Eastern Oyster (<i>Crassostrea virginica</i>) Filtration Efficiency of Chlorophyll-<i>a</i>under Dynamic Conditions in the Hudson-Raritan Estuary at Pier 40, New York City

Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) abundance has declined severely over the past century along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. For varied reasons, overfishing among the foremost, bivalves no longer make up considerable reefs as was common. While discourse continues on oyster restoration and augmentation, gaps in knowledge of C. virginica and regional environmental interactions remain. Our primary aim was to examine the C. virginica filter feeding of phytoplankton in the Hudson River Estuary, New York City. Secondarily, this study examined the filtration of these oysters in relation to environmental attributes. Chlorophyll-a, the predominant photosynthesizing pigment in red and green algae, is an indicator of phytoplankton productivity in aquatic settings. Crassostrea virginica consumes first-tier plankton from the water column’s seston;thus analysis of chlorophyll-a content allows estimating phytoplankton concentrations, from which oyster filtration efficiency (FE) was quantified. Water conditions (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, turbidity, tide and flow rate) also were recorded. Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll-a concentration methodology was derived from the Standard Methods text favored by the US EPA. This project compared real-time Hudson River Estuary (HRE) water samples prior to passing through a contained oyster reef and samples of water post-filtration. This sampling scenario was unique as the contained reef used was fed by HRE water. Most studies on oyster filtration have been laboratory-based, and few assessed oysters in the field. This study took place at Pier 40, the River Project Wetlab, lower Hudson River along Manhattan. The FE of this reef was calculated for two months during various environmental states which can be the basis of future investigations. Statistically significant differences were found between pre- and post-filtration water samples (Z = 4.620, p < 0.001). This study provides a glimpse at how the oysters fare in the HRE environment and expands upon known oyster ecological services and environmental interactions.

Study on Collecting Efficiency of Lube-oil Filtration Media

We made an experimental study and analysis on the relationships between filtration collecting efficiency and porosity, fiber diameter, and particles diameters for differential porosity media when fibrous media collecting lube-oil. The influencing extent of porosity, dust concentration, and velocity impacting on collecting efficiency were researched by orthogonal experimental test. The results showed that porosity had the best salience affection on collecting efficiency, and the affection of velocity and dust concentration was less. The main factors of impacting on collecting efficiency were porosity, fiber diameter, particles diameter, dust concentration, filtration time and filtration velocity. The correlation formula between collecting efficiency and porosity, aperture diameter, fiber diameter, particles diameter, the thickness of media, and filtration time was obtained. It can forecast the collecting efficiency of lube-oil filtration media and provide a guide for selecting suitable fibrous filtration media.

THE STUDY OF THE FILTRATION EFFICIENCY OF FILTER MATERIAL

In this paper, the course of the filtration is analyzed.In order to study the filtration efficiency of the filter material, the computer program was edited.According to the results of the computer program, some important parameters of the filter material are discussed.It shows that the filtration efficiency is closely related to the diameter (d) and the size (b) .In addition, by using these results and the computer program, we can analysis the relationship between the fiber structure and filter properties quantitatively.

CFD Simulation of the Filtration Performance of Fibrous Filter Considering Fiber Electric Potential Field

Aiming at disclosing the quantitative e ects of Coulomb forces on the ltration e ciency of aerosol particles, a three- dimensional random ber model was established to describe the microstructure of brous lters. Then, computational mod- els including the ow model, particle model, and electric eld model were constructed to estimate the ltration e ciency using the Fluent custom user-de ned function program, neglecting the non-uniformity of the ber potential and the particle charge distribution. The simulation results using the established models agreed with the data in the literature. In particular, the electric eld force was found to be one of the important factors required to improve the ltration e ciency estimation accuracy for the ultra ne particles. Moreover, the variation tendencies of the ltration e ciency and the pressure drop of brous lters were studied based on the in uence factors of the ber potential, particle charge-to-mass ratio, solid volume fraction, ber diameter, and face velocity. The established models and estimated results will provide important guidance on the design of high-e ciency particulate air lters for aerosol particles.

Preparation of Electrospun PVDF Nanofiber Composite Filter Medium and Its Application in Air Filtration

Nanofibrous media with both high particle interception efficiency and robust air permeability has broad technological applications in areas including individual protection, industrial security, and environmental governance. However, producing such filtration media has proven to be extremely challenging. Here we reported an approach to preparing and fabricating a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber composite filter medium composed of 2D PVDF nanofiber nets and a stable substrate via onestep electrospinning for effective air filtration. PVDF nanofibers are obtained by adjusting the electrospinning process. With the combined properties of ultrasmall diameter, high porosity, and a bonded scaffold, the resulting PVDF nanofiber composite filter medium exhibits a robust high filtration efficiency of 99.901%(equivalent to an F9 rating) for 0.4 mm particles and a long service life (a large dust holding capacity of 36 g/m^2) for ultrafine airborne particles based on the sieving principle and surface filtration behavior. The successful synthesis of PVDF nanofibers medium would not only make it a promising candidate for air filtration, but also provide new insights into the design and development of composite nanofiber structures for various applications.

Study on the Leukocyte Filtration Model of Nonwoven Media

The filtration coefficient before filtration (λ-0)is intro-duced and a mathematical model for the leukocyte filtra-tion process, which relates to the filtration efficieney,capacity and leukoeyte concentration, filter thickness and fliter surface area, is established according to the mass balance for particles in a filter and the particle concen-tration decrease per unit of filter depth. The model can be uded to calculate the filtration efficiency or capacity.It is found that the filtration performance observed dur-ing the experiments could be explained well by the mod-el.The established model can be applied to the design and optimization of ungrafted and grafted melt blown nonwoven filtration materials.

Relationships between the Processing Parameters of Melt Blown Nonwoven Fabric and Its Structure and Filtration Property

Based on the processing experiment and sodium flame test this paper deals with the relationship between processing parameters, structure, and filtration property of melt blown fabric. Through the image analysis of Questar micro-images in combination with the SEM observation and the measurement of some macrostructure indices, the relationship between the processing parameters and the structure especially the microstructure is emphasized Finally the effect of somestructure factors on filtration properties is discussed theoretically.

Experimental investigation of oil particles filtration on carbon nanotubes composite filter

Due to the lipophilicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs),the carbon nanotubes composite filter for removing oil particles in cooking fumes is synthesized. The composite filter was fabricated by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The filtration characteristics of the resultant filter and the influence of the parameters were investigated. The results show that the filtration efficiency of the CNT filter during the saturation period is 99.92%, which satisfies the high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) standard. Pressure drop increases linearly before saturation and the pressure drop at the saturation stage is only two times that of the initial stage, which is far less than that of conventional glass fiber filters. The efficiency increases by enhancing filtration velocity. Pressure drops in the composite filter at the equilibrium stage are equal under different aerosol concentrations. The increase in concentration can improve the efficiency of composite filters. Therefore, the CNT filter is suitable for decreasing oil particle pollution due to its lower increase ratio of pressure drop and higher efficiency.

A Fast Predicting Neural Fuzzy Model for Suspended Solid Removal Efficiency in Multimedia Filter

Modeling of filter performance is very difficult because of complexity of the defining physical and chemical events in the filtration system whereas the knowledge of functionality of filter coefficient. The main objective of this study is to predict the performance of multimedia filter and to evaluate both the initial and transient stage of suspended solid removal efficiency depending on experimental data. Fuzzy logic has been used to build a model of multi input and one output (MISO) for the removal efficiency of multimedia filter which it consists from sand and granular activated carbon (GAC) mediums. The control parameters of (FLC) of Sugeno model are seven parameters which are media depths, media grains size for both sand and GAC, filtration rate, diameter of suspension particle, feed concentration, and operation time. The output parameter is removal efficiency of media filter whereas these data are collocated from pilot scale deep bed filter, thus, the removal efficiency of filter was modeled by 575 rules as a function of different control parameters. An adaptive of neuron fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) had used to simulate the experimental data. The simulation results were evaluated using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), whereas the results showed that the prediction of ANFIS model has a good agreement with experimental data when the MAPE is equal to 7.0458 and fuzzy rule -based modeling proved a reliable and flexible tool to study the performance of multimedia filter. The conclusion showed that there is a relationship between flow rate, effective size and optimum bed depth for all filter media, the increment of effective size generates a higher value of optimum filter bed depth for a lower value of filtration rate. It was concluded that the optimal removal efficiency (95-100) achieved by (0.5-0.7 mm) grain size of sand, (1.5-1.9) mm grain size of granular activated carbon (GAC), with media depths should range from 0.3 to 0.6 m.

An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aerosols penetration

The masks have always been mentioned as an effective tool against environmental threats.They are considered as protective equipment to preserve the respiratory system against the non-desirable air droplets and aerosols such as the viral or pollution particles.The aerosols can be pollution existence in the air,or the infectious airborne viruses initiated from the sneezing,coughing of the infected people.The filtration efficiency of the different masks against these aerosols are not the same,as the particles have different sizes,shapes,and properties.Therefore,the challenge is to fabricate the filtration masks with higher efficiency to decrease the penetration percentage at the nastiest conditions.To achieve this concept,knowledge about the mechanisms of the penetration of the aerosols through the masks at different effective environmental conditions is necessary.In this paper,the literature about the different kinds of face masks and respiratory masks,common cases of their application,and the advantages and disadvantages of them in this regard have been reviewed.Moreover,the related mechanisms of the penetration of the aerosols through the masks are discussed.The environmental conditions affecting the penetration as well as the quality of the fabrication are studied.Finally,special attention was given to the numerical simulation related to the different existing mechanisms.

多针头静电驻极熔喷布电场仿真及其过滤性能研究

为获得场强分布均匀且场强值较高的最佳多针头静电驻极结构参数,采用有限元模拟方法,研究驻极多针头与辅助电极等结构参数对场强分布的影响。利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件对多针头静电驻极过程中场强分布规律进行仿真,再通过优化后的多针头驻极装置测试熔喷布的驻极性能及过滤性能,并对其进行验证。结果表明:当电压25 kV、接收距离120 mm、针头直径0.5 mm、针长30 mm、针间距30 mm、高度差5 mm、辅助电极长度36 mm、辅助电极与相邻针水平距离28 mm、多针头曲率为3时,场强CV值为0.17%,消除了多针头驻极边缘效应。当电压25 kV、驻极时间20 min时,过滤效率较优,为93.45%,过滤阻力为84.5 Pa。认为:经过多针头静电驻极后,熔喷布过滤效率和阻力的不匀得到显著改善。

基于投影寻踪回归方法的微压过滤冲洗池水头损失与过滤效率预测模型

以微压过滤冲洗池的水头损失与过滤效率为考核指标,考虑进水流量、矿化度、含沙量与滤网孔径4个因素进行正交试验设计,采用投影寻踪回归方法PPR分析各个因素对考核指标的影响权重,选取20组试验数据建立含沙微咸水条件下微压过滤冲洗池水头损失和过滤效率的预测模型,探究了含沙微咸水对微压过滤冲洗池的水头损失和过滤效率的影响。研究结果表明,影响微压过滤冲洗池水头损失的因素由大到小依次为进水流量、含沙量、矿化度、滤网孔径;影响过滤效率的因素由大到小依次为含沙量、进水流量、矿化度、滤网孔径;构建的PPR预测模型的预测精度整体合格率达100%;当进水流量为6~7 m^(3)/h、含沙量为0.5~1.0 g/L、矿化度为0~2.0 g/L及滤网孔径为0.125~0.180 mm时,水头损失存在最小值;当进水流量为9~10 m^(3)/h、含沙量为1.75~2.00 g/L、矿化度为0~3.0 g/L及滤网孔径为0.125~0.150 mm时,过滤效率存在最大值。物理模型的试验结果可为微压过滤冲洗池的实际应用提供研究基础。

口罩多层材料过滤施工扬尘机理的研究

尘肺病是所有职业病患者中人数最多的一种职业病,受到了国家卫生健康委员会的高度重视。作为预防尘肺病的最后一道防线,口罩的过滤机理成为研究热点。针对口罩的多层材料对施工扬尘的过滤机理,研究首先基于51单片机进行了模拟呼吸试验,并将其与建筑工人真实佩戴口罩的场景作对比,验证其可靠性。其次,利用研制的模拟呼吸装置收集了在施工扬尘环境中不同佩戴时间的一次性使用口罩。最后,使用扫描电子显微镜对收集到的口罩样本进行微观层面污染物的观察,并计算了口罩污染率。研究显示:一次性使用口罩在佩戴8 h后污染率明显上升,因此一次性使用口罩最长佩戴时间不宜超过8 h。鼻翼处内层的污染率高达0.212%,脸颊处内层的污染率高达0.216%,下颌处内层的污染率高达0.174%。在口罩同一部位,对比不同层的污染率发现,口罩内层的污染率最高,其次是口罩外层,最低的是口罩中层。口罩内层污染率最高的原因有3条:(1)模拟呼吸装置与真实人脸的边界条件差距较大,施工扬尘会从通风管和口罩接触的空隙钻进来。(2)国内的一次性使用口罩大多是参照国外设计资料生产,不符合中国人的面部特征,很多施工扬尘直接通过口罩侧边进入了口罩内部。(3)施工扬尘的粒径集中于2~4μm,在口罩外层就被拦截。研究结果对施工扬尘的环境中一次性使用口罩的多层材料选用具有参考意义。同时,研制的模拟呼吸装置为今后实验室研究尘肺病防治提供了一种新的试验手段。

空气净化技术研究(1):纤维过滤

纤维过滤是目前使用最广泛的空气净化技术,主要滤材有无纺布、玻璃纤维、驻极体静电纤维、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)膜和纳米纤维。本文比较了国内外主要空气过滤器标准中的效率规格,介绍了这5种纤维过滤器的特点,分析了国内外文献报道的这些过滤器的主要性能和优缺点。对3种空气过滤器,即用驻极体静电纤维、PTFE纤维和静电纺丝纳米纤维制造的空气过滤器进行了测试,其中静电纺丝纳米纤维和PTFE纤维空气过滤器虽然仍存在不足,但是已实现了高效低阻的目标。面对全球肆虐不断的各种流行性疾病,空气过滤器不但需要实现高效率、低阻力,更应具备杀灭细菌和灭活病毒的功能,新的、性能更优的纤维过滤材料和空气过滤器有待开发和应用。

PVDF纳米纤维膜对工业除尘滤料的性能强化

为了利用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)纤维膜的细直径和热/压电性提升过滤效率,用静电纺丝方法制备了PVDF纤维膜,通过SEM和XRD表征了PVDF纤维膜形貌和β晶相转化,并将PVDF纤维膜附着在PPS滤料上制备成PPS/PVDF复合滤料,对其过滤效率及压差特性进行了评估.结果表明:PVDF纤维膜无串珠结构,纤维直径分布在270~780 nm,中值427.3 nm,晶型结构以β晶相为主.随着风速升高,PPS/PVDF纤维膜复合滤料过滤效率下降更小,证明PVDF纤维膜的压电效应对微细粒子过滤效率有改善作用.随着温度的提高,PVDF纤维膜呈现热电性,复合滤料的过滤效率上升,当温度升高到70℃,其对小粒径0.3μm粒子过滤效率提升幅度最大为28.37%.

基于壳聚糖的复合抑菌空气滤料制备与评估

由于新冠疫情的暴发,人们对于室内空气质量有了更高的要求.探索既能过滤细微颗粒物,还能抑制和消杀微生物细菌、防止二次污染的过滤材料具有重要意义.以质量分数为1%的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)乳液配制出不同壳聚糖质量浓度的浸渍液,利用直接浸渍后处理工艺制备出壳聚糖/涤纶/聚四氟乙烯复合抑菌空气滤料.利用大肠杆菌为实验菌落验证其抑菌性能,并对其织物特性、捕集效率及压差特性进行了研究.结果表明,壳聚糖质量浓度为12.5 mg/mL时复合滤料初始阻力最小,对PM_(2.5)粒子捕集效率达到93.88%,品质因子为0.02013,分别比原始滤料提高19.56%,0.0044,且对大肠杆菌的抑菌率为84.12%.综上所述,壳聚糖质量浓度为12.5 mg/mL,PTFE乳液质量分数为1%的浸渍液制备的壳聚糖/涤纶/聚四氟乙烯复合抑菌空气滤料兼具良好的过滤能力与抑菌效果.

三级耦合技术处理含砷废水工程实例

以某光伏企业为例,以砷为主要考察指标,设计“板框压滤+砷铁共沉淀+活性砂过滤”三级耦合工艺,应用于含砷废水预处理。介绍该工艺技术特点,并给出主要构筑物的技术参数,阐述工艺控制要点及系统运行情况,分析运行效果。工程运行结果表明,该工艺可有效去除总砷,出水水质稳定达标。

立构复合化聚乳酸纳纤膜的制备及高效滤除PM_(2.5)性能

聚乳酸(PLA)纳米纤维在环境友好型纤维过滤材料领域有良好的应用前景,但受制于其本征螺旋分子链构象和低介电常数的不足,导致其驻极性能差、过滤性能(过滤效率及压降)易衰减以及有效服役周期短.本文将高旋光性的聚L-乳酸(PLLA)和聚D-乳酸(PDLA)溶液共混,并通过静电纺丝过程的高压静电场诱导C=O基团加速取向极化,形成高电活性的立构复合晶体(SCs),显著提高聚乳酸纳纤膜的表面电位、介电常数及驻极效果等电活性特征,增大纤维表面静电斥力,促进PLA纳纤膜(PLA NFMs)的纤维细化,从而使其压降大幅降低(85 L/min,209.2 Pa),过滤PM_(2.5)效率显著提高至96.32%(纯PLLA对比样为72.44%).更重要的是,立构复合化PLA纳纤膜(SC-PLA NFMs)的过滤性能受气体流量变化影响较小(10~85 L/min),当气流增大时,过滤效率的衰减远远低于纯PLLA,在高气流下的稳定性使其能更好地满足在空气过滤领域的实际应用需求.此外,提高PLA纳纤膜电活性可显著增强摩擦生电输出性能和呼吸振动激发电信号,为基于人体呼吸的生理特征监测奠定理论基础.本文研究结果为扩大PLA材料在高性能呼吸防护领域和智能健康监测领域的应用提供了新颖的结构设计策略和可借鉴的解决方案.

静电纺纳米纤维膜的制备及其在空气过滤中的应用

病毒的传播和由颗粒物引起的雾霾等空气污染问题已成为全球性挑战。纳米纤维膜可有效捕获空气中的颗粒物且不造成大幅压力降,因此作为一种较为理想的空气过滤介质,近年来受到了广泛关注。聚焦静电纺纳米纤维膜的制备及其在空气过滤中的应用,首先介绍了静电纺丝技术的原理及影响纳米纤维尺寸与形态的因素。其次,系统分析了纳米纤维膜的过滤机制、过滤效果评价参数及其影响因素。最后,总结了多种高效过滤策略,如引入纳米孔结构或支化结构、利用驻极体材料制备纳米纤维膜、构建多层膜复合结构等,并指明了绿色可持续化和多功能化是其未来发展方向。

热处理对聚丙烯腈纳米纤维膜性能的影响

为改善聚丙烯腈(PAN)纳米纤维膜力学性能和热稳定性,获得低成本耐高温的纤维过滤材料,对PAN纳米纤维膜在180℃、200℃、220℃、240℃温度下进行热处理,分析不同处理温度对其形态结构、透气性、热重性能和过滤性能的影响。结果表明:随着处理温度升高,PAN纳米纤维膜的颜色逐渐加深,纤维直径逐渐减小;热处理使PAN发生脱氢、氰基环化和热裂解等反应,导致纤维膜厚度和透气性降低,拒水性随着处理温度的升高不断增强;热处理使得PAN纳米纤维膜中形成了耐热性能优异的梯形分子结构,提升了纤维膜热稳定性;随着处理温度的升高,PAN纳米纤维膜的断裂强度呈现先增加后减小的趋势。综合热处理温度对纤维膜各性能的影响,热处理温度选择200℃为宜。此时,所获得的PAN-200纳米纤维膜过滤效率为93.46%,过滤阻力为75.1 Pa,质量损失率为5%时所对应的温度为310℃,相比未处理的PAN纳米纤维膜热分解温度升高,PAN-200纳米纤维膜的纵向和横向断裂强力分别达到17.16 MPa和10.82 MPa,机械性能较好。