Elasto-plastic Analysis of Circular Tunnels in Jointed Rock Masses Satisfy the Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion

The relationship between the Hoek-Brown parameters and the mechanical response of circular tunnels is il-lustrated. Closed-form and approximate solutions are given for the extent of the plastic zone and the stress and dis-placement fields under axisymmetrical and asymmetric stress conditions. For the same rock masses and under axisym-metrical stress conditions,the radius of the plastic zone in terms of Hoek-Brown criterion is generally an approximation of the radius in terms of the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. The radius in terms of the Hoek-Brown criterion is larger under low stress conditions. For poor quality rock masses (GSI<25),measures (such as grouting,setting rock bolts,etc.) that improve the GSI of rock masses are effective in improving the stability of tunnels. It is not advisable to improve the sta-bility of the tunnels by providing a small support resistance p through shotcrete,except for very poor quality jointed rock masses. Without reference to the quality of the rock mass,the disturbance factor D should not less than 0.5. Meas-ures which disturb rock masses during tunnel construction should be taken carefully when the tunnel depth increases.

Finite element analysis of elasto-plastic plate bending problems using transition rectangular plate elements

In this work, the finite element analysis of the elasto-plastic plate bending problems is carried out using transition rectangular plate elements. The shape functions of the transition plate elements are derived based on a practical rule. The transition plate elements are all quadrilateral and can be used to obtain efficient finite element models using minimum number of elements. The mesh convergence rates of the models including the transition elements are compared with the regular element models. To verify the developed elements, simple tests are demonstrated and various elasto-plastic problems are solved. Their results are compared with ANSYS results.

Elasto-plastic analysis of masonry with anisotropic plastic material model

This paper establishes an anisotropic plastic material model to analyze the elasto-plastic behavior of masonry in plane stress state.Being an anisotropic material,masonry has different constitutive relation and fracture energies along each orthotropic axes.Considering the unique material properties of masonry,a new yield criterion for masonry is proposed combining the Hill's yield criterion and the Rankine's yield criterion.The new yield criterion not only introduces compression friction coefficient of shear but also considers yield functions for independent stress state along two material axes of tension.To solve the involved nonlinear equations in numerical analysis,several nonlinear methods are implemented,including Newton-Raphson method for nonlinear equations and Implicit Euler backward mapping algorithm to update stresses.To verify the proposed material model of masonry,a series of tests are operated.The simulation results show that the new developed material model implements successfully.Compared with isotropic material model,the proposed model performs better in elasto-plastic analysis of masonry in plane stress state.The proposed anisotropic model is capable of simulating elasto-plastic behavior of masonry and can be used in related applications.

Stability and reinforcement analysis of rock slope based on elasto-plastic finite element method

The rigid body limit equilibrium method(RBLEM) and finite element method(FEM) are two widely used approaches for rock slope's stability analysis currently. RBLEM introduced plethoric assumptions; while traditional FEM relied on artificial factors when determining factor of safety(FOS) and sliding surfaces. Based on the definition of structure instability that an elasto-plastic structure is not stable if it is unable to satisfy simultaneously equilibrium condition, kinematical admissibility and constitutive equations under given external loads, deformation reinforcement theory(DRT) is developed. With this theory, plastic complementary energy(PCE) can be used to evaluate the overall stability of rock slope, and the unbalanced force beyond the yield surface could be the identification of local failure. Compared with traditional slope stability analysis approaches, the PCE norm curve to strength reduced factor is introduced and the unbalanced force is applied to the determination of key sliding surfaces and required reinforcement. Typical and important issues in rock slope stability are tested in TFINE(a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element program), which is further applied to several representatives of high rock slope's stability evaluation and reinforcement engineering practice in southwest of China.

Experimental Study on Shear Lag Effect of Partial Cable-Stayed Bridge and Elasto-Plastic Seismic Analysis

The project of Xiaoxihu Yellow River Bridge in Lanzhou is chosen as partial cable-stayed bridge. To get the shear lag effect and anti-earthquake performance of the actual bridge under various loading conditions, organic glass scaled model was adopted to have an experiment and a theory research at one time. The experiment result is the basically same as the theory calculation which proves the FEA method can well calculate shear lag effect and dynamical performance. As a result, because the bridge is located in a seismic area of 8 degree, an elasto-plastic seismic checking is performed by customized FEA program in this paper.

THE ELASTO-PLASTIC STRAIN ANALYSIS OF NOTCHED PLATE UNDER CYCLIC LOADING—AN APPLICATION OF PLASTIC ANISOTROPIC HARDENING THEORY

In order to predict the life of engineering structures, it is necessary to investigate the strain distribution in notched members. In gineral, the Uauschinger Effect of materials under cyclic loading is not negligible, and so the anisolropic hardening model has been suggested. From the comparison between the calculated and experimental results in this paper, we can see that even the linear kinematic hardening model is quite suitable for strain analysis under cyclic loading.

Progressive Analysis of Bearing Failure in Pin-Loaded Composite Laminates Using an Elasto-Plastic Damage Model

Bearing failure of composite laminate is very complicated due to the complexity of different failure mechanisms and their interactions. In this paper, an elasto-plastic damage model is built up to describe the process of failure in composite laminates subjected to bearing load. Non-linear behavior of composite before failure is taken into consideration by using a modified Sun-Chen one parameter plasticity model. LaRC05 failure criteria are employed to predict the initiation of failure and the evolution of failure is described by a CDM based stiffness degradation model. Both theory and some application issues like parameter determination are discussed according to phenomenon of experiments. The model is firstly validated by several experiment results of unidirectional laminate and then applicated into the progressive analysis of bearing failure in pin-loaded multidirectional laminates, both intralaminar and interlaminar damage are taken into consideration. The result of finite element analysis is compared with experiment results;it shows good agreements in both mechanical response and progress of failure, so the model can be evaluated to be effective and practical in bearing failure analysis of composite laminates.

Mechanical mechanism analysis of tension type anchor based on shear displacement method

Based on the fact that the shear stress along anchorage segment is neither linearly nor uniformly distributed, the load transfer mechanism of the tension type anchor was studied and the mechanical characteristic of anchorage segment was analyzed. Shear stress?strain relationship of soil surrounding anchorage body was simplified into three-folding-lines model consisting of elastic phase, elasto-plastic phase and residual phase considering its softening characteristic. Meanwhile, shear displacement method that has been extensively used in the analysis of pile foundation was introduced. Based on elasto-plastic theory, the distributions of displacement, shear stress and axial force along the anchorage segment of tension type anchor were obtained, and the formula for calculating the elastic limit load was also developed accordingly. Finally, an example was given to discuss the variation of stress and displacement in the anchorage segment with the loads exerted on the anchor, and a program was worked out to calculate the anchor maximum bearing capacity. The influence of some parameters on the anchor bearing capacity was discussed, and effective anchorage length was obtained simultaneously. The results show that the shear stress first increases and then decreases and finally trends to the residual strength with increase of distance from bottom of the anchorage body, the displacement increases all the time with the increase of distance from bottom of the anchorage body, and the increase of velocity gradually becomes greater.

Numerical and Dimensional Analysis for Prediction of Line Heating Residual Deformations

Line heating process is a very complex phenomenon as a variety of factors affects the amount of residual deformations. Numerical thermal and mechanical analysis of line heating for prediction of residual deformation is time consuming. In the present work dimensional analysis has been presented to obtain a new relationship between input parameters and resulting residual deformations during line heating process. The temperature distribution and residual deformations for 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm thick steel plates were numerically estimated and compared with experimental and published results. Extensive data generated through a validated FE model were used to find co-relationship between the input parameters and the resulting residual deformation by multiple regression analysis. The results obtained from the deformation equations developed in this work compared well with those of the FE analysis with a drop in the computation time in the order of 100 (computational time required for FE analysis is around 7 200 second to 9 000 seconds and where the time required for getting the residual deformation by developed equations is only 60 to 90 seconds).

Thermo-mechanical and Experimental Analysis of Double Pass Line Heating

The present investigation deals with process analysis of oxy-acetylene flame assisted double pass line heating for varying plate thickness, oxy-acetylene flame as the heat source for multi pass line heating to achieve 3-D bending of plates with varying thicknesses was studied. The oxy-acetylene flame was modeled as the moving heat source in the FEM analysis. The transient thermal histories were predicted taking into account the temperature dependent thermo-mechanical properties. A comparative study between single pass and double pass line heating residual deformation was also carried out. The temperature distribution and residual detbrmations predicted by the numerical model developed in the present work compared fairly well with those of the experimental ones.

Analysis on Bearing Capacity of Tunnel-Type Anchorage of a Long-Span Suspension Bridge

Due to complicated rock structure and environment, a prototype test for a tunnel-type anchorage is infeasible. Based on the rock mass parameters from tests, a three-dimensional （3D） elastoplastic analysis was performed to simulate the influence of the construction procedure of Siduhe bridge with tunnel-type anchorage （TTA） in Hubei Province, China. The surrounding rock and concrete anchorage body were simulated by 8 nodes 3D brick elements. The geostatic state of the complex geometric structure was established with initial data. The in-situ concrete casting of the anchorage body and excavation of the rock mass were simulated by tetrahedral shell elements. The results show that the surrounding rock is in an elastic state under the designed cable force. The numerical overloading analysis indicates that the capacity of the surrounding anchorage is 7 times that of the designed cable force. The failure pattern shows that two anchorage bodies would be pulled out in the end. The maximum shear stress appears 10 m before the back anchorage face. The maximum range influenced by the TTA under ultimate loads is about 16 m.

STRUCTURAL DAMAGE MODEL OF UNSATURATED EXPANSIVE SOIL AND ITS APPLICATION IN MULTI-FIELD COUPLE ANALYSIS ON EXPANSIVE SOIL SLOPE

Focused on the sensitivity to climate change and the special mechanical characteristics of undisturbed expansive soil, an elasto-plastic damage constitutive model was proposed based on the mechanics of unsaturated soil and the mechanics of damage. Undisturbed expansive soil was considered as a compound of non-damaged part and damaged part. The behavior of the non-damaged part was described using non-linear constitutive model of unsaturated soil. The property of the damaged part was described using a damage evolution equation and two yield surfaces, i.e., loading yield （LY） and shear yield （SY）. Furthermore, a consolidation model for unsaturated undisturbed expansive soil was established and a FEM program named UESEPDC was designed. Numerical analysis on solid-liquid-gas tri-phases and multi-field couple problem was conducted for four stages and fields of stress, displacement, pore water pressure, pore air pressure, water content, suction, and the damage region as well as plastic region in an expansive soil slope were obtained.

An engineering analysis of penetration of metal ball into fibre-reinforced composite targets

An engineering analysis of computing the penetration problem of a steel ball penetrating into fibre-reinforced composite targets is presented. Assume the metal ball is a rigid body, and the composite target is a transversely isotropic elasto-plastic material. In the analysis, a spherical cavity dilatation model is incorporated in the cylindrical cavity penetration method. Simulation results based on the modified model are in good agreement with the results for 3-D Kevlar woven （3DKW） composite anti-penetration experiments. Effects of the target material parameters and impact parameters on the penetration problem are also studied.

Rock bolt mechanical analysis and its application to engineering

Combined with the 3D FEM,end-anchored anchorage bolts were simulated by implicit anchorage bolt element.Implicit anchorage bolt elements hide in the elements of rock mass and extremely simplify the element subdivision.The calculated value of an- chorage bolt stress is larger than the measured one for the most time.we further analyzed the reciprocity of anchorage bolt and rock mass,and then deduced the analytical equa- tions of anchorage bolt stress and rock mass deformation under elasto-plastic state.The results indicate that it is essential to revise the anchorage bolts stress by using the formu- las deduced when rock mass is softened or significantly deformed.Finally,a case study indicates that the calculated results agree with those measured.Some helpful methods are offerd for more accurate simulation of the support effect and anchorage bolts real stress state.

UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF ROCK FAILURE BEHAVIOUR USING AN INTEGRATION OF THE PROBABILISTIC COLLOCATION METHOD AND ELASTO-PLASTIC CELLULAR AUTOMATON

The Karhunen-Loeve （KL） expansion and probabilistic collocation method （PCM） are combined and applied to an uncertainty analysis of rock failure behavior by integrating a self- developed numerical method （i.e., the elastic-plastic cellular automaton （EPCA））. The results from the method developed are compared using the Monte Carlo Simulation （MCS） method. It is concluded that the method developed requires fewer collocations than MCS method to obtain very high accuracy and greatly reduces the computational cost. Based on the method, the elasto- plastic and elasto-brittle-plastic analyses of rocks under mechanical loadings are conducted to study the uncertainty in heterogeneous rock failure behaviour.

地震动强度指标与高拱坝响应的相关性

为了在高拱坝动力时程分析中采用合适的地震动强度指标选择和调整地震记录,将12种地震动强度指标进行分类,并对其中3种提出改进.以某300m级高拱坝为例,通过一系列非线性动力时程分析研究这15种地震动强度指标与高拱坝响应的相关性.结果表明,融合结构特征得到的地震动强度指标的相关性明显好于直接由地震动本身得到的指标;考虑一定周期范围的指标的相关性更优于只考虑结构基本周期的指标.改进后的3个强度指标能够更好地反映与结构响应的相关性和地震动表征的准确性,为高拱坝抗震设计中地震动的重构提供理论依据.

近场地震作用下密肋耗能复合墙结构地震响应分析

通过非弹性动态方法,改变控制参数的结构,输入不同近场地震波,进行地震响应分析.利用非线性有限元程序IDARC,建立密肋耗能复合墙结构简化分析模型,对同等条件下的密肋耗能复合墙结构与框架剪力墙结构,在近场地震作用下的典型层滞回曲线及结构耗能分布系数,进行对比分析.结果表明:在近场地震作用下密肋耗能复合墙结构,表现出良好的耗能减震能力,是一种较理想的新型抗震结构体系.

多向地震波下多层钢框架结构的弹塑性时程分析比较

为研究罕遇地震作用下单波与双波对多层钢框架结构弹塑性时程分析结果的影响,以唐山市某钢框架结构的学生公寓为原型,应用Abaqus有限元软件建立三维计算模型,对其在不同地震波作用下的结构响应进行了弹塑性时程分析。研究表明,在罕遇地震作用下,单向地震波下的柱底最大剪力是双波下的1.1倍;单向地震波下的底层柱最大轴力是双波下的1.1倍;双向地震波下柱底的最大弯矩值是单向地震波下的1.4倍;双向地震波作用下结构的最大层间位移角是单向地震波作用下的1.8倍;多层钢框架结构在罕遇地震作用下单向波和双向波的地震响应相差很大。与现有规范相比,在罕遇地震作用下,采用双波对结构进行地震作用下的弹塑性时程分析更为保守。

底框架剪力墙砌体结构数值模拟分析

底框架剪力墙-上部砌体结构由于底部较柔,上部结构刚度较大,具有一定的耗能能力,在数值模拟时结构建模繁琐.通过对底框架剪力墙-上部砌体结构采用ANSYS有限元软件进行数值模拟分析,分别选用shell63单元和solid65单元模拟砌体结构,两种方法模拟的结构振型相似,自振频率的变化规律和墙体的厚度一致,即厚度小、频率高,厚度大,频率就小,结构受力和变形也和理论值一致;但solid65单元模拟的结构比shell63单元模拟的结构周期偏长,受力增大,塑性分析时,solid65单元不易收敛.通过比较发现,地震谱分析时,用shell63单元模拟能够得到理想的结果,方法简单.

大跨双层斜拉桥多点激励地震响应

根据谐波合成法,利用Fortran编制了基于功率谱输入的多点人工波生成程序。以目前跨度最大的双层公路斜拉桥——上海闵浦大桥为研究对象,研究大跨双层斜拉桥的多点激励地震响应。基于Abaqus平台建立了该桥精细梁壳有限元模型。在静力几何非线性分析的基础上进行特征值分析与几何非线性多点激励时程分析,给出了全桥的动力特性与主塔、辅助墩的主要地震内力以及桥面间腹杆(竖腹杆、斜腹杆、边斜杆)轴力变化规律。研究表明:辅助墩横梁以下墩身横桥向剪力分布均匀,且距主塔越远其墩身横桥向剪力和弯矩越大。边跨上、下层桥面间的腹杆轴力变化较大,尤其是墩顶附近的竖腹杆和斜腹杆。边斜杆轴力分布较为均匀,但位于墩顶与跨中断面处的边斜杆轴力较小。跨中处竖腹杆和斜腹杆轴力较小,中跨其他腹杆轴力较均匀。