Preliminary discussion on the ignition mechanism of exploding foil initiators igniting boron potassium nitrate

Exploding foil initiator(EFI)is a kind of advanced device for initiating explosives,but its function is unstable when it comes to directly igniting pyrotechnics.To solve the problem,this research aims to reveal the ignition mechanism of EFIs directly igniting pyrotechnics.An oscilloscope,a photon Doppler velocimetry,and a plasma spectrum measurement system were employed to obtain information of electric characteristics,impact pressure,and plasma temperature.The results of the electric characteristics and the impact pressure were inconsistent with ignition results.The only thing that the ignition success tests had in common was that their plasma all had a relatively long period of high-temperature duration(HTD).It eventually concludes that the ignition mechanism in this research is the microconvection heat transfer rather than the shock initiation,which differs from that of exploding foil initiators detonating explosives.Furthermore,the methods for evaluating the ignition success of semiconductor bridge initiators are not entirely applicable to the tests mentioned in this paper.The HTD is the critical parameter for judging the ignition success,and it is influenced by two factors:the late time discharge and the energy of the electric explosion.The longer time of the late time discharge and the more energy of the electric explosion,the easier it is to expand the HTD,which improves the probability of the ignition success.

Investigation on the exploding foil initiators ignition enhanced by explosion-electricity coupling

Explosion-electricity coupling(EEC) is a technical method to induce electric energy into the plasma material produced by explosion to improve the output of explosion.Exploding foil initiator(EFI) which could produce plasma during electric explosion can serve as a good carrier for studying the EEC.To investigate the enhancement ability and mechanism of EEC in EFI ignition performance,a kind of EFI chips which could realize the EEC effect was designed and fabricated to observe the characteristics of current and voltage,flyer and plasma temperature during Boron Potassium Nitrate(BPN) ignition of the EFI.It was found that the EEC could enhance EFI ignition in terms of energy utilization,ignition contact surface,and high-temperature sustainability of plasma:firstly,the EEC prolonged the late time discharge(LTD) phase of the electric explosion,making the energy of capacitor effectively utilized;secondly,the EEC could create a larger area of ignition contact surface;last of all,the EEC effect enhanced its hightemperature sustainability by sustaining continuous energy input to plasma.It also was found that the ignition voltage of BPN could be reduced by nearly 600 V under the condition of 0.4 μF capacitance.The research has successfully combined EEC with EFI,revealing the behavioral characteristics of EEC and demonstrating its effective enhancement of EFI ignition.It introduces a new approach to improving EFI output,which is conducive to low-energy ignition of EFI,and expected to take the ignition technology of EFI to a new level.

Design, fabrication and performance test of an integrated exploding foil initiator system

The integration method of exploding foil initiator system(EFIs) used to be researched to broaden its application range in military and aerospace in the last few decades.In order to lower the firing voltage below 1 kV,an integrated EFIs with enhanced energy efficiency was designed.Corresponding exploding foil initiator chips were fabricated in batch via micro electromechanical systems technology by integrating a unified foil,a flyer layer and a barrel on a glass substrate successively,meanwhile its package of the whole system was proposed at a volume of 2.194 cm^(3).The structural parameters were determined by predicted performance including flyer velocity,impact behavior and conduction property via the proposed theoretical models and the static electric field simulation.As expect,this integrated EFIs exhibited excellent functions,which could accelerate the flyer to a terminal velocity over 4 km/s and preeminently initiate HNS-IV pellet at a circuit of 0.24 μF/0.9 kV.Furthermore,the theoretical design,fabrication and performance test have been all included to validate the feasibility of this integrated EFIs that was beneficial for its commercial development in the future.

Enhancing Fire Safety in Commercial Vehicles: Assessing the Efficacy and Advantages of Exploding Fire Extinguishing Balls

Fire incidents in commercial vehicles pose significant risks to passengers, drivers, and cargo. Traditional fire extinguishing systems, while effective, may have limitations in terms of response time, coverage, and human intervention [1]. This study investigates the efficacy of a novel fire suppression technology—the Exploding Fire Extinguishing Ball (EFEB) —as an alternative and complementary fire safety solution for commercial vehicles. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing engineering, materials science, fire safety, and human factors analysis. A systematic literature review establishes a comprehensive understanding of existing fire suppression technologies, including EFEBs. Subsequently, this study analyzes the unique features of EFEBs, such as automatic activation, as well as manual activation upon exposure to fire, and their potential to provide rapid, localized, and autonomous fire suppression. The study presents original experimental investigations to assess the performance and effectiveness of EFEBs in various fire scenarios representative of commercial vehicles. Experiments include controlled fires in confined spaces and dynamic simulations to emulate real-world fire incidents. Data on activation times, extinguishing capability, and coverage area are collected and analyzed to compare the efficacy of EFEBs with traditional fire extinguishing methods. Furthermore, this research shows the practical aspects of implementing EFEBs in commercial vehicles. A feasibility study examines the integration challenges, cost-benefit analysis, and potential regulatory implications. The study also addresses the impact of EFEBs on vehicle weight, stability, and overall safety. Human factors and user acceptance are crucial elements in adopting new safety technologies. Therefore, this research utilizes an experimental design to assess the performance and effectiveness of EFEBs in various fire scenarios representative of commercial vehicles. This dissertation presents original controlled experiments to emulate real-world fire incidents, including controlled fires in confined spaces and dynamic simulations. The experimental approach ensures rigorous evaluation and objective insights into EFEBs’ potential as an autonomous fire suppression system for commercial vehicles. This includes the perspectives of drivers, passengers, fleet operators, insurance agencies, and regulatory bodies. Factors influencing trust, perceived safety, and willingness to adopt EFEBs are analyzed to provide insights into the successful integration of this technology. The findings of this research will contribute to the knowledge of fire safety technology and expand the understanding of the applicability of EFEBs in commercial vehicles.

A micro-chip exploding foil initiator based on printed circuit board technology

Conventional exploding foil initiator (EFI) in ignition or detonation applications hosts many performance advantages, but was hindered by the bulky, inaccurate, inefficient and expensive shortcomings. We highlight a novel micro-chip exploding foil initiator (McEFI) using printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The structural parameters were determined based on energy coupling relationship at the component interfaces. Next, the prototype McEFI has been batch-fabricated using PCB technology, with a monolithic structure of 7.0 mm (l) × 4.5 mm (w) × 4.0 mm (δ). As expected, this PCB-McEFI illustrated the successful firing validations for explosives pellets. This paper has addressed the cost problem in both military munitions and civil markets wherever reliable, insensitive and timing-dependent ignition or detonation are involved.

Piezoelectric responses of brittle rock mass containing quartz to static stress and exploding stress wave respectively

The electromagnetic emission(EME) induced from the rock containing piezoelectric materials was investigated under both static stress and exploding stress wave in the view of piezoelectric effect. The results show that the intensity of the EME induced from the rock under static stress increases with increasing stress level and loading rate; the relationship between the amplitude of the EME from the rock under different modes of stress wave and elastic parameters and propagation distance was presented. The intensity of the EME relates not only to the strength and elastic moduli of rock masses,but also to the initial damage of the rock. The intensity of EME induced by stress wave reaches the highest at the explosion-center and attenuates with the propagation distance. The intensity of EME increases with increasing the elastic modulus and decreases with increasing initial damage. The results are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Optimization Design of Exploding Foil Bridge Shape

The exploding foil,which is a main influence factor of exploding foil initiator(EFI),was studied to improve the utilization rate of energy in EFI.The burst currents of three bridge foils with different shapes were measured,and the sensitivity of initiation charge made of HNS-IV was tested by slappers.The test results show that,for O-shaped bridge foil,the burst current density is maximal,and the initiating voltage at 50% of firing probability of HNS-IV is minimal.The O-shaped bridge foil can be used to improve the utilization rate of energy in EFI and reduce the firing energy.

Expansion of Plasma of Electrically Exploding Single Copper Wire Under 4.5kA～9.5kA/Wire

The experimental system for electrically exploding single metal wire has been designed and manufactured. Expansion of the dense plasma column formed from an electrically exploding Cu wire of diameter 30 μm has been studied with a high-speed photographer to obtain the time-dependent radius (R-t) curve. The experimental results demonstrate that the mean expansion rate of the dense plasma column is 1.94 μm/ns, 2.6 μm/ns and 3.75 μm/ns according to the peak pulse current 4.5 kA, 7 kA and 9.5 kA respectively. The results can be beneficial to giving a profound understanding of the early stage of wire-array Z-pinch physics and to improvement on their design.

EXCITATION OF SPHERICAL SYMMETRIC EXPLODING WAVE WITH MOVING BOUNDARY

In this paper we have given an analytic excitation solution of exploding wave in infinite elastic body with growing spherical inner boundary, and the convergence region of series in this solution determined. Some characters of the displacement wave have also been discussed.

Migrated Exploding Reflectors in Evaluation of Finite Difference Solution for Inhomogeneous Seismic Models

Earth is inhomogeneous, which means its elastic characteristics change with depth. The seismic method employs the propagation of waves throughout the earth to locate different structures and stratigraphy. Understanding the wave propagation is an important matter in exploration seismology;therefore modeling of seismic wave is an important tool. To validate the interpreted earth model out of the seismic data, seismic synthetic seismograms should be generated in a process named “seismic forward modeling”. Finite difference method is used as one of the most common numerical modeling techniques. In this paper the accuracy of finite difference method in seismic section modeling is explored on different modeled data set of heterogeneous earth. It is shown that finite difference method completes with migration to reposition the events in their correct location. Two different migration methods are used and various velocities are also tested to determine an appropriate migration velocity. Finally the validly of finite difference modeling is examined using a 2D structural similarity index technique.

Preparation of Aluminum Nanoparticles by Exploding Wire in Different Liquids

The present work, provides a simple technique for the production of aluminum nanoparticles based on the explosion of thin aluminum wires in different liquids （distilled water, ethylene glycol and cyclohexane） by applying 36 Volte DC to two electrodes, one in the form of thin wire and the other in the form of plate and bring them to in touch mechanically. The nanoparticles are characterized by x-ray diffraction and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The x-ray diffraction results reveal that the nanoparticles continue to routine lattice periodicity at reduced particle sizes. The UV-Visible absorption spectrum of the liquid solution of the aluminum nanoparticles shows no characteristic Surface Plasmon Resonance （SPR） peak in the visible region. The TEM and SEM images show that the aluminum nanoparticles have narrow particle size distribution ranged from 20 to120 um with average particle size 80 nm. The aluminum nanoparticles prepared in water and that prepared in ethylene glycol show, no difference in their average particle size and distribution, while those prepared in cyclohexane show smaller sizes. It was observed that the particles have a little irregular shapes and low agglomerate was observed.

First polar direct-drive exploding-pusher target experiments on the ShenGuang laser facility

Low density and low convergence implosion occurs in the exploding-pusher target experiment, and generates neutrons isotropically to develop a high yield platform.In order to validate the performance of ShenGuang(SG) laser facility and test nuclear diagnostics, all 48-beam lasers with an on-target energy of 48 kJ were firstly used to drive room-temperature, DT gas-filled glass targets.The optimization has been carried out and optimal drive uniformity was obtained by the combination of beam repointing and target.The final irradiation uniformity of less than 5% on polar direct-drive capsules of 540 μm in diameter was achieved, and the highest thermonuclear yield of the polar direct-drive DT fuel implosion at the SG was 1.04 × 10^(13).The experiment results show neutron yields severely depend on the irradiation uniformity and laser timing,and decrease with the increase of the diameter and fuel pressure of the target.The thin CH ablator does not impact the implosion performance, but the laser drive uniformity is important.The simulated results validate that the cos γ distribution laser design is reasonable and can achieve a symmetric pressure distribution.Further optimization will focus on measuring the symmetry of the hot spot by self-emission imaging, increasing the diameter, and decreasing the fuel pressure.

Explodator模型特性的数值模拟

本文采用 Explodato r模型解释 B—Z 反应中的时间振荡现象,并利用计算机进行了数值模拟,其结果符合实验事实.

Regulatory effects of electro-acupuncture at Zusanfi on ir-SP content in rat pituitary gland and peripheral blood and their immunity

INTRODUCTIONIt has been reported in many studies that electro-acupuncture(EA)can positively regulate erythrocyticimmunity and T-lymphocytic subgroups.Nevertheless,its mechanism remains to be explored.In thepresent study,a multi-group,multi-stepped and multi-indexed observation was conducted on the effects of EA

Amplitude phase control for electro-hydraulic servo system based on normalized least-mean-square adaptive filtering algorithm

The electro-hydraulic servo system was studied to cancel the amplitude attenuation and phase delay of its sinusoidal response,by developing a network using normalized least-mean-square (LMS) adaptive filtering algorithm.The command input was corrected by weights to generate the desired input for the algorithm,and the feedback was brought into the feedback correction,whose output was the weighted feedback.The weights of the normalized LMS adaptive filtering algorithm were updated on-line according to the estimation error between the desired input and the weighted feedback.Thus,the updated weights were copied to the input correction.The estimation error was forced to zero by the normalized LMS adaptive filtering algorithm such that the weighted feedback was equal to the desired input,making the feedback track the command.The above concept was used as a basis for the development of amplitude phase control.The method has good real-time performance without estimating the system model.The simulation and experiment results show that the proposed amplitude phase control can efficiently cancel the amplitude attenuation and phase delay with high precision.

某直列式点火器双路瞎火故障分析与改进

针对某直列式点火器在低温点火试验中出现的双路冲击片点火管瞎火问题,进行了故障定位及原因分析,提出了改进措施并对其有效性进行了试验验证。结果表明:造成双路瞎火故障的原因是点火器转接件焊点异常处的气体间隙弧光放电;提出将2个回路的触发信号时间间隔调整为50μs,按照HB 7262航空产品电装工艺的相关规定细化电装工艺,增加对能量传输通道的介质耐压检测等改进措施。验证试验表明采取改进措施后,消除了弧光放电现象,点火器内的2个爆炸箔表面均有明显的电爆炸痕迹。

某露天矿山采选工艺联合优化

某大型露天矿以氧化矿为主,随着开采不断深入,氧化矿出矿量逐年减少,原生矿出矿量逐年增加。为进一步提高资源利用率及选矿台效,开展了采场爆破设计优化、破碎参数及设备能力匹配、流程改造实施等一系列技术攻关,实现了破碎流程的最优粒度供给,在保障以爆代破的同时,实现挂帮矿有效回收利用。同时,磨矿分级单元的优化使得氧化矿加工流程处理能力大幅提升,“磁选-重选”给矿提前抛尾,大幅提高了入选矿石性质,流程循环量的降低,推动生产效能进一步提升,为企业提产增量、降本增效提供了有力支撑。

BPN组分粒径对Slapper-BPN型EFDI发火感度的影响

为了研究硼/硝酸钾(BPN)组分粒径对Slapper-BPN型爆炸箔爆燃点火器(EFDI)发火感度的影响,设计并制备了由不同粒径的硼粉和硝酸钾组成的多个BPN配方,采用激光粒度仪表征了硼粉的粒径,讨论了硼粉粒径数量分布和体积分布的特点;通过扫描电镜(SEM)获得硝酸钾粒径对BPN药剂界面形貌的影响;根据差示扫描量热法(DSC)数据,计算了不同配方BPN的指前因子、表观活化能、最低热解温度和热爆炸临界温度,分析了BPN组分粒径对其动力学性能的影响;根据兰利法获得了不同配方BPN的临界发火电压及标准误差,讨论了BPN动力学性能和药剂界面形貌对其发火感度的影响。结果表明,BPN组分粒径主要从BPN的热分解性能和药柱界面形貌影响EFDI发火感度;BPN组分粒径变大,会使BPN药剂的最低热解温度变高,从而降低了EFDI发火感度;BPN组分粒径变小,改变了BPN药柱界面形貌,会使BPN药柱颗粒堆积更密实,减小药剂颗粒空隙,阻碍BPN的传火传热通道,在低密度装药条件下,会明显降低EFDI发火感度。因此,硼粉粒径一致性对低密度BPN发火感度的标准差具有一定影响。

氩气中铝丝电爆炸空间形态不均匀现象及其抑制方法

铝丝电爆炸法制备纳米粉体具有低成本、高效率、产物纯度高且粒度分布可控等优势,其扩散阶段空间形态均匀性是影响纳米铝粉品质的关键因素。为此设计并搭建了铝丝电爆炸实验系统,可实现包括激光成像、分幅成像与辐射光谱分析的超快光学诊断。观测到铝丝电爆炸扩散阶段出现的等离子体晕层、“纺锤形”结构、“拉链状”结构、分层结构、局部热点、缺口、残留丝核等空间形态不均匀现象,并揭示了其产生原因包括氛围气体放电、径向非均匀汽化、热力学不稳定性、磁流体力学不稳定性。建立了基于自辐射图像的空间形态均匀性量化表征方法与判别准则。研究获得了气压与电流参数对阻性阶段及沉积能量特性的影响规律,并提出了空间形态不均匀性的抑制方法——增加气压与提高电流上升率,最终确定了可实现均匀电爆炸的参数选取方法。

多点起爆技术及应用研究进展

综述了爆炸网络多点起爆技术和直列式多点起爆技术的发展,介绍了爆炸网络多点起爆技术的多点同步爆炸网络和多点逻辑爆炸网络的应用现状,分析了两者的优势及不足;对比了直列式多点起爆技术的国内外研究现状,讨论了多点起爆点数、起爆方位参数对多点起爆系统性能的影响,指出多点起爆技术未来研究方向为:多点起爆精确控制方法研究,多点起爆装置模块化与集成化研究,低成本多点起爆技术研究,复杂环境下多点起爆系统安全性与可靠性研究。