Electricity-Carbon Interactive Optimal Dispatch of Multi-Virtual Power Plant Considering Integrated Demand Response

As new power systems and dual carbon policies develop,virtual power plant cluster(VPPC)provides another reliable way to promote the efficient utilization of energy and solve environmental pollution problems.To solve the coordinated optimal operation and low-carbon economic operation problem in multi-virtual power plant,a multi-virtual power plant(VPP)electricity-carbon interaction optimal scheduling model considering integrated demand response(IDR)is proposed.Firstly,a multi-VPP electricity-carbon interaction framework is established.The interaction of electric energy and carbon quotas can realize energy complementarity,reduce energy waste and promote low-carbon operation.Secondly,in order to coordinate the multiple types of energy and load in VPPC to further achieve low-carbon operation,the IDR mechanism based on the user comprehensive satisfaction(UCS)of electricity,heat as well as hydrogen is designed,which can effectively maintain the UCS in the cluster within a relatively high range.Finally,the unit output scheme is formulated to minimize the total cost of VPPC and the model is solved using theCPLEX solver.The simulation results showthat the proposed method effectively promotes the coordinated operation among multi-VPP,increases the consumption rate of renewable energy sources and the economics of VPPC and reduces carbon emissions.

Choice of Site for the Installation of Photovoltaic Solar Power Plants in Senegal: Consequences on Electricity Production

A theoretical analysis of the electricity production of a photovoltaic solar power plant of 22 MW for different sites in Senegal is presented. The study is carried out in two coastal regions (Dakar and Saint-Louis) and two continental regions (Mbacké and Linguère). This study is done using the RET Screen clean energy project management software climate data. The amount of electricity exported to the grid is calculated for each site. The results show that the climatic conditions of the coastal and continental regions are different from November to June. From July to October, which corresponds to the rainy season in Senegal, the climatic conditions of the coastal and continental regions are similar. The results also show that although the efficiency of photovoltaic modules is better on the coast, electricity production varies little from one site to another. Climate conditions in Senegal therefore have no impact on electricity production.

Utilization of Data Communication according to the IEC61850 Standard for Nuclear Power Plant Electrical Equipment Testing

This paper deals with an integration of directly measured electrical parameters with data acquired by data communication from protections and terminals into an advanced monitoring system. Based on the periodic test, the authors of this paper present the possibility of an extended evaluation and more accurate analysis of transient and failure events. For periodical testing, as implemented during the commissioning of power plants in the Czech Republic, a monitoring system of electrical equipment has been used, to record the courses of important electrical parameters and thus, proving the proper functioning of complex technological systems in various operation modes. Data from monitoring system were used to prove the successful results of the test or as a base data for further analysis of failures. The monitoring system has proved itself as a very useful device also when recording unexpected failure events, the cause of which was very quickly and accurately detected by the follow-up analysis. Initially, only the voltage and current data from measuring transformers, analogue transducers and contact relays were used as input data for the monitoring system. After the implementation of new digital protection technology and controlling terminals with inner data recorder, the data from digital devices could be also utilized for the monitoring system.

Thermal Power Plant with 1 GW Capacity for Meeting Future National Electric Demands

An analysis for a conceptual design of a thermal power plant (with a power capacity of 1 GW) is provided. This power plant can help in meeting the expected increase in the electric demand for Oman’s dominant power system (2.4 GW between 2018 and 2025). A necessary fluid mass flow rate of 834.1 kg/s was predicted. The overall energy conversion efficiency (output useful electricity divided by input heat) was estimated to be 34.7%. The needed thermal energy is not restricted to a specific source, and solar heating is an option for supplying the needed heat. The power plant design is based on using a steam-turbine section, which may be composed of a single large steam turbine having a mechanical power output of 1115 MW;or composed of a group of smaller steam turbines. The analysis is based on applying energy balance equations under certain assumptions (such as neglecting changes in potential energy). The thermal analysis was aided by web-based tool for calculating needed properties of the working medium, which is water, at different stages in the power plant.

Integrated Automation of Power Plant Electrical System

Aiming at the comparatively laggard level of power plant electrical system automation, this paper analyzes the feasibility,necessity and some key points of the application of integrated automation technology to power plant electrical system. New idea using fieldbus control system technology is presented. This paper also gives the outline and detailed schemes.

Thermo-Dynamical Analysis on Electricity-Generation Subsystem of CAES Power Plant

Besides pumped hydropower, Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is the other solution for large energy storage capacity. It can balance fluctuations in supply and demand of electricity. CAES is essential part of smart power grids. Linked with the flow structure and dynamic characteristic of electricity generation subsystem and its components, a simulation model is proposed. Thermo-dynamical performance on off-design conditions have been analyzed with constant air mass flux and constant gas combustion temperature. Some simulation diagrams of curve are plotted too. The contrast of varied operation mode thermal performance is made between CAES power plant and simple gas turbine power plant.

Make Greater Contributions to Development of Our National Electric Power Industry -Introduction to Shanghai Relay plant

Shanghai Relay Plant (SRP) was founded in 1959. With continuous development in nearly 40 years, SRP has become one of the biggest specialized manufacturers of protective relaying and distribution automation equipment for power system in China and a key enterprise of the Ministry of Machinery Industry. SRP was evaluated a State Second-Grade Enterprise in 1988 and awarded

Proposal of a Solar Thermal Power Plant at Low Temperature Using Solar Thermal Collectors

To this day, only two types of solar power plants have been proposed and built: high temperature thermal solar one and photovoltaic one. It is here proposed a new type of solar thermal plant using glass-top flat surface solar collectors, so working at low temperature (i.e., below 100°C). This power plant is aimed at warm countries, i.e., the ones mainly located between -40° and 40° latitude, having available space along their coast. This land based plant, to install on the seashore, is technologically similar to the one used for OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion). This plant, apart from supplying electricity with a much better thermodynamic efficiency than OTEC plants, has the main advantage of providing desalinated water for drinking and irrigation. This plant is designed to generate electricity (and desalinated water) night and day and all year round, by means of hot water storage, with just a variation of the power delivered depending on the season.

Optimal Control and Bidding Strategy of Virtual Power Plant with Renewable Generation

A Virtual Power Plant (VPP), aggregating the capacities of distributed energy resources (DER) as a single profile, provides presence of DERs in the electricity market. In this paper, a stochastic bidding model is proposed for the VPP to optimise the bids in the day-ahead and balancing market, with the objective to maximise its expected economic profit. The performance of proposed strategy has been assessed in a modified commercial VPP (CVPP) system with wind generation installed, and also the results are compared with the ones achieved from other commonly-used strategies to verify its feasibility.

Feasibility Ananlysis of Building Pithead Power Plants in North Shaanxi and Ningxia Coal Bases

North Shaanxi and Ningxia are extremely abundant in coal resources, with excellent geographical positions and transport facilities, suitable to build large size pithead power plants. This paper details the coal resources in North Shaanxi Province and Ningxia Autonomous Region, fuel coal and transportation conditions for building large size pithead power plants, and carries out the analyses of economic benefits and electricity prices of bidding for access to grid for the six recommended power plants. The analyses show that these power plants, after built up, will have strong competitive powers and make contributions for the sustainable development of power industry in North China and Shandong Province.

Evaluation of greenhouse gas emission reduction potential of a demand–response solution:a carbon handprint case study of a virtual power plant

The transition towards zero-carbon energy production is necessary to limit global warming.Smart energy systems have facilitated the control of demand-side resources to maintain the stability of the power grid and to provide balancing power for increasing renewable energy production.Virtual power plants are examples of demand–response solutions,which may also enable greenhouse gas(GHG)emission reductions due to the lower need for fossil-based balancing energy in the grid and the increased share of renewables.The aim of this study is to show how potential GHG emission reductions can be assessed through the carbon handprint approach for a virtual power plant(VPP)in a grid balancing market in Finland.According to our results,VPP can reduce the hourly based GHG emissions in the studied Finnish grid systems compared with the balancing power without the VPP.Typical energy sources used for the balance power are hydropower and fossil fuels.The reduction potential of GHG emissions varies from 68%to 98%depending on the share of the used energy source for the power balancing,thus VPPs have the potential to significantly reduce GHG emissions of electricity production and hence help mitigate climate change.

基于OBE理念的发电厂电气部分课程建设

发电厂电气部分是电气工程及其自动化专业重要的专业课程,对学生工程实践能力的培养起到重要的支撑作用。该文基于成果导向教育理念(OBE),建立MOOC教学平台的“课前-课中-课后”线上线下混合式闭环教学模式,构建丰富的教学资源,课程教学目标支撑毕业要求,构建成果导向的课程考核评价体系,体现以学生学习为中心。在新的教学模式下,学生学习效果明显改善。在OBE理念指导下,通过MOOC平台进行电气类专业课程改革是改进教学方法、提升教学质量的有效手段,也是未来教学改革的方向。

计及跨领域氢需求的电源低碳规划

大规模多领域的氢能应用会对电力负荷的规模、结构及分布等产生影响,进而对电源规划带来新的挑战。为此,文中提出一种考虑跨领域氢负荷的电源低碳规划模型。首先,计及工业、交通和供热领域的氢负荷,构建包含常规火电机组、碳捕集机组、新能源机组以及氢能系统的电-氢系统结构,并基于系统动力学理论对多领域的氢需求进行预测;其次,引入阶梯碳交易机制,在满足系统常规约束和氢能设备约束的前提下,考虑电、氢负荷需求,建立以投资、运行、碳交易以及弃电成本之和最小为优化目标的电源低碳规划模型;最后,以中国西北某地区的实际数据为例进行算例分析。结果表明,引入氢负荷和碳捕集电厂后的电源低碳规划模型能够优化电源结构、提高能源利用效率、降低系统碳排放量。

电动汽车接入主动配电网协同储能研究应用综述

电动汽车的快速发展和普及已经呈现规模化效应,随着配电网中清洁能源逐渐呈现高比例趋势,规模化电动汽车接入主动配电网作为储能配置参与协同调度成为研究热点。然而在实际应用中,电动汽车参与储能的形式面临诸多不确定性与挑战。为此,分析了协同储能调度的目的及影响因素,从计及需求响应、考虑供需双方、结合多方利益、参与虚拟电厂储能四个方面综述协同储能调度的研究现状,结合国内外应用案例分析探讨其未来发展方向。

低碳目标下计及电动汽车V2G的虚拟电厂优化调度方法

促使风电、光伏等分布式能源和电动汽车保有量快速增长。考虑电动汽车到电网(vehicle to grid,V2G)能量互动对多元化能源发电出力随机性及波动性的平抑作用,以及提升风/光电的消纳水平,采用虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)技术实现对二者的统一协调管理,进而结合电动汽车全生命周期碳排放数量和分布式能源运行时碳排放数量,构建电动汽车参与的虚拟电厂整体多目标优化模型,采用粒子群优化算法对该模型进行求解,从而优化系统运行成本及碳排放成本。在结合真实数据配置的算例模型上进行实验分析,实验结果表明,提出的优化模型可以有效调度虚拟电厂各要素,充分发挥电动汽车V2G入网充放电带来的运行和碳排放收益,可以为低碳目标背景下电网系统的安全稳定运行提供技术参考。

基于绿电减排量互认的建筑虚拟电厂电-碳双层协同决策机制

在“双碳”背景下,电-碳多政策并举和多市场并存局面带来了电能环境权益重复奖惩的问题。针对该问题,提出了基于减排量等效的绿色电力-国家核证自愿减排量(CCER)互认方法,将绿色电力的环境权益统一归属至用户侧,并以建筑主体为研究对象对互认方法进行验证。首先,依据减排特性差异,将建筑分为强制性建筑、减排性建筑、零碳建筑3类,以建筑虚拟电厂为CCER互认的代理。其次,针对建筑虚拟电厂内部CCER分配问题,提出了基于Shapley值法的分配方法,以保证分配的公平和合理性。然后,针对建筑主体面临的电-碳协同决策问题,提出了基于能源共享原则的电-碳双层协同交易机制,并基于主从博弈理论构建双层决策模型,结合供需比概念对模型进行凸化。最后,通过算例仿真验证了互认方法的可行性及电-碳双层协同决策机制的有效性。

计及信誉值的虚拟电厂多主体合作博弈交易方法

随着分布式资源高比例接入,虚拟电厂作为聚合多方交易主体参与电力市场的新兴技术逐渐受到广泛关注。然而分布式资源出力不确定性和个体趋利性可能导致参与电力交易过程中造成违约行为。因此,提出计及信誉值的虚拟电厂聚合多方主体参与合作博弈电力交易方法。首先,针对虚拟电厂内各交易主体建立基于合约电量完成度的信誉值管理机制,并构建基于收益最大化的多主体合作出力模型;其次,采用合作博弈理论的Shapley值法确定初始收益分配方案;再次,为激励交易主体积极履行交易合约,合理转移交易风险,引入信誉值对初始方案进行修正,得出改进的收益分配方案;最后,基于MATLAB对算例进行计算,结果表明:合作前后各交易主体收益合计增长率约为101.16%,对比传统Shapley值法收益分配方案,最高和最低信誉值交易主体的收益增减幅度分别约为1.04%和3.13%,验证了所提交易方法的有效性与合理性。

A preventive control strategy for static voltage stability based on an efficient power plant model of electric vehicles

With the increasing integration of wind farms and electric vehicles(EVs)in power systems,voltage stability is becoming more and more serious.Based on vehicle-to-grid(V2G),an efficient power plant model of EVs(E-EPP)was developed to estimate EV charging load with available corresponding response capacity under different charging strategies.A preventive control strategy based on E-EPP was proposed to maintain the static voltage stability margin(VSM)of power system above a predefined security level.Two control modes were used including the disconnection of EV charging load(‘V1G’mode)and the discharge of stored battery energy back to power grid(‘V2G’mode).A modified IEEE 14-bus system with high penetration of wind power and EVs was used to verify the effectiveness of preventive control strategy.Simulation results showed that the proposed strategy can not only improve the static voltage stability of power system with considerable wind generation,but also guarantee the travelling comfort for EV owners.

基于强化学习的含电动汽车虚拟电厂优化调度

大量电动汽车(EV)用户的无序充电可能造成电网负荷剧烈波动,危及电网的安全稳定。随着EV入网(V2G)技术的应用,将EV充电站及其周边的分布式新能源发电聚合为虚拟电厂(VPP)后进行优化调度,有助于改善EV用户充放电的经济性及满意度,同时提高分布式新能源的利用率,平抑电网负荷波动,但EV充电站的整体充放电负荷是大量个体EV用户随机行为的聚合,难以用数学模型精确描述。针对包含EV的VPP,提出一种基于深度强化学习的交互式调度框架,以最大化VPP内EV用户的总效益。VPP控制中心作为智能体决策EV个体的充放电动作,无需掌握个体详细模型,而是通过与区域电网环境的交互,不断学习和更新动作策略,从而克服集中式优化方法的局限性。该优化调度框架采用深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG)算法进行求解。仿真结果表明,与集中式优化方法相比,该优化算法提高了各EV用户的效益,并使EV充放电负荷与分布式新能源发电协调配合实现削峰填谷,改善了VPP的整体运行性能。