Utilizing Iso-Value Field Curves in Lieu of Magnetic Field Lines Amid Infinite and Parallel Electrical Wires

Building on a new model proposed recently for calculating constant electro-magnetic field values, the present article explores the electro-magnetic field configuration generated by parallel electrical wires. This imposes a reevaluation of the drawing procedure for constructing field curves with a constant field values around multiple parallel electrical conducting wires. To achieve this, we employ methods akin to those used for creating contours on topographical maps, ensuring a consistent numerical field value along the entire length of the field curves. Subsequent calculations will be conducted for scenarios where wires are not parallel.

One-step synthesis of FeO(OH)nanoparticles by electric explosion of iron wire underwater

In this study,we investigated electric explosion of iron wire in distilled water with different energy input adjusted by charging voltage.The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),showing the presence of iron and multiple iron-based compounds oxides with contents influenced by the experimental conditions.In particular,pure FeO(OH)nanoparticles were obtained using electric explosion of iron wire with energy input of 1125 J at charging voltage of 15 kV.Analysis of discharge current and resistive voltage data indicate that the high energy input induced bystrong plasma discharge at high charging voltage is a key factor to form FeO(OH).This study presents a one-step method to synthesize FeO(OH)nanoparticles using electric explosion of iron wire.

CUTTING REGULARITY AND DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS BY USING COMPOSITE COOLING LIQUID IN WIRE CUT ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINE WITH HIGH WIRE TRAVELING SPEED

The analysis of cutting regularity is provided through using and comparing two typical cooling liquids. It is proved that cutting regularity is greatly affected by cooling liquid＇s washing ability. Discharge characteristics and theoretic analysis between two electrodes are also discussed based on discharge waveform. By using composite cooling liquid which has strong washing ability, the efficiency in the first stable cutting phase has reached more than 200 mm^2/min, and the roughness of the surface has reached Ra〈0.8 μm after the fourth cutting with more than 50 mm^2/min average cutting efficiency. It is pointed out that cutting situation of the wire cut electrical discharge machine with high wire traveling speed （HSWEDM） is better than the wire cut electrical discharge machine with low wire traveling speed （LSWEDM） in the condition of improving the cooling liquid washing ability. The machining indices of HSWEDM will be increased remarkably by using the composite cooling liquid.

Nanopowder production by gas-embedded electrical explosion of wire

A small electrical explosion of wire （EEW） setup for nanopowder production is constructed. It consists of a low inductance capacitor bank of 2 μF–4 μF typically charged to 8 kV–30 kV, a triggered gas switch, and a production chamber housing the exploding wire load and ambient gas. With the EEW device, nanosize powders of titanium oxides, titanium nitrides, copper oxides, and zinc oxides are successfully synthesized. The average particle size of synthesized powders under different experimental conditions is in a range of 20nm–80nm. The pressure of ambient gas or wire vapor can strongly affect the average particle size. The lower the pressure, the smaller the particle size is. For wire material with relatively high resistivity, such as titanium, whose deposited energy Wd is often less than sublimation energy W s due to the flashover breakdown along the wire prematurely ending the Joule heating process, the synthesized particle size of titanium oxides or titanium nitrides increases with overheat coefficient k （k = W d /Ws ） increasing.

Overview of the Rectangular Wire Windings AC Electrical Machine

The rectangular wire winding AC electrical machine has drawn extensive attention due to their high slot fill factor,good heat dissipation,strong rigidity and short end-windings,which can be potential candidates for some traction application so as to enhance torque density,improve efficiency,decrease vibration and weaken noise,etc.In this paper,based on the complex process craft and the electromagnetic performance,a comprehensive and systematical overview on the rectangular wire windings AC electrical machine is introduced.According to the process craft,the different type of the rectangular wire windings,the different inserting direction of the rectangular wire windings and the insulation structure have been compared and analyzed.Furthermore,the detailed rectangular wire windings connection is researched and the general design guideline has been concluded.Especially,the performance of rectangular wire windings AC machine has been presented,with emphasis on the measure of improving the bigger AC copper losses at the high speed condition due to the distinguished proximity and skin effects.Finally,the future trend of the rectangular wire windings AC electrical machine is prospected.

Expansion of Plasma of Electrically Exploding Single Copper Wire Under 4.5kA～9.5kA/Wire

The experimental system for electrically exploding single metal wire has been designed and manufactured. Expansion of the dense plasma column formed from an electrically exploding Cu wire of diameter 30 μm has been studied with a high-speed photographer to obtain the time-dependent radius (R-t) curve. The experimental results demonstrate that the mean expansion rate of the dense plasma column is 1.94 μm/ns, 2.6 μm/ns and 3.75 μm/ns according to the peak pulse current 4.5 kA, 7 kA and 9.5 kA respectively. The results can be beneficial to giving a profound understanding of the early stage of wire-array Z-pinch physics and to improvement on their design.

STUDY ON FLUX-CORED WIRE FOR ELECTRIC ARC SPRAYING AND PROPERTIES OF COATING

According to the characteristics of electric arc spraying technology and abrasion of boiler piping,a flux cored wire SMD 45 for electric arc spraying is developed The experimental results show that the surface hardness of the coating reaches 60～65 HR and the adhesive strength between the coating and base is 23～28 MPa The wearability of the coating sprayed by the wire is 5 times than that of ordinary steel pipe Applying the wire to the heated surface,the life of the economizer pipe is doubly increased No local desquamation,rust and abrasion can be examined during more than one year's service.

DK7763A Digitalcontrolled Electric Spark Wire Cutter

The DK7763A digital-controlled electric spark wire cutter, developed by the Tianjin Tianyi Digital-controlled Machinery Holdings Co. Ltd, is used in processing large modules and large precision parts. In 1995 it was awarded the title of state-level new product. It has a T-type body,rational Structure and

Influence of Input Factors on Surface Roughness and Material Removal Speed when Wire-EDM a Hardened SKD11 Steel Curve Profile

The goal of this research is to identify the best set of process machining parameters for wire-EDM(Electrical Discharge Machining)cutting of hardened SKD11 steel when machining a curve profile.The multi-objective function includes reducing surface roughness and increasing MRR(Material Removal Rate).The optimization process is prepared by using Taguchi method coupled Grey Relational Analysis.The obtained results revealed that Toff has the greatest influence on the average grey value(48.30%),followed by the influence of WF(Wire Feed,15.99%),VM(Cutting Voltage,9.33%),SV(Server Voltage,5.05%),Ton(Pulse on Time,1.81%),while SPD(Cutting Speed)has a negligible effect(0.89%).Moreover,using the optimal set of machining parameters generates in surface roughness of 1.25399mm and MRR of 26.5562 mm^(2)/min.The verification experiment and Anderson-Darling method demonstrate the validity of the proposed model,which can be utilized for estimating surface roughness and MRR.

Influence of current injection ways on efficiency and size of powders in preparation of nano-powders with electrical explosion

Wire electrical explosion may result in the existence of micro-sized large particles in powders while current injection ways may influence the size and content of micro-sized large particles. Therefore, two kinds of electrical explosion devices with different electrodes by gas discharge were designed in this paper. The pole-board electrodes and the cone electrodes were used respectively for studying copper wire electrical explosion process. The current and voltage data were measured with the Rogowski coil and high voltage probe. The results show that the pulverizing process of electrical explosion is more efficient when the wire electrode current density injected into the cone electrodes is approximately twice as much as the pole-board electrodes. The content of micro-sized large particles is the least among the products of the electrical explosion, when the total deposition energy of the wire prior to vaporization stage is 2. 5 times larger than that of the theoretical value of the completed vaporization.

RULED SURFACE MACHINING BY 4-AXES SIMULTANEOUS CONTROL WIRE-EDM

On the tasis of study in the mathematical model of 3-dimensional ruled surface (RS),this paper introduces a new concept of distance paramcter (DP) and also puts forward that themethod of modeling a RS depends on not only two boundary curves but also DP. According toabove theory, the formulas to calculate corresponding point coordinates to any kind of top and bot-tom profile of a workpiece and formulas to calcuate the maximum inclination angle of ruling linehave been obtained. Then a different top and bottom RS mathining method including profile withline-are combination as well as parametric curves has been achieved by 4-axes simultancous con-trol programming proposed.

Synaptic plasticity effects on FeCl_2-induced post-traumatic epilepsy onset in the rat

Studies have confirmed that iron induces epilepsy onset, and iron ion-induced epilepsy in anima models closely resembles the clinical situation. Models of post-traumatic epilepsy （PTE） were established by intracortical injection of FeCl2 using stereotactic techniques. Electron microscopy revealed neuronal degeneration, with shrinkage of the neuronal soma, hyperplasia of rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomal detachment from the endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuolar degeneration of glial cells in the right frontal lobe of FeCl2-induced PTE rats. With prolonged time injuries became more severe and neuronal apoptosis was observed. Synapses in the hippocampal neuropil significantly increased （primarily type I/excitatory synapses） at day 14 following injury. Type II synapses （inhibitory synapse） were observed in the rat hippocampus at day 30. Cortical neuronal degeneration, apoptosis, glial cell proliferation, and ultrastructural hippocampal changes, in particular changes in type of neuronal synapse, play an important role in PTE onset.

Evaluation and analysis of cutting speed, wire wear ratio, and dimensional deviation of wire electric discharge machining of super alloy Udimet-L605 using support vector machine and grey relational analysis

The current study investigates the behavior of wire electric discharge machining （WEDM） of the super alloy Udimet-L605 by employing sophisticated machine learning approaches. The experimental work was designed on the basis of the Taguchi orthogonal L27 array, consid- ering six explanatory variables and evaluating their influ- ences on the cutting speed, wire wear ratio （WWR）, and dimensional deviation （DD）. A support vector machine （SVM） algorithm using a normalized poly-kernel and a radial-basis flow kernel is recommended for modeling the wire electric discharge machining process. The grey rela- tional analysis （GRA） approach was utilized to obtain the optimal combination of process variables simultaneously, providing the desirable outcome for the cutting speed, WWR, and DD. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analyses of the samples were performed for the confirmation of the results. An SVM based on the radial-basis kernel model dominated the normalized poly- kernel model. The optimal combination of process vari- ables for a mutually desirable outcome for the cutting speed, WWR, and DD was determined as Ton1, Toffa, Ip1, WT3, SV1, and WF3. The pulse-on time is the significant variable influencing the cutting speed, WWR, and DD. The largest percentage of copper （8.66%） was observed at the highest cutting speed setting 7.05% of copper at the low of the machine compared to cutting speed setting of the machine.

Determining the resistance of X-pinch plasma

The current and the voltage of an X-pinch were measured. The inductance of the X-pinch was assumed to be a constant and estimated by the calculation of the magnetic field based on the well-known Biot–Savart’s Law. The voltage of the inductance was calculated with L · di/dt and subtracted from the measured voltage of the X-pinch. Then, the resistance of the X-pinch was determined and the following results were obtained. At the start of the current flow the resistance of the exploding wires is several tens of Ohms, one order of magnitude, higher than the metallic resistance of the wires at room temperature, and then it falls quickly to about 1 , which reflects the physical processes occurring in the electrically exploding wires, i.e., a current transition from the highly resistive wire core to the highly conductive plasma. It was shown that the inductive contribution to the voltage of the X-pinch is less than the resistive contribution. For the wires we used, the wires’ material and diameter have no strong influence on the resistance of the X-pinch, which may be explained by the fact that the current flows through the plasma rather than through the metallic wire itself. As a result, the current is almost equally divided between two parallel X-pinches even though the diameter and material of the wires used for these two X-pinches are significantly different.

Boost Up the Mechanical and Electrical Property of CNT Fibers by Governing Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Mesophases with Aramid Polymers for Robust Lightweight Wiring Applications

Monofilament type of polyaromatic amide(PA)and carbon nanotube(CNT)composite fibers is presented.A concept of a lyotropic liquid crystal(LLC)constructed via a spontaneous self-assembly is introduced to mitigate the extremely low com-patibility between PA and CNT.These approaches provide an effective co-processing route of PA and CNT simultaneously to fabricate the uniform,continuous,and reliable composite fibers through a wet-spinning.Interestingly,the addition of a small amount PA into the dope solution of CNT governs the LLC mesophase not only in a spinneret stage but also in a coagulant region.Thus,the developed PA/CNT composite fibers have the high uniaxial orientational order and the close interfacial packing compared to the pure CNT fibers.The PA/CNT composite fibers achieve the outstanding tensile strength,electrical conductivity,and electrochemical response,while maintaining a lightweight.They also exhibit the chemical,mechanical,and thermal robustness.All of these advantages can make flexible,sewable,and washable PA/CNT composite fibers ideal nanocomposite materials for use in next-generation information and energy transporting system by replacing conventional metal electrical conductors.

Design and fabrication of a compact multimode interference splitter with silicon photonic nanowires

A compact multimode interference （MMI） splitter with silicon photonic nanowires on silicon-on-insulator （SOI） substrate is designed and fabricated. The footprint of the MMI section is only approximately 3×10 （μm）. The simulation results show that the device may have a low excess loss of 0.04 dB. The transmission loss of the silicon photonics wire is measured to be 0.73±0.3 dB/mm. The compact size and low transmission loss allow the device to be used in ultra-compact photonic integrated circuits. The device exhibits a good light splitting function. In a spectral range of 1549-1560 nm, the excess loss is 1.5 dB and the average imbalance between the two channels is 0.51 dB.

Electrical Discharge Machining of Al2024-65 vol%SiC Composites

In the present work, the wire electrical discharge machining（WEDM） process of the 65 vol% SiCp/2024 Al composite prepared by pressure infiltration methods has been investigated. The microstructure of the machined composite was characterized by scanning electron microscope, the average surface roughness（Ra）, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy（TEM） techniques. Three zones from the surface to the interior（melting zone, heat affected zone and un-affected zone） were found in the machined composites, while the face of SiC particles on the surface toward the outside was ‘‘cut＇＇ to be flat. Increase in Al and Si but decrease in C and O were observed in the core areas of the removed particles. Si phase, which was generated due to the decomposition of SiC, was detected after the WEDM process. The irregular and spherical particles were further observed by TEM. Based on the microstructure observation, it is suggested that the machining mechanism of 65 vol% SiCp/2024 Al composite was the combination of the melting of Al matrix and the decomposition of SiC particles.

Analysis and optimization of sustainable machining of AISI O1 tool steel by the wire-EDM process

Wire electrical discharge machining(wire-EDM)is an energy-intensive process,and its success relies on a correct selection of cutting parameters.It is vital to optimize energy consumption,along with productivity and quality.This experimental study optimized three parameters in wire-EDM:pulse-on time,servo voltage,and voltage concerning machining time,electric power,total energy consumption,surface roughness,and material removal rate.Two different plate thicknesses(15.88 mm and 25.4 mm)were machined.An orthogonal array,signal-to-noise ratio,and means graphs,and an analysis of vari-ance(ANOVA),determine the effects and contribution of cutting parameters on responses.Pulse-on time is the most significant factor for almost all variables,with a percentage of contribution higher than 50%.Multi-objective optimization is conducted to accomplish a concurrent decrease in all variables.A case study is proposed to compute carbon dioxide(CO_(2))tons and electricity cost in wire-EDM,using cutting parameters from multi-objective optimization and starting values commonly employed to cut that tool steel.A sustainable manufacturing approach reduced 5.91%of the electricity cost and CO_(2)tons when machining the thin plate,and these responses were diminished by 14.09%for the thicker plate.Therefore,it is possible to enhance the sustainability of the process without decreasing its productivity and quality.

Machine-vision-based electrode wear analysis for closed loop wire EDM process control

The purpose of this study was to develop a closed-loop machine vision system for wire electrical discharge machining(EDM)process control.Excessive wire wear leading to wire breakage is the primary cause of wire EDM process failures.Such process interruptions are undesirable because they affect cost efficiency,surface quality,and process sustainability.The developed system monitors wire wear using an image-processing algorithm and suggests parametric changes according to the severity of the wire wear.Microscopic images of the wire electrode coming out from the machining zone are fed to the system as raw images.In the proposed method,the images are preprocessed and enhanced to obtain a binary image that is used to compute the wire wear ratio(WWR).The input parameters that are adjusted to recover from the unstable conditions that cause excessive wire wear are pulse off time,servo voltage,and wire feed rate.The algorithm successfully predicted wire breakage events.In addition,the alternative parametric settings proposed by the control algorithm were successful in reducing the wire wear to safe limits,thereby preventing wire breakage interruptions.

Prediction and analysis of process failures by ANN classification during wire-EDM of Inconel 718

Wire breakages and spark absence are two typical machining failures that occur during wire electric discharge machining(wire-EDM),if appropriate parameter settings are not maintained.Even after several attempts to optimize the process,machining failures cannot be eliminated completely.A n offline classification model is presented herein to predict machining failures.The aim of the current study is to develop a multiclass classification model using an artificial neural network(ANN).The training dataset comprises 81 full factorial experiments with three levels of pulse-on time,pulse-off time,servo voltage,and wire feed rate as input parameters.The classes are labeled as normal machining,spark absence,and wire breakage.The model accuracy is tested by conducting 20 confirmation experiments,and the model is discovered to be 95%accurate in classifying the machining outcomes.The effects of process parameters on the process failures are discussed and analyzed.A microstructural analysis of the machined surface and worn wire surface is conducted.The developed model proved to be an easy and fast solution for verifying and eliminating process failures.