Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Modeling of a Photodetector Chip

A small-signal equivalent circuit model and the ted. The equivalent lumped circuit, which takes the main extraction techniques for photodetector chips are presen- factors that limit a photodetector＇s RF performance into consideration,is first determined based on the device＇s physical structure. The photodetector＇s S parameters are then on-wafer measured, and the measured raw data are processed with further calibration. A genetic algorithm is used to fit the measured data, thereby allowing us to calculate each parameter value of the model. Experimental resuits show that the modeled parameters are well matched to the measurements in a frequency range from 130MHz to 20GHz, and the proposed method is proved feasible. This model can give an exact description of the photodetector chip＇s high frequency performance,which enables an effective circuit-level prediction for photodetector and optoelectronic integrated circuits.

Simulation of second-order RC equivalent circuit model of lithium battery based on variable resistance and capacitance

With the rise of the electric vehicle industry,as the power source of electric vehicles,lithium battery has become a research hotspot.The state of charge(SOC)estimation and modelling of lithium battery are studied in this paper.The ampere-hour(Ah)integration method based on external characteristics is analyzed,and the open-circuit voltage(OCV)method is studied.The two methods are combined to estimate SOC.Considering the accuracy and complexity of the model,the second-order RC equivalent circuit model of lithium battery is selected.Pulse discharge and exponential fitting of lithium battery are used to obtain corresponding parameters.The simulation is carried out by using fixed resistance capacitance and variable resistance capacitor respectively.The accuracy of variable resistance and capacitance model is 2.9%,which verifies the validity of the proposed model.

An equivalent circuit model for terahertz quantum cascade lasers:Modeling and experiments

Terahertz quantum cascade lasers（THz QCLs） emitted at 4.4 THz are fabricated and characterized. An equivalent circuit model is established based on the five-level rate equations to describe their characteristics. In order to illustrate the capability of the model, the steady and dynamic performances of the fabricated THz QCLs are simulated by the model.Compared to the sophisticated numerical methods, the presented model has advantages of fast calculation and good compatibility with circuit simulation for system-level designs and optimizations. The validity of the model is verified by the experimental and numerical results.

Analysis for Transmission of Composite Structure with Graphene Using Equivalent Circuit Model

A simple analytical method is presented to analyze the transmission of electromagnetic plane waves through multilayer stacked composite two-dimensional( 2D) structures at microwave frequencies. Unlike the traditional structure,high impedance surface with graphene sheet is proposed. The structure includes graphene and thin metal patches and meshes. Simple analytical formulas are introduced for the surface impedance of graphene and for the grid impedance of electrically dense arrays of metal square patches or strips. The result of transmission properties is based on the dynamic tunable model of the high impedance surface,which considers the surface conductivity of graphene layer. The transmission coefficient obtained by using the equivalent circuit method is validated against full-wave numerical simulations. The considered equivalent circuit method can be useful in the design of graphene tunable planar devices.

Extrinsic equivalent circuit modeling of InP HEMTs based on full-wave electromagnetic simulation

With the widespread utilization of indium-phosphide-based high-electron-mobility transistors(InP HEMTs)in the millimeter-wave(mmW)band,the distributed and high-frequency parasitic coupling behavior of the device is particularly prominent.We present an InP HEMT extrinsic parasitic equivalent circuit,in which the conductance between the device electrodes and a new gate-drain mutual inductance term L_(mgd)are taken into account for the high-frequency magnetic field coupling between device electrodes.Based on the suggested parasitic equivalent circuit,through HFSS and advanced design system(ADS)co-simulation,the equivalent circuit parameters are directly extracted in the multi-step system.The HFSS simulation prediction,measurement data,and modeled frequency response are compared with each other to verify the feasibility of the extraction method and the accuracy of the equivalent circuit.The proposed model demonstrates the distributed and radio-frequency behavior of the device and solves the problem that the equivalent circuit parameters of the conventional InP HEMTs device are limited by the device model and inaccurate at high frequencies when being extracted.

An equivalent model of discharge instability in the discharge chamber of Kaufman ion thruster

The industrial application of the Kaufman ion thruster in its arc stage is limited owing to the instability of the discharge pulse.Presently,a complete prediction model that can predict the discharge pulse in the high-current stage does not exist.In this study,a complete prediction model for the pulse in the ion thruster is established using the zero-dimensional plasma discharge model and equivalent circuit model.The zero-dimensional plasma discharge model is used to obtain the corresponding plasma parameters by calculating the beam current,discharge current,voltage,and gas flow under actual working conditions.The input parameters of the equivalent circuit model are calculated using empirical formulae to acquire the estimated discharge waveforms.The pulse waveforms obtained using the model are found to be consistent with the experimental results.The model is used to evaluate the process of rapid changes in plasma density.Additionally,this model is employed to predict changes in the pulse waveforms when the volume of the discharge chamber and grid plate transmittance are changed.

Design and Verification of Equivalent Circuit for Cable Electrostatic Discharge

In the process of production, transportation and assembly, cable assemblies can get a lot of electrostatic charge by friction, dragging, pulling and induction. These residual charges can be discharged when Electrostatic sensitive device connected with it and can cause the complete failure or potential failure of the electrostatic sensitive product. In this paper, the theoretical model of cable assemblies is established by analyzing the characteristics of cable assemblies, and the equivalent RF circuit is designed. The static discharge characteristics of the cable are analyzed and verified by simulation.

Design and Realization of CPW Circuits Using EC-ANN Models for CPW Discontinuities

Novel accurate and efficient equivalent circuit trained artificial neural-network （EC-ANN） models,which inherit and improve upon EC model and EM-ANN models＇ advantages,are developed for coplanar waveguide （CPW） discontinuities. Modeled discontinuities include ： CPW step, interdigital capacitor, symmetric cross junction, and spiral inductor, for which validation tests are performed. These models allow for circuit design, simulation, and optimization within a CAD simulator. Design and realization of a coplanar lumped element band pass filter on GaAs using the developed CPW EC-ANN models are demonstrated.

Online Identification of Lithium-ion Battery Model Parameters with Initial Value Uncertainty and Measurement Noise

Online parameter identification is essential for the accuracy of the battery equivalent circuit model(ECM).The traditional recursive least squares(RLS)method is easily biased with the noise disturbances from sensors,which degrades the modeling accuracy in practice.Meanwhile,the recursive total least squares(RTLS)method can deal with the noise interferences,but the parameter slowly converges to the reference with initial value uncertainty.To alleviate the above issues,this paper proposes a co-estimation framework utilizing the advantages of RLS and RTLS for a higher parameter identification performance of the battery ECM.RLS converges quickly by updating the parameters along the gradient of the cost function.RTLS is applied to attenuate the noise effect once the parameters have converged.Both simulation and experimental results prove that the proposed method has good accuracy,a fast convergence rate,and also robustness against noise corruption.

基于惠更斯等效原理的高速高密度PCB分级建模方法

当带宽达到20 GHz以上时(波长从15 mm到无穷小),高速高密度电子系统的内部电路电磁环境变得十分复杂,越来越难以建模和分析预测,进一步当带宽达到40 GHz以上时,电路电磁环境问题将变得更加尖锐.为在设计阶段能够对电磁作用过程、作用效应进行预测评估及控制,需要精确的建模方法和针对大尺度问题的快速计算技术,尤其是超大带宽超高速混合电路和集成电路.本文提出了基于混合电路环境电磁计算基础理论的跨尺度处理技术,通过惠更斯等效原理和电磁奇异性几何结构的电磁收敛降速机理的利用,解决了多维交叉多尺度电路电磁环境场路融合的高效率高精度建模技术挑战;利用惠更斯等效原理和基尔霍夫积分方程,在区域边界面上定义了惠更斯端口,提出了对于任意复杂印制电路板(Printed Circuit Board,PCB)同时垂直方向和水平方向区域分解的一般方法,实现了任意PCB结构的分级分类处理和模块化封装,提高了高速高密度电子系统分析的灵活度;提出了基于几何结构电磁学多重本地本征展开的技术途径,发展了基于模式和区域分解分割的快速并行处理技术,通过电磁锐变区域本征描述及场分布的本征基函数表征,实现了高精度和高计算速度兼得,减少了复杂电子系统的计算时间和设计时间.统计数据表明,本文提出的方法在0~40 GHz大带宽频率范围内频偏误差为3.7%、幅度偏差为±3 dB.本文提出的PCB分级建模分析方法可以应用于高端电子通信系统设计,提升我国宽带高速数模系统的高效电路设计和环境电磁调控能力,缩短产品研发周期.

基于HPPC-FFRLS的锂电池等效模型参数在线辨识

目的为了实现锂离子动力电池的高精度状态监测与分析,方法针对锂离子动力电池二阶RC等效电路模型的参数在线辨识展开研究。搭建锂离子动力电池二阶RC等效电路模型;利用开路电压法与安-时积分算法相结合的方式进行电池荷电状态(SOC)评估;通过HPPC测试实验数据进行等效电路模型的离线参数辨识;以离线辨识结果作为系统状态初值,结合带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘算法(FFRLS)对锂离子动力电池二阶RC等效电路模型参数进行在线辨识;利用Simulink搭建电池状态监测和充放电控制仿真系统,对基于在线辨识参数的模型进行仿真测试;利用可编程电源和电子负载搭建实验平台。结果对比在线辨识参数的系统仿真输出、离线辨识参数的系统仿真输出和实验数据,结果表明:基于HPPC-FFRLS在线辨识的模型仿真输出的误差相对于HPPC实验法减小了50%;在线辨识策略克服了环境温度、电池老化、充放电倍率等因素对参数的影响;仿真初期系统波动明显减小,等效模型系统动态跟踪具有更高的精度,鲁棒性更好。结论基于HPPC-FFRLS的锂电池等效模型在线辨识保证了模型参数的有效性,简化运算量的同时提高了模型精度。

基于锂离子电池电化学机理特性的电气等值模型研究

为更准确地表征低倍率充放电工况下电池内外部的动态状况,该文根据锂离子电池电化学原理推导出一种机理电气等值模型,明确机理电气等值模型相关电气元件参数的计算方法,揭示其与锂离子电池电化学参数之间的关联。所提机理电气等值模型兼具锂离子电化学模型的精度以及常规经验等效电路模型在储能控制参数整定、大规模储能电站等效建模方面便捷性的优势,更适用于新型电力系统场景下的储能电站建模、仿真、参数整定及安全监测。

引入PID反馈的SHAEKF算法估算电池SOC

电池荷电状态(SOC)的估算精度是电动汽车电池组的重要指标。为提升SOC估算精度,在融合Sage-Husa扩展卡尔曼滤波(SHEKF)算法与自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波(AEKF)算法的基础上,增加比例积分微分(PID)反馈环节,形成改进算法。采用粒子群优化(PSO)算法对二阶RC等效电路模型进行参数辨识;用开源电池数据集对模型和算法进行实验和分析。改进的SHAEKF算法在电池动态应力测试(DST)、北京动态应力测试(BJDST)和美国联邦城市驾驶(FUDS)等工况下的平均估计误差都在1%以内,与单纯的融合算法SHAEKF算法相比,最大误差可减小5%。

基于DKF-Bi-LSTM的阀控式铅酸电池SOC在线估计方法

精准估计阀控式铅酸蓄电池的荷电状态(SOC)对变电站直流系统的可靠性和安全性有着重要的作用,为提高SOC估算精度,提出一种基于DKF-Bi-LSTM的铅酸蓄电池SOC在线估计方法,基于二级结构的双卡尔曼滤波算法,分别进行模型估计和状态估计。通过卡尔曼滤波算法对模型参数进行动态跟踪,进而基于扩展卡尔曼滤波算法在线估算电池SOC值。将在线估算结果、电流、电压、温度值作为Bi-LSTM神经网络的输入,电池SOC预测值作为网络输出,实现对电池SOC的在线估计。经测试发现,与DKF和Bi-LSTM算法相比,DKF-Bi-LSTM算法的SOC预测均方根误差更小,其SOC在线估计方法具有更高的准确性。

一种基于ISBO算法的锂离子电池等效电路模型辨识方法研究

锂离子电池等效电路模型的参数辨识方法对模型精度有较大的影响。针对缎蓝园丁鸟优化SBO(satin bowerbird optimization)算法收敛精度低和收敛速度慢的问题,提出一种改进的缎蓝园丁鸟优化ISBO(improved satin bowerbird optimization)算法。采用惯性权重、柯西变异、高斯变异和贪婪选择策略来提高ISBO算法的收敛精度,并利用标准测试函数对其收敛性能进行验证。结合电池充放电数据,将提出的ISBO算法用于锂离子电池等效电路模型的参数辨识。实验结果表明,与SBO和自适应权重粒子群优化算法相比,ISBO算法参数辨识精度较高且辨识精度不受电池工况的影响。

筒式实心磁力耦合器的电磁转矩计算与传动特性

为计算筒式实心磁力耦合器(Drum-typeSolidMagneticCoupler,DSMC)的电磁转矩,研究其传动特性,以一台4对极DSMC为研究对象,建立了引入感应电流的等效磁路模型,结合安培环路定律并考虑三维端部效应,推导出耦合器的电磁转矩计算式;运用有限元仿真软件,得到耦合器的磁场分布和感应电流分布及不同输入转速下的机械特性曲线;通过轴向移动导体转子,改变两个转子的相对位置,得到不同啮合长度对电磁转矩的影响规律。最后,搭建试验平台对电磁转矩的理论计算及有限元仿真结果进行试验验证,所得试验结果与分析结果基本一致。该模型为DSMC的设计与优化提供了指导。

基于AR-ECM平均差异模型的串联电池组SOC、容量多尺度联合估计方法

考虑电池单体老化差异所致的电池组不一致性,针对串联电池组荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)、容量估计问题,提出一种基于自回归等效电路模型(autoregression equivalent circuit model,AR-ECM)的平均差异模型(mean-difference model,MDM)。基于此模型,提出串联电池组SOC、容量多尺度联合估计算法。该算法由2个部分组成,一是基于AR-ECM的MDM及差异化模型参数辨识策略:条件辨识策略和定频分组辨识策略;二是基于多时间尺度H无穷滤波(multi-timescale H infinity filter,Mts-HIF)的电池组SOC、容量联合估计算法。通过将所提出MDM中的自回归平均模型(autoregression mean model,AR-MM)与传统MDM中的n阶RC平均模型(nRC mean model,nRC-MM)比较,结果表明所提出的AR-MM在复杂运行工况下具有更优的动态跟随性能。依据最小化信息量准则(akaike information criterion,AIC),AR-MM具有更优的复杂度与精度的权衡。通过与基于多时间尺度扩展卡尔曼滤波(multi-timescale extended Kalman filter,Mts-EKF)联合状态估计算法比较,结果表明所提出的Mts-HIF状态估计算法具有更优的鲁棒性、精度和收敛速度。

基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的动力电池状态估计

准确预测动力电池的荷电状态(SOC)与健康状态(SOH)对电动汽车电池系统的安全运行至关重要。卡尔曼滤波(KF)算法被广泛用于动力电池的状态估计,但非线性误差较大。提出利用无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法实现对动力电池状态的准确估计。首先,通过分析动力电池实验数据,建立一阶等效电路模型,模型拟合优度达到0.992。随后,加入容量衰退机制模拟锂离子电池老化过程,并对电池进行恒流充电以及随机放电循环,模拟动力电池实际工况。不同初始值下,SOC、SOH估计的均方根误差均小于0.01,且随着循环次数的增加,误差逐渐减小。

基于超表面的太赫兹与中长波红外高效分光器件

多模复合成像技术结合了不同传感器的优势,具有图像质量高、信息获取能力强、目标检测和识别能力高、对复杂环境的强适应能力、系统的稳定性和鲁棒性高等优点.其中,太赫兹和红外复合成像技术结合了太赫兹波段和红外波段的特点,具有宽频谱覆盖、高分辨率、穿透性强的优点,有广阔的应用前景.作为共口径复合成像系统的关键器件之一的太赫兹和红外波段的高效分光器目前仍然缺少,性能亟待提升.本文提出了一种结构简单、性能高效的双层金属加介质基底结构二向色超表面.作为分光器件使用,当入射角度为45°时,其在中心频率1.1 THz附近实现大于97%的透射系数,在中波红外3—5μm和长波红外8—14μm波长范围均实现大于98%的反射系数.该设计对层间结构错位、结构倒圆角、小倍率缩放等结构失配和加工误差都具有很好的鲁棒性,并且具有偏振不敏感特性.而当入射角度在0°—60°内变化时,器件依然保持优异的分光特性.基于巴比涅定理和等效电路模型,对该超表面的电磁响应特性进行理论分析,分析结果与模拟仿真结果相吻合.该研究结果证明了超表面作为分光器件应用于太赫兹与红外波段的多波长复合成像系统中的可行性,并为未来新型复合成像探测技术的研究提供了支撑.

分数一阶电路等效模型估计锂离子电池SOC

等效电路模型可用于对锂离子电池进行监控和管理,其精度与复杂性至关重要。选用整数一阶、整数二阶和分数一阶等3种电路模型对锂离子电池进行等效建模,采用基于遗忘因子的递推最小二乘(FFRLS)法辨识模型中的参数,并应用辨识所得的参数,通过扩展卡尔曼滤波算法估计荷电状态(SOC)。对比模型预测的端电压与真实端电压,以及估计所得SOC与真实SOC,发现整数一阶模型估计SOC的误差约为8%,整数二阶模型的误差约为7%,而分数一阶模型的误差仅约为1%。