Planning of DC Electric Spring with Particle Swarm Optimization and Elitist Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm

This paper addresses the planning problem of parallel DC electric springs (DCESs). DCES, a demand-side management method, realizes automatic matching of power consumption and power generation by adjusting non-critical load (NCL) and internal storage. It can offer higher power quality to critical load (CL), reduce power imbalance and relieve pressure on energy storage systems (RESs). In this paper, a planning method for parallel DCESs is proposed to maximize stability gain, economic benefits, and penetration of RESs. The planning model is a master optimization with sub-optimization to highlight the priority of objectives. Master optimization is used to improve stability of the network, and sub-optimization aims to improve economic benefit and allowable penetration of RESs. This issue is a multivariable nonlinear mixed integer problem, requiring huge calculations by using common solvers. Therefore, particle Swarm optimization (PSO) and Elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) were used to solve this model. Considering uncertainty of RESs, this paper verifies effectiveness of the proposed planning method on IEEE 33-bus system based on deterministic scenarios obtained by scenario analysis.

Consensus control of electric spring using back-to-back converter for voltage regulation with ultra-high renewable penetration

Recent advances in a power electronic device called an electric spring(ES)provide feasible solutions to meeting critical customers’requirements for voltage quality.A new version of the ES was introduced based on a back-to-back converter(ESBC)configuration which extends the operating range and improves the voltage suppression performance to facilitate ultra-high renewable penetration.This paper proposes an efficient control method to facilitate the voltage regulation function of an ESBC with non-critical loads.Particularly,the proposed method is suitable for various load characteristics.We also develop a consensus algorithm to coordinate multiple ESs for maintaining critical bus voltage in distribution systems with ultra-high renewable penetration.The proposed operation of the ESBC is verified by simulation of a modified IEEE 15-bus distribution network.The results show that the ESBC can effectively regulate system voltage and is superior to the original version of the ES.

An overview of selected topics in smart grids

Smart technologies when used in the tradi- tional grid infrastructure will provide a different environ- ment and working conditions in the grid by bringing the required smartness into the grid, called the smart grid. The smart grid can play a major role in the upcoming days to come because there is a necessity to integrate coordinated renewable energy resources into the grid and to operate the grids at a higher efficiency considering many aspects including reliability of the supply. Apart from this, there is a necessity to manage the demand supply gap in the smart grid by optimally scheduling the generators or by effectively scheduling the demand side resources instead of going for the traditional methods like partial or full load shedding. This paper presents an overview on the present state-of-the-art of smart grid technologies and broadly classifies the papers referred into two major areas, papers based on improvement of operational efficiency in smart grids and papers based on smartness in maintaining the demand supply gap. Some of the papers projected in this work also give a brief overview of the necessity of the smart grid.