Temporal electric field of a helium plasma jet by electric field induced second harmonic(E-FISH)method

Electric field is an important parameter of plasma,which is related to electron temperature,electron density,excited species density,and so on.In this work,the electric field of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet is diagnosed by the electric field induced second harmonic(E-FISH)method,and the time-resolved electric field under different conditions is investigated.When positive pulse voltage is applied,the electric field has a peak of about 25 kV cm-1at the rising edge of the voltage pulse.A dark channel is left behind the plasma bullet and the electric field in the dark channel is about 5 kV cm-1.On the other hand,when negative pulse voltage is applied,the electric field has a peak of-16 kV cm-1when the negative voltage is increased to-8 kV.A relatively bright channel is left behind the plasma head and the electric field in this relatively bright channel is about-6 kV cm-1.When the pulse rising time increases from 60 to 200 ns,the peak electric field at both the rising edge and the falling edge of the voltage decreases significantly.When 0.5%of oxygen is added to the main working gas helium,the peak electric field at the rising edge is only about 15 kV cm-1.On the other hand,when 0.5%nitrogen is added,the peak electric field increases especially at the falling edge of the voltage pulse,where it increases reversely from-12 to-16 kV cm-1(the minus sign only represents the direction of electric field).

DIMENSIONLESS ANALYSIS AND LOCATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD INDUCED BY MAGNETIC COIL

A model of magnetic stimulation is presented for analysis of the spatial distributions of the electric field induced by magnetic coils.Dimensionless analysis is introduced and makes the factors influencing the magnitude of electric field into two parts:c (represents the stimulation conditions),and E 0 (reflects the geometry of coil).By 3 D simulation of the induced electric field of two kinds of coils,the effect of magnetic stimulation can be demonstrated and the factors influencing stimulating focality and depth are identified.The principles for determining the electric field magnitude,focality and magnetic stimulation depth when designing a reasonable coil and stimulator and achieving ideal stimulating effect are discussed.

Electric Field Induced Permanent Superconductivity in Layered Metal Nitride Chlorides HfNCl and ZrNCl

Devices of electric double-layer transistors （EDLTs） with ionic liquid have been employed as an effective way to dope carriers over a wide range. However, the induced electronic states can hardly survive in the materials after releasing the gate voltage VG at temperatures higher than the melting point of the selected ionic liquid. Here we show that a permanent superconductivity with transition temperature Tc of 24 and 15K is realized hi single crystals and polycrystalline samples of HfNCI and ZrNCI upon applying proper VG＇s at different temperatures. Reversible change between insulating and superconducting states can be obtained by applying positive and negative VG at low temperature such as 220K, whereas VG ＇s applied at 250K induce the irreversible superconducting transition. The upper critical field He2 of the superconducting states obtained at different gating temperatures shows similar temperature dependence. We propose a reasonable scenario that partial vacancy of Cl ions could be caused by applying proper VG＇s at slightly higher processing temperatures, which consequently results in a permanent electron doping in the system. Such a technique shows great potential to systematically tune the bulk electronic state in the similar two-dimensional systems.

Influence of spin-orbit coupling induced by in-plane external electric field on the intrinsic spin-Hall effect in a Rashba two-dimensional electron gas

We study theoretically the influence of spin-orbit coupling induced by in-plane external electric field on the intrinsic spin-Hall effect in a two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit coupling. We show that, after such an influence is taken into account, the static intrinsic spin-Hall effect can be stabilized in a disordered Rashba twodimensional electron gas, and the static intrinsic spin-Hall conductivity shall exhibit some interesting characteristics as conceived in some original theoretical proposals.

Currents and Electric Fields Induced in Anatomically Realistic Human Models by Extremely Low Frequency Electric Fields

There is increasing public concern about biological interactions with and the potential health effects of low frequency electric and magnetic fields. Recently, the ICNIRP （International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection） has published new exposure guidelines with regard to these fields. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the calculation of the currents and electric fields induced in the human body by external electric fields at 60 Hz, using numerical human models of anatomically-realistic human bodies, and to compare those results with the basic restrictions proposed by the new guidelines. As a result, in the case that a human is exposed to an electric field of 1 kV/m at 60 Hz the short-circuit current of 18 μA flows though the ankles. Furthermore, the electric field of 40 mV/m in the nervous tissue of the adult model is induced by exposure to external electric fields at the reference level, which is enough smaller than the basic restrictions established in the ICNIRP guidelines for occupational exposure.

Dissipationless spin-Hall current contribution in the extrinsic spin-Hall effect

This paper shows that a substantial amount of dissipationless spin-Hall current contribution may exist in the extrinsic spin-Hall effect,which originates from the spin-orbit coupling induced by the applied external electric field itself that drives the extrinsic spin-Hall effect in a nonmagnetic semiconductor （or metal）.By assuming that the impurity density is in a moderate range such that the total scattering potential due to all randomly distributed impurities is a smooth function of the space coordinate,it is shown that this dissipationless contribution shall be of the same orders of magnitude as the usual extrinsic contribution from spin-orbit dependent impurity scatterings （or may even be larger than the latter one）.The theoretical results obtained are in good agreement with recent relevant experimental results.

An Extended Extrinsic Mechanism for Anomalous Hall Effect

The extrinsic mechanism for anomalous Hall effect in ferromagnets is extended to include the contributions both from spin-orbit-dependent impurity scattering and from the spin-orbit coupling induced by external electric fields. The results obtained suggest that, within the framework of the extrinsic mechanisms, the anomalous Hall current in a ferromagnet may also contain a substantial amount of dissipationless contribution independent of impurity scattering. After the contribution from the spin-orbit coupling induced by external electric fields is included, the total anomalous Hall conductivity is about two times larger than that due to soin-orbit dependent impurity scatterings.