematically different and display consistent correlations with the Poisson’s ratio of the nonporous material(v0). For the materials dominated by corner-shaped pores, the fixed point at which the effective Poisson’s ratio(n) remains constant is at v0=0.2, and J(G) > J(E) > J(K) > J(l) and J(G) < J(E) < J(K) < J(l) for materials with v0> 0.2 and v0< 0.2, respectively.J(Vs) > J(Vp) and J(Vs) < J(Vp) for the materials with v0> 0.2 and v0< 0.2, respectively. The effective n increases, decreases and remains unchanged with increasing porosity for the materials with v0< 0.2,v0> 0.2 and v0=0.2, respectively. For natural rocks containing thin-disk-shaped pores parallel to mineral cleavages, grain boundaries and foliation, however, the n fixed point decreases nonlinearly with decreasing pore aspect ratio(a: width/length). With increasing depth or pressure, cracks with smaller a values are progressively closed, making the n fixed point rise and finally reach to the point at v0=0.2.

Elastic and Seismic Properties of Dabie-Sulu Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphic Rocks

Lame modulus （λ） and shear modulus （μ） are among the most important, intrinsic, elastic constants of rocks. Using 7. and μ could be much more advantageous than using P- and S-wave velocities （Vp and Vs）. Here we quantified these equivalent isotropic elastic moduli for 115 representative rocks from the ultrahigh pressure （UHP） metamorphic terrane of the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt （China） and their variations with pressure （P）, temperature （T）, density （p）, Vp, Vs and mineralogical composition. Both moduli increase nonlinearly and linearly with increasing pressure at low （〈200-300 MPa） and high （〉200-300 MPa） pressures, respectively. In the regime of high pressures, 7. and IX decrease quasi-linearly with increasing temperature with temperature derivatives dλ/dT and dμ/dT generally in the range of -10×10-3 to -1×10-3 GPa/℃. Dehydration of water-bearing minerals such as serpentine in peridotites and chlorite in retrograde eciogites results in an abrupt drop in 7. while μ remains almost unchanged. In Z-p, μ-p and 7.-IX plots, the main categories of UHP rocks can be characterized. Serpentinization leads to significant decreases in μ and 7. as serpentine has extremely low values of Z, μ and p. Eclogites, common mafic rocks （mafic gneiss, metagabbro and amphibolite）, and felsic rocks （orthogneiss and paragneiss） have high, moderate and low μ and λ values, respectively. For pyroxenes and olivines, λ increases but μ decreases with increasing Fe/Mg ratios. For plagioclase feldspars, both Z and μ exhibit a significant positive correlation with anorthite content. SiO2-rich felsic rocks and quartzites are deviated remarkably from the general trend lines of the acid-intermediate-mafic rocks in Vs-p, μ-p, λ-Vp,λ-Vs and μ-λ diagrams because quartz has extremely low λ （-8.1 GPa） and p （2.65 g/cm3） but moderate μ （44.4 GPa） values. Increasing the contents of garnet, rutile, ilmenite and magnetite results in a significant increase in the λ and μ values of the UHP metamorphic rocks. However, either λ or μ is insensitive to the compositional variations for pyralspite （pyrope-almandine-spessartine） solution series. The results provide potentially improved constraints on characterization of crustal composition based on the elastic properties of rocks and in situ seismic data from deep continental roots.

Seismic elastic-plastic time history analysis and reliability study of quayside container crane

Quayside container crane is a kind of huge dimension steel structure,which is the major equipment used for handling container at modern ports.With the aim to validate the safety and reliability of the crane under seismic loads,besides conventional analysis,elastic-plastic time history analysis under rare seismic intensity is carried out.An ideal finite element（FEM） elastic-plastic mechanical model of the quayside container crane is presented by using ANSYS codes.Furthermore,according to elastic-plastic time history analysis theory,deformation,stress and damage pattern of the structure under rare seismic intensity are investigated.Based on the above analysis,the established reliability model according to the reliability theory,together with seismic reliability analysis based on Monte-Carlo simulation is applied to practical analysis.The results show that the overall structure of the quayside container crane is generally unstable under rare seismic intensity,and the structure needs to be reinforced.

Modeling Investigation of Correlations between Elastic Properties Predicted by Rock Physics Model with Seismic Data (Case Study of an Iranian Oil Field)

Accurate characterization of seismic properties in the prediction of P-wave and S-wave velocities through carbonate reservoirs is necessary due to their intrinsic heterogeneity. Moreover, both the waves velocities mentioned above are applied to the uncertainty analysis as well as the complexity investigation presented in the carbonate reservoirs. In this study, three wells of an Iranian oil field which its formation is the upper part of the Sarvak (Mishrif) has been studied. In accordance with the petrophysical interpretation of this oil field using Geo-log software, a rock physics model has been constructed based on Xu-Payne model (2009) using Hampson-Russel software to predict the elastic properties like P-wave and S-wave velocities as well as density. In the following, some synthetic seismic traces have been created based on the rock physics model using Hampson-Russel software to obtain the correlation coefficients of the seismic data with both the predicted and measured elastic properties. As results, the obtained correlation coefficients show that the predicted elastic properties by the rock physics model have higher quality than the measured elastic properties. In addition, the correlation coefficients of the predicted elastic properties in the well number 1, 2, and 3 have approximately increased by 19.6, 21.3, and 18.2 percent, respectively, in comparison to the correlation coefficients of the measured elastic properties. Therefore, the predicted elastic properties can be replaced with the low-quality measured elastic properties. Eventually, some templates have been created to accurate characterization the carbonate reservoir based on the rock physics model and also show the high-quality correlations between the rock physics model and the measured data.

Elastic Dynamic Stability of Big-Span Power Transmission Tower Subjected to Seismic Excitations

By combining the time-history response analysis and the eigenvalue buckling analysis, this paper developed a computational procedure to study the elastic dynamic stability of a transmission tower by APDL language in ANSYS. The influences of different input directions of seismic excitations and damping ratio on the elastic dynamic stability of tower were discussed. The following conclusions were obtained： （ 1 ） Longitudinal direction of the transmission lines is the worst input direction of seismic excitation for the transmission tower. （2） Dead load has no significant effect on the critical load and the occurrence time of buckling. （3） Vertical input of seismic excitations has no great effect on the dynamic stability of the transmission tower. （4） Damping effect has an influence on the dynamic stability of the transmission tower; however, the inherent characteristics of dynamic buckling is not changed.

Seismic performance of two-story subway station structures with different isolating systems

When the sliding bearing is fixed only at the top of the middle column of the underground structure,the cracks at the side end of the middle plate should be aggravated while the seismic damage of the mid-column should be alleviated.To enhance the seismic performance of the mid-plate,a new isolation design method has been mentioned while the elastic sliding bearings are set at the top of the mid-columns and between the side end of the mid-plate and the side wall at the same time.By establishing a nonlinear finite element analysis model for the static-dynamic coupling interaction system,the seismic response characteristics of the cast-in-place station structure without a sliding bearing have been analyzed and compared with those of the station structure with the sliding bearing fixed only at the top of the middle columns,and those of the station structure with sliding bearing be fixed between the mid-plate and the sidewall at the same time.The results show that the new isolation station structures suffer fewer earthquake damages at the mid-plate and mid-columns at the same time,which can improve the overall seismic performance of the subway station structure.

Numerical investigation on seismic performance of a shallow buried underground structure with isolation devices

A design procedure for improving the seismic performance of unequal-span underground structures by installing isolation devices at the top end of columns is proposed based on the seismic failure mode of frame-type underground structures and the design concept of critical support columns.A two-dimensional finite element model(FEM)for a soil-underground structure with an unequal-span interaction system was established to shed light on the effects of a complex subway station with elastic sliding bearings(ESB)and lead rubber bearings(LRB)on seismic mitigation.It was found that the stiffness and internal force distribution of the underground structure changed remarkably with the installation of isolation devices at the top end of the columns.The constraints of the beam-column joints were significantly weakened,resulting in a decrease in the overall lateral stiffness and an increase in the structural lateral displacement.The introduction of the isolation device effectively reduces the internal force and seismic damage of the frame column;however,the tensile damage to the isolation structure,such as the roof,bottom plate,and sidewall,significantly increased compared to those of the non-isolation structure.Although the relative slip of the ESB remains within a controllable range under strong earthquake excitation as well as frame columns with stable vertical support and self-restoration functions,the LRB shows a better performance during seismic failure and better lateral displacement response of the unequal-span underground structure.The analysis results provide new ideas and references for promoting the application of seismic isolation technology in underground structures.

Elastic and Inelastic Response of Structural Systems in Seismic Pounding

The present paper addresses the comparative study of three adjacent single-degree-of freedom structures for elastic and inelastic system with and without pounding under seismic excitations. For the gap between three adjacent structures, the simulation is done by using linear spring element without damping. The entire numerical simulation is done in time domain by considering the inputs of four real ground motions. The results of the study show that the response of elastic system is much different to that of response of inelastic system in the absence and presence of pounding, especially in lighter or more flexible structures. Elastic structures show much severe pounding response than inelastic structures. Modeling of colliding structures behaving inelastically is really needed in order to obtain the accurate structural pounding involved response under seismic excitation.

The role of temperature‐enhanced fault closure in promoting postinjection pressure diffusion and seismicity in enhanced geothermal systems

Post shut‐in seismic events in enhanced geothermal systems(EGSs)occur predominantly at the outer rim of the co‐injection seismic cloud.The concept of postinjection fracture and fault closure near the injection well has been proposed and validated as a mechanism for enhancing post shut‐in pressure diffusion that promotes seismic hazard.This phenomenon is primarily attributed to the poro‐elastic closure of fractures resulting from the reduction of wellbore pressure after injection termination.However,the thermal effects in EGSs,mainly including heat transfer and thermal stress,may not be trivial and their role in postinjection fault closure and pressure evolution needs to be explored.In this study,we performed numerical simulations to analyze the relative importance of poro‐elasticity,heat transfer,and thermo‐elasticity in promoting postinjection fault closure and pressure diffusion.The numerical model wasfirst validated against analytical solutions in terms offluid pressure diffusion and against heatedflow‐through experiments in terms of thermal processes.We then quantified and distinguished the contribution of each individual mechanism by comparing four different shut‐in scenarios simulated under different coupled conditions.Our results highlight the importance of poro‐elastic fault closure in promoting postinjection pressure buildup and seismicity,and suggest that heat transfer can further augment the fault closure‐induced pressure increase and thus potentially intensify the postinjection seismic hazard,with minimal contribution from thermo‐elasticity.

利用弹性参数反演预测潮汕坳陷目标构造的含油气性

【研究目的】潮汕坳陷构造隆起部位受砂岩储层发育程度和构造条件的双重控制,其侧翼洼陷为其提供烃源,是油气聚集最有利区。利用地震反演的弹性参数进行含油气性预测的潮汕坳陷中生界砂岩储层具有明显的低密度特征,而其他岩性的密度偏高。【研究方法】利用叠前地震全道集资料直接反演密度、泊松比等弹性参数,通过密度反演成果预测砂岩储层发育情况和烃类分布,实现对中生界含油气性的预测。【研究结果】泊松比对烃类比较敏感,储层含烃后具有明显的低泊松比特征。【结论】利用地震反演的弹性参数进行含油气性预测表明,烃类异常特征明显,预测构造隆起部位具有较好的含油气性。叠前弹性参数反演技术使无井区域储层预测的多解性与不确定性大大降低,提高了反演结果的准确性和可靠性,这项技术的应用对于类似研究新区的储层预测和烃类检测工作,具有很好的应用推广价值。

三维各向异性TI介质中的P/S波快速解耦技术及在弹性波逆时偏移中的应用

随着多分量采集技术的发展,弹性波逆时偏移技术在三维各向异性介质复杂地质构造成像中得到了广泛的应用.然而耦合的P波场和S波场,会在传播过程中产生串扰噪声,降低弹性波逆时偏移的成像精度.为了解决这一问题,本研究针对具有倾斜各向异性对称轴的三维横向各向同性(Transverse Isotropy,TI)介质,提出了一种矢量弹性波场快速解耦方法,可以有效提高偏移剖面的成像质量.该方法首先通过坐标转换,将观测系统坐标系的垂直轴旋转到TI介质的对称轴方向,在新坐标系下,根据具有垂直对称轴的三维横向各向同性(Vertical Transverse Isotropy,VTI)介质中的分解算子,推导出三维TI介质解耦算子表达式.接着引入一种在空间域快速计算分解波场的方法,来实现空间域矢量P波场和S波场分离,极大地提高了计算效率.最后,通过点积成像条件,将提出的P/S波分解方法引入到三维TI介质弹性波逆时偏移中,得到高精度的PP和PS成像.与以往的波场分解方法相比,本文方法具有数值稳定和计算效率高的特点.数值算例表明,应用上述三维TI分解算子得到的偏移剖面有效压制了噪声,提高了成像质量.

铁路空心高墩弹塑性地震反应特征

以某铁路高墩大跨简支梁桥的矩形空心截面桥墩为研究对象,构建了4种墩高的计算模型。考虑了纵筋、分段配筋、加强筋截断位置及加强筋设置数量等因素,采用OpenSees软件建立单墩计算模型进行了增量动力分析,总结了铁路高墩弹塑性地震反应特征,对抗震设计提出了建议。结果表明:纵筋配筋率在0.63%~0.89%条件下,当墩高小于42.0 m且纵筋通长布置时,空心墩底截面为薄弱部位;当墩高大于67.0 m且纵筋分段配筋时,则空心墩底截面、纵筋截断处截面以及墩中某一截面均可能为薄弱部位,但空心墩底截面均为首先出现塑性铰的区域;墩中塑性铰需要较大地震动激励才可能产生,纵筋配筋方式的选择应考虑地震动峰值加速度的影响;增加墩底加强纵筋数量总体上对降低墩底截面的塑性程度是有利的,但强震作用下未必能提高桥墩整体的抗震性能;对于高墩,当墩身出现两个或多个塑性铰区时,建议采用曲率延性系数作为评价指标。

湖北工人文化宫超限结构设计

湖北工人文化宫的主要功能为职工培训和展览等,主体结构采用框架-剪力墙结构,存在扭转不规则、偏心布置、楼板不连续、局部跃层柱等不规则项,属于复杂超限高层建筑。采用抗震性能化设计对主要构件进行复核,采用YJK和MIDAS Building软件对结构进行多遇地震弹性计算和弹性时程分析以及罕遇地震下的动力弹塑性时程分析和楼板应力分析等。分析结果表明,整体结构可以满足规范的要求,达到预定的性能目标。并根据分析结果采取抗震加强措施。在容易产生共振的大跨度预应力楼盖区域,以高阻尼橡胶减振垫作为减振材料,对楼盖在人行激励下和有节奏运动激励下的楼板舒适度进行分析。分析结果表明,楼板舒适度满足规范要求。

面向建筑韧性目标的减隔震设计研究与实践

为培养土木工程类学生防灾减灾设计能力,本文以《基于保持建筑正常使用功能的抗震技术导则》(以下简称《导则》)为核心内容,提出建筑物在遭受设防地震时满足正常使用要求,并根据使用功能及损坏后果提出Ⅰ、Ⅱ类建筑性能目标。以预期抗震韧性目标为导向,提出一种面向两区八类建筑的“三水准设防、两阶段设计”策略,以实现《导则》对Ⅰ、Ⅱ类建筑进行减隔震设计时正常使用要求,提高震后建筑维持和恢复使用功能的能力。选取某医技楼和学校作为Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类建筑的典型算例,以震后修复费用、修复时间和人员伤亡指标提出预期韧性目标,并对其按照韧性设防策略进行隔震与减震设计。基于弹塑性时程分析结果采用SAUSG-RES提取工程需求参数进行韧性等级评定。结果表明,两区八类建筑采用韧性设防策略后,结构在遭受设防地震时满足正常使用要求,经过简单修复后可恢复使用功能,达到韧性一星等级;在遭受罕遇地震后经过适度修复可恢复使用功能,达到高韧性等级。韧性设防策略不仅完善了传统抗震设防的不足,而且衔接《导则》要求与工程设计习惯,为抗震设计课程高阶性改革提供了参考思路。

稀疏井网下隔夹层精细预测方法研究及效果分析

在薄层预测领域,地质统计学和波形指示反演技术是当前的两大主流方法。然而,地质统计学反演在井点稀疏区域构建精确变差函数方面存在挑战,难以实现对薄层的准确预测。尽管波形指示反演对井网分布的依赖性较小,但其高频成分在描述地震振幅的空间变化方面存在不足。为了克服这些限制,提出了叠前构形反演技术。该技术通过对比地震数据体中能量和频率特征的横向变化,有效预测目标岩性的空间分布。充分利用了地震数据体的横向信息,其高频信息与地震数据体的空间能量变化高度吻合。通过射线域弹性阻抗分析,该方法能够提取更多弹性参数,其结果与AVO特征相一致,从而更准确地反映叠前地震数据不同射线域能量的横向变化,精确预测多种岩性类型。在稀疏井网的研究区,对于复杂岩性隔夹层的预测具有显著优势。该方法在多个油田的实际应用中已显示出卓越的效果,对于1 m以上夹层的预测准确率超过80%,明显优于传统的反演技术,特别适合于稀疏井网区域的复杂岩性隔夹层预测。

高烈度区框-筒结构组合减隔震抗震性能研究

随着社会经济发展,我国高层建筑数量与日俱增,减震、隔震技术逐渐在高层结构中应用,并且提出了减震、隔震装置联合使用的新型组合减隔震技术。本文为研究高层组合减隔震结构中阻尼器布置位置对隔震效果的影响,针对高烈度区某框架-核心筒结构采取传统抗震、隔震、隔震-隔震层减震和隔震-非隔震层减震4种抗震方案,并选取7条地震波,通过Perform-3D软件对其分别进行罕遇地震和极罕遇地震下的弹塑性时程分析。对比结构宏观指标发现:相比隔震结构,组合减隔震结构能有效降低地震响应;黏滞阻尼器设置在非隔震层的组合减隔震结构抗震效果最佳,提高了结构安全度。

岩石物理驱动的储层物性参数非线性地震反演方法

叠前地震反演和岩石物理反演分别是获取弹性参数和物性参数的重要手段,两者结合有助于实现储层参数预测并精细刻画储层特征.储层物性参数的反演依赖于岩石物理模型,在进行物性参数反演时可以将复杂的岩石物理模型做泰勒展开,进而得到其一阶或高阶的近似表达式,然而这会降低模型的精确性并增加反演的误差.为了提高储层物性参数反演的稳定性和准确性,本文以碎屑岩储层为例,提出了岩石物理驱动的储层物性参数非线性地震反演方法.首先,基于贝叶斯框架和高斯分布约束条件,从叠前地震数据中实现纵、横波速度及密度等弹性参数的反演.其次,通过碎屑岩岩石物理模型建立起弹性参数与物性参数之间的联系.最后,利用粒子群算法进行全局寻优获得较为准确的孔隙度、泥质含量和含水饱和度等物性参数.合成数据和实际资料测试结果验证了所提方法的可行性和准确性,反演结果与测井数据吻合较好,可有效指示含气储层区域,本文方法在储层预测和评价方面具有广泛的应用前景.