Enhancing Energy Efficiency with a Dynamic Trust Measurement Scheme in Power Distribution Network

The application of Intelligent Internet of Things(IIoT)in constructing distribution station areas strongly supports platform transformation,upgrade,and intelligent integration.The sensing layer of IIoT comprises the edge convergence layer and the end sensing layer,with the former using intelligent fusion terminals for real-time data collection and processing.However,the influx of multiple low-voltage in the smart grid raises higher demands for the performance,energy efficiency,and response speed of the substation fusion terminals.Simultaneously,it brings significant security risks to the entire distribution substation,posing a major challenge to the smart grid.In response to these challenges,a proposed dynamic and energy-efficient trust measurement scheme for smart grids aims to address these issues.The scheme begins by establishing a hierarchical trust measurement model,elucidating the trust relationships among smart IoT terminals.It then incorporates multidimensional measurement factors,encompassing static environmental factors,dynamic behaviors,and energy states.This comprehensive approach reduces the impact of subjective factors on trust measurements.Additionally,the scheme incorporates a detection process designed for identifying malicious low-voltage end sensing units,ensuring the prompt identification and elimination of any malicious terminals.This,in turn,enhances the security and reliability of the smart grid environment.The effectiveness of the proposed scheme in pinpointing malicious nodes has been demonstrated through simulation experiments.Notably,the scheme outperforms established trust metric models in terms of energy efficiency,showcasing its significant contribution to the field.

Energy-Efficient Approaches for a Machine Tool Building in a University through Field Measurement and Energy Modelling

The heating,ventilating,and air conditioning(HVAC)system consumes nearly 50%of the building’s energy,especially in Taiwan with a hot and humid climate.Due to the challenges in obtaining energy sources and the negative impacts of excessive energy use on the environment,it is essential to employ an energy-efficient HVAC system.This study conducted the machine tools building in a university.The field measurement was carried out,and the data were used to conduct energymodelling with EnergyPlus(EP)in order to discover some improvements in energy-efficient design.The validation between fieldmeasurement and energymodelling was performed,and the error rate was less than 10%.The following strategies were proposed in this study based on several energy-efficient approaches,including room temperature settings,chilled water supply temperature settings,chiller coefficient of performance(COP),shading,and building location.Energy-efficient approaches have been evaluated and could reduce energy consumption annually.The results reveal that the proposed energy-efficient approaches of room temperature settings(3.8%),chilled water supply temperature settings(2.1%),chiller COP(5.9%),using shading(9.1%),and building location(3.0%),respectively,could reduce energy consumption.The analysis discovered that using a well-performing HVAC system and building shading were effective in lowering the amount of energy used,and the energy modelling method could be an effective and satisfactory tool in determining potential energy savings.

A Novel Bidirectional Interaction Model and Electric Energy Measuring Scheme of EVs for V2G with Distorted Power Loads

With the increasing demand for petroleum resources and environmental issues,new energy electric vehicles are increasingly being used.However,the large number of electric vehicles connected to the grid has brought new challenges to the operation of the grid.Firstly,A novel bidirectional interaction model is established based on modulation theory with nonlinear loads.Then,the electric energy measuring scheme of EVs for V2G is derived under the conditions of distorted power loads.The scheme is composed of fundamental electric energy,fundamental-distorted electric energy,distorted-fundamental electric energy and distorted electric energy.And the characteristics of each electric energy are analyzed.Finally,the correctness of the model and energy measurement method is verified by three simulation cases:the impact signals,the fluctuating signals,and the harmonic signals.

A Home Appliance Recognition System Using the Approach of Measuring Power Consumption and Power Factor on the Electrical Panel, Based on Energy Meter ICs

Currently a large effort is being done with the intention to educate people about how much energy each electrical appliance uses in their houses, since this knowledge is the fundamental basis of energy efficiency programs that can be managed by the household owners. This paper presents a simple yet functional non-intrusive method for electric power measurement that can be applied in energy efficiency programs, in order to provide a better knowledge of the energy consumption of the appliances in a home.

Non-invasive glucose measuring apparatus based on conservation of energy method

A new non-invasive blood glucose measuring apparatus (NBGMA) made up of MSP430F149 SCM (single chip micyoco) was developed,which can measure blood glucose level (BGL) frequently,conveniently and painlessly. The hardware and software of this apparatus were designed,and detecting algorithms based on conservation of energy method (COEM) were presented. According to the law of conservation of energy that the energy derived by human body equals energy consumed by metabolism,and the relationship between convection,evaporation,radiation and the BGL was established. The sensor module was designed. 20 healthy volunteers were involved in the clinical experiment. The BGL measured by an automatic biochemical analyzer (ABA) was set as the reference. Regression analysis was performed to compare the conservation of energy method with the biochemical method,using the 20 data points with blood glucose concentrations ranging from 680 to 1 100 mg/L. Reproducibility was measured for healthy fasting volunteers. The results show that the means of BGL detected by NBGMA and ANA are very close to each other,and the difference of standard deviation (SD) is 24.7 mg/L. The correlative coefficient is 0.807. The coefficient of variation (CV) is 4% at 921.6 mg/L. The resultant regression is evaluated by the Clarke error grid analysis (EGA) and all data points are included in the clinically acceptable regions (region A:100%,region B:0%). Accordingly,it is feasible to measure BGL with COEM.

Analysis on electric energy measuring method based on multi-resolution analysis

Along with the massive applications of the non-linear loads and the impact loads, many non-stationary stochastic signals such as harmonics, inter-harmonics, impulse signals and so on are introduced into the electric network, and these non-stationary stochastic signals have had effects on the accuracy of the measurement of electric energy. The traditional method like Fourier Analysis can be applied efficiently on the stationary stochastic signals, but it has little effect on non-stationary stochastic signals. In light of this, the form of the signals of the electric network in wavelet domain will be discussed in this paper. A measurement method of active power based on multi-resolution analysis in the stochastic process is presented. This method has a wider application scope compared with the traditional method Fourier analysis, and it is of good referential value and practical value in terms of raising the level of the existing electric energy measurement.

A Moored Underwater Energy Conservation System for Profiling Measurement

There is a need to obtain the hydrologic data including ocean current, wave, temperature and so on in the South China Sea. A new profiling instrument which does not suffer from the damage due to nature forces or incidents caused by passing ships, is under development to acquire data from this area. This device is based on a taut single point mid-water mooring system. It incorporates a small, instrumented vertically profiling float attached via an electromechanical cable to a winch integral with the main subsurface flotation. On a pre-set schedule, the instrument float with sensors is winched up to the surface if there is no ship passing by, which is defined by an on-board miniature sonar. And it can be. inunediately winched down to a certain depth if the sonar sensor finds something is coming. Since, because of logistics, the area can only be visited once for a long time and a minimum of 10 times per day profiles are desired, energy demands are severe. To respond to these concerns, the system has been designed to conserve a substantial portion of the potential energy lost during the ascent phase of each profile and subsequently use this energy to pull the instrument down. Compared with the previous single-point layered measuring mode, it is advanced and economical. At last the paper introduces the test in the South China Sea.

Rough law energy and measurement of ■-decomposition rough law

By employing function one-direction S-rough sets and rough law generation method based on function S-rough sets, ^-f-decomposition law and ^-F-decomposition rough law are proposed, and the measurement of rough law variation in the process of rough law ^-F-decomposition is researched. The concepts of law energy and attdbute ^-f-interference degree are presented, which make the variation of rough law become measurable. ^-f-decomposition law energy characteristic theorem, ^-f- decomposition law energy inequality theorem, ^-F-decomposition rough law energy characteristic theorem, and ^-f-decomposition law energy mean value theorem are presented.

Measurement of Secondary Electron Energy Spectra of Polymethyl Methacrylate

We report on a novel and convenient method of measuring secondary electron spectra for insulators in a secondary electron yield measurement system with a planar grid analyzer configuration and a metal mesh probe. In this measurement, the planar grid is negatively biased to force some emitted secondary electrons to return to the sample surface and to neutralize charges accumulated on the sample during the previous beam irradiation. The surface potential of the sample is then measured by use of a metal mesh probe. The grid bias for neutralization corresponding to the zero surface potential is determined based on the linear relationship between the surface potential and the grid bias. Once the surface potential equals zero, the secondary electron spectra of polymethyl methacrylate（PMMA） are studied experimentally by measuring the -curve and then fitting it to Everhart＇s formula. The measurement results show that the peak energy and the full width at half maximum of the spectra are 4.26 eV and 14.06 eV, respectively.

Analysis on thermal measuring of green roof

Comparison of thermal performance between a green roof room and a bare roof room was presented during the cooling period in Shanghai. The results show that the electricity can be saved about 0.08 kW·h/(d·m2),and the heat flux can be reduced by about 70%; the inner surface temperature variation is about 1.0 ℃ comparing with the indoor temperature when using the green roof,and the extra equivalent heat resistance is 1.0 m2·K/W.

Direct Measurements of the Electron Energy Flux versus Electron Temperature Gradient in Tokamak Discharges

Electron thermal transport is one of the most complex processes in fusionplasmas. It is generally described by a simple thermal diffusivity in transport analyses ofdischarges, but there is evidence of critical gradient effects with moderate stiffness. By analyzingperiodic perturbations to an equilibrium, one canmeasure the variations in electron energy flux andelectron temperature gradient over the perturbation cycle, obtaining the flux as a function ofgradient over the range of parameters generated by the perturbation. Although time-dependenttransport analysis is very sensitive to noise in the input data, averaging over many cycles of aperiodic perturbation can provide data of sufficient quality. The analyses presented here are basedon the ECE temperature data with high spatial and temporal resolution and full profile coverage onDIII-D for sawteeth and modulated ECH heating.

Energy Measures on a Homogeneous Hierarchical Gasket

On a homogeneous hierarchical gasket we give a linear extension method to compute the energy measures of harmonic functions with respect to the standard energy.

Are energy conservation and emission reduction policy measures effective for industrial structure restructuring and upgrading?

The use of energy conservation emission reduction policies to promote industrial restructuring and upgrading and thus facilitate energy conservation and emission reduction is one of the 10 important strategies of environmental management in China. The use of energy conservation emission reduction policies to promote industrial restructuring and upgrading and thus facilitate energy conservation and emission reduction is one of the important strategies of environmental management in China. Based on the systematic collection of 1,195 energy conservation emission reduction policies, we discuss the influence of individual measure and measure synergy of energy conservation and emission reduction policies respectively. The results show that the energy conservation and emission reduction policies have a significant effect on the overall promotion of industrial upgrading. The financial measures and guidance measures have a positive impact;the financial measures and guidance measures have significantly positive effect; however, the administrative measures, fiscal tax measures, and other economic measures do the opposite; the positive effect of the synergy of guidance measures and financial measures is greater than the negative effect of considering only the synergy of fiscal tax measures and other economic measures, and significantly greater than the negative effect of the synergy of administrative measures, fiscal tax measures, and other economic measures. We should strengthen and emphasize the use of the measure that has positive effect on industrial structure restructuring and upgrading individually and synergistically.

Food Production Engineering Efficiency: A Critical Analysis of the Conventional Metrics Used in Measuring Agricultural Efficiency

An analysis is reported of conventional vs. alternative metrics used in measuring food production efficiency. Economic efficiency is driven by marketplace economics, while engineering efficiency is driven by useful energy conservation. As farming systems are optimized for maximum efficiency, how “efficiency” is defined will dictate the methods used in food production. Farming methods that are optimized in terms of economic efficiency have environmental consequences that are not inherent of engineering efficiency;however, farming methods optimized in terms of engineering efficiency have labor requirements not inherent of economic efficiency. A shift from optimizing food production in terms of economic efficiency to engineering efficiency may be necessary in order to feed a growing human population.

Facing a Problem of Electrical Energy Quality in Ship Networks-measurements, Estimation, Control

In this paper, electrical energy quality and its indices in ship electric networks are introduced, especially the meaning of electrical energy quality terms in voltage and active and reactive power distribution indices. Then methods of measurement of marine electrical energy indices are introduced in details and a microprocessor measurement-diagnosis system with the function of measurement and control is designed. Afterwards, estimation and control of electrical power quality of marine electrical power networks are introduced. And finally, according to the existing method of measurement and control of electrical power quality in ship power networks, the improvement of relative method is proposed.

A Homeowner-Based Methodology for Economic Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Measures in Residences

Residential energy-efficiency measures, besides energy savings, provide opportunities for improvement of thermal comfort, air quality, lighting quality, and operation. However, all these benefits sometimes are not enough to convince a homeowner to pay the incremental cost associated with the energy-efficiency measure. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology for the economic evaluation of residential energy-efficiency measures that can simplify the economic analysis for the homeowner while taking into consideration all factors associated with the purchase, ownership, and selling of the house with the energy-efficiency measure. The methodology accounts for direct and indirect economic parameters associated to an energy-efficiency measure;direct parameters such as the mortgage interest and fuel price escalation rate, and indirect parameters such as savings account interest and marginal income tax rate. The methodology also considers different cases based on the service life of the energy-efficiency measure and loss of efficiency through a derating factor. To estimate the market value, the methodology uses the future energy cost savings instead of the cost of the EEM. Results from the methodology offer to homeowner annual net savings and net assets. The annual net savings gives the homeowner a measure of the annual positive cash flow that can be obtained from an energy-efficiency project;but more important, the net assets offer a measure of the added net wealth. To simplify and increase the use of the methodology by homeowners, the methodology has been implemented in an Excel tool that can be downloaded from the TxAIRE’s website.

Application Analysis of Energy Saving Measures in Oilfield Electrical Engineering

With the rapid development of the social economy,people are paying more and more attention to environmental issues.If society wants sustainable development,it must put energy conservation and emission reduction on the agenda.At this stage,China has vigorously promoted energy conservation and emission reduction,and all walks of life have gradually embarked on the green road of energy conservation.In recent years,energy saving measures has been widely used in China's oilfield electrical engineering.The author explores and analyzes the basic principles of energy saving measures applied in oilfield electrical engineering,and proposes an effective way to apply energy saving measures in oilfield electrical engineering,hoping to contribute to the energy saving effect of oilfield electrical engineering.

4-27 Energy Loss Measurement of the Low Energy He2+ IonsPenetrating the Hydrogen Plasma Target

The interaction process of ions and plasmas is an important topic in Ion-Beam-Driven High Energy DensityPhysics and Inertial Confinement Fusion research. Due to the strong non-linear effects and the special importancein ICF research, more and more emphasis has been given to the investigations for ion beam in low energy rangeand/or for plasma with high intensity[1;2]. Here, we address the newly measured results of the energy loss by slowions penetrating the fully ionized hydrogen plasma target.

Experimental Measurements of Neutron Yields and Neutron Emission Rates in Intermediate Energy Heavy， Ion Reactions

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