Electroless deposition of Cu on multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Copper has been deposited on the surface of multiwailed carbon nanombes （MWNTs） and inside MWNTs by electroless deposition. The as-prepared Cu-MWNT composite materials have been characterized by X-ray diffractometer （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and electrochemical measurement. XRD analyses showed that Cu was a face-centered cubic （fcc） structure. The average size of Cu was calculated by Scherrer＇s formula from XRD data, and it was 11 nm. TEM revealed that Cu grains on the surface of MWNTs were uniform with the sizes of about 30-60 nm. The electrochemical measurement indicated that Cu-MWNT composite materials possessed fine electron conductivity.

EFFECT OF ELECTROLESS DEPOSITION CONDITIONS ON THE STRUCTURES AND THE MAGNETIC PERFORMANCES OF THE Co-Fe-P ALLOY

Electroless Co-Fe-P alloys were deposited from an alkaline bath, containing boric acid as a buffer agent and sodium citrate as a complexing agent. As a result, with the increase of pH of the bath, the iron content of the deposit increased, whereas the cobalt and phosphorus contents decreased. The structure of the deposit was investigated using X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscope （TEM）. The deposit consisted of hexahedron phase Co, cubic phase Fe-Co, and amorphous phase （crystalline）. The magnetic performances of the deposit were studied using vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）. The more the content of Fe and the less the content of P （the content of Co being less）, the better the magnetic performances of the deposit. The Co-Fe-P deposit was suitable for use as soft magnetic material.

Fabrication of anatase titanium dioxide nanotubes by electroless deposition using polycarbonate for separate casting method

Titanium dioxide nanotubes(TNTs)were prepared by electroless deposition using ion track etched polycarbonate templates.The ion tracks were prepared to the desired diameter of the TNTs outer diameter.Titanium dioxide nanotubes with a diameter of minimum 80 nm having a wall thickness of minimum 10 nm can be fabricated using this method.To achieve nanotubes with thin walls and small surface roughness the tubes were generated by a several steps procedure under aqueous conditions at nearly room temperature.The presented approach will process open end nanotubes with well defined outer diameter and wall thickness.Using this method TNT arrays up to 109 tubes per cm2having a tube length up to 30μm can be produced,single tubes are also possible.The structural properties of the grown TNTs were investigated by using various analytical techniques,i.e.scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray fluoresence spectrometer(EDX),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy and Photoluminescence.

Fabrication of multi-shell coated silicon nanoparticles via in-situ electroless deposition as high performance anodes for lithium ion batteries

Si-based materials have been extensively studied because of their high theoretical capacity,low working potential,and abundant reserves,but serious initial irreversible capacity loss and poor cyclic performance resulting from large volume change of Si during lithiation and delithiation processes restrict their widespread application.Herein,we report the preparation of multi-shell coated Si(DS-Si)nanocomposites by in-situ electroless deposition method using Si granules as the active materials and copper sulfate as Cu sources.The ratio of Si and Cu was readily tuned by varying the concentration of copper sulfate.The multi-shell(Cu@CuxSi/SiO2)coating on Si surface promotes the formation of robust and dense SEI films and the transportation of electron.Thus,the obtained DS-Si composites exhibit an initial coulombic efficiency of 86.2%,a capacity of 1636 mAh g^-1 after 100 discharge-charge cycles at 840 mA g^-1,and an average charge capacity of 1493 mAh g^-1 at 4200 mA g^-1.This study provides a low-cost and large-scale approach to the preparation of nanostructured Si-metal composites anodes with good electrochemical performance for lithium ion batteries.

XPS Studies on Electroless As-Deposited and Annealed Ni-P Films

Electroless deposition has been used to deposit Ni-P films on glass slides using the reducing agent sodium hypophosphite. This has been done with a purpose to use Ni-P films as back contact for silicon carbide radiation detectors. By keeping deposition time, temperature, pH and concentration of the precursor solution constant, the film deposition has been done. XPS studies were done to analyze the composition and stoichiometry of Ni-P thin films.

Empirical model to predict mass gain of cobalt electroless deposition on ceramic particles using response surface methodology

This investigation was undertaken to predict the mass gain （MG） of cobalt electroless deposition （ED） on ceramic SiC particles.Response surface methodology （RSM） based on a full factorial design with three ED parameters and 30 runs was used to conduct the experiments and to establish a mathematical model by means of Design-Expert software.Three ED parameters considered were pH,bath temperature and ceramic particle morphology.Analysis of variance was applied to validate the predicted model.The results of confirmation analysis by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） show that the developed models are reasonably accurate.The pH is the most effective parameter for the MG.Also,the highest mass gain is obtained for the lowest pH,highest bath temperatures and heat-treated SiC particles.In addition,the developed model shows that the optimal parameters to get a maximum value of mass gain are pH,bath temperature and ceramic particle state of 8,70 ℃ and heat treatment,respectively.

Electroless Ni-P Deposition on Magnesium Alloy from a Sulfate Bath

A technology for electroless Ni-P deposition on AZ91D from a low cost plating bath containing sulfate nickel was proposed. The seal pretreatment was employed before the electroless Ni-P deposition for the sake of occluding the micro holes of the cast magnesium alloy and interdicting the bubble formation in the Ni-P coating during plating process. And pickling pretreatment can provide a better adhesion between the Ni-P deposition and AZ91D substrate. The deposition speed of the Ni-P coating is 29 μm/h. The technology is employed to AZ91D magnesium alloy automobile parts and can provide high hardness and high wear-resistant. The weight losses of Ni-P plated and heat-treated Ni-P plated magnesium alloy specimen are only about 1/6 and 1/10 that of bare magnesium alloy specimen after 10 min abrasion wear, respectively. The hardness of the electroless Ni-P plated brake pedal support brackets is 674.1 VHN and 935.7 VHN after 2 hours heat treatments at 180 C. The adhesion of Ni-P coatings on magnesium alloy substrates meets the demands of ISO Standards 2819. The technology is environment friendly and cannot cause hazard to environment because of absence of chromate in the whole process.

Simple and low-cost fabrication of a metal nanoplug on various substrates by electroless deposition

An electroless deposition（ELD） method is introduced to fabricate a metal nanoplug for its advantages of simplicity,low cost and auto-selectivity.It was demonstrated that nanoplugs of less than 50 nm in diameter can be fabricated by ELD nickel on various substrates,such as silicon,tungsten and titanium nitride.The main composition of the ELD nanoplug was characterized as nickel by an energy dispersive X-ray microanalyzer.A functional vertical phase-change random access memory（PCRAM） device with a heater diameter of around 9μm was fabricated by using the ELD method.TheⅠ-Ⅴcharacteristics demonstrated that the threshold current is only 90.8μA.This showed that the ELD process can satisfy the demands of PCRAM device application,as well as device performance improvement.The ELD process provides a promising method for the simple and low-cost fabrication of metal nanoplugs.

Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles Deposition by Electrolysis and Electroless Methods on a Graphite Substrate

This study shows a silver electrodeposition model (EDM) on a graphite substrate. The electrolyte was a 0.01 M solution of pure silver and chromium nitrate using an electrolyzing cell. EDC with current density up to 20 mA/cm2 and 15 mV and pulse current were studied. Results revealed that silver deposited at a rate of 0.515 mg/cm2/min with 12 mA/cm2 that decreases to 0.21 and 0.16 mg/cm2·min with the decrease of current density to 6 and 5 mA/cm2 respectively. The model postulates that silver ions (a) were first hydrated before diffusing (b) from the solution bulk to the cathode vicinity, The next step (c) involved the chemical adsorption of these ions on certain accessible sites of the graphite substrate (anode), The discharged entities (d) adhere to the graphite surface by Van der Vales force. Silver ions are deposited because the discharge potential of silver is low (0.38 mV) as compared to other metal ions like chromium (0.82 mV). Pulse current controls silver deposition due to flexibility in controlling steps (a)-(c) of the deposition mechanisms. Parameters like current density, current on-time, current-off time, duty cycle (ratio of current on time and total pulse time) and pulse frequency influenced the shape and size of the deposits. Step (b) suggested that silver particles were deposited in a monolayer thickness. The silver layer turned multiple after fully satisfying the accessible sites with the monolayer. The activation energy ΔE value amounts to 86.32 kJ/mol/K. At high temperature and current density, homogeneous diffusion occurs.

STUDY ON THE REAR CAPACITY OF DEPOSITS USING ELECTROLESS NICKEL DEPOSITION AND ELECTROPLATE CHROMIUM

The comparison study of the relations between the hardness, wear capacity and heat treatment temperature of the electroless nickel deposition with the electroplating deposits of chromium were conducted .The results showed that the hardness and wear capacity of the electroplate technology were superior than that of electroless in general cases, but with the raising of the heat treatment temperature, the hardness and wear capacity of the samples treated by electroless deposition technology were superior obviously than that of electroplate.

EFFECTS OF DEPOSITION PROCESS ON PHOSPHORUS CONTENT IN ELECTROLESS Ni－P COATINGS

There are many factors that affect the phosphorus content in the electroless Ni-P coatings The effects of the compositions of plating solution,the PH values of plat ing solution and the deposition temperature on the phosphorus content in Ni-P coatings were investigated in this paper It is found that the phosphorus content in Ni-P coatings increases and the deposition rate decreases with decreasing PH values,nickel sulphate NiSO4 content of plating solution and the deposition temperature.

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of electroless deposited Ni-P/CeO_2 coating

Electroless Ni-P/nano-CeO2 composite coating was prepared in acidic condition, and its microstructure and corrosive property were compared with its CeO2-free counterpart. Scanning electronic microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） spectrometer were used to examine surface morphology and structure of the as-plated coating. Differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） and transmission electronic microscopy （TEM） were used to study the coating＇s phase change at high temperature. The coating＇s corrosive behavior in 3%NaCl ＋ 5%H2SO4 solution was also investigated. The results showed that Ni-P coating had partial amorphous structure mixed with nano-crystals, while the Ni-P/CeO2 coating had perfect amorphous structure. In high-temperature condition, Ni3P precipitation and Ni crystallization took place in both coatings but at different temperatures, while the Ni-P/CeO2 coating had sintered phase of NiCe2O4 spinels. The anti-corrosion property was better in the CeO2-containing coating, and this was due to its less liability to undergo local-cell corrosion than its CeO2-free counterpart. Ni-P/CeO2 coating＇s pure amorphous structure was the result of Ni＇s hindered crystal-typed deposition and P＇s promoted deposition.

Electroless Plating of Ni-Fe-P Alloy and Corrosion Resistance of the Deposit

Electroless Ni-Fe-P alloys in an alkaline bath were plated. The effects of deposition parameters on the plating rate and the coating composition were examined. The weight loss test and the anodic polarization measurement of the deposits in 3.5 wt pct NaCI solution (pH7.0) showed that the deposits with the mole ratio of NiS04/FeSO4 being 0.07:0.03, pH8.0 and 7.5 possess better corrosion resistance than that of the other deposits and the Ni-Fe-P deposits did not form passive films in this environment. In 5.0 wt pct NaOH solution, the Ni-Fe-P deposits have better corrosion resistance and formed passive films.

Electroless copper-phosphorus coatings with the addition of silicon carbide (SiC) particles

Cu-P-silicon carbide （SiC） composite coatings were deposited by means of electroless plating.The effects of pH values,temperature,and different concentrations of sodium hypophosphite （NaH2PO2·H2O）,nickel sulfate （NiSO4·6H2O）,sodium citrate （C6H5Na3O7·2H2O） and SiC on the deposition rate and coating compositions were evaluated,and the bath formulation for Cu-P-SiC composite coatings was optimised.The coating compositions were determined using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis （EDX）.The corresponding optimal operating parameters for depositing Cu-P-SiC are as follows：pH 9;temperature,90oC;NaH2PO2·H2O concentration,125 g/L;NiSO4·6H2O concentration,3.125 g/L;SiC concentration,5 g/L;and C6H5Na3O7·2H2O concentration,50 g/L.The surface morphology of the coatings analysed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） shows that Cu particles are uniformly distributed.The hardness and wear resistance of Cu-P composite coatings are improved with the addition of SiC particles and increase with the increase of SiC content.

Mixed Phase Anatase/rutile Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene-blue

Titanium dioxide Nanotubes(TNTs) prepared by electroless deposition have been annealed at air ambient and low temperature. As a result, the anatase/rutile phase composition of the TNTs can be tailored to the needs of later applications. Nanotubes with anatase/rutile mixed phase ratio of 4:1 have been produced in this report and further examined for their photocatalytical behavior. The photocatalytical properties of the TNTs have been observed by degradation of methylene-blue in aqueous solution under low power UV-light irradiation. The results shown in this report are based on the synergetic effect between rutile and anatase,which results in the mixed phase TiO 2 nanotubes having enhanced photocatalytical properties.

Magnetoelectric effect in layered composites with arc shape

Magnetoelectric （ME） layered Ni/PZT/Ni composites with arc shape have been prepared by using electroless deposition. The ME effect is measured by applying both constant and alternating magnetic fields in longitudinal and transverse directions. The longitudinal ME voltage coefficient is much larger than the transverse one. With the increase of arc length or decrease of curvature, the resonance frequency of layered arc Ni/PZT/Ni composites gradually decreases, while the maximum of the ME voltage coefficient of the composites increases monotonously. The influence of the arc length and the curvature on ME coupling is discussed. The flat interface between the ferromagnetic and the piezoelectric phases in layered ME composites is believed to provide large ME voltage coefficient.

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene/ITO Nanoparticle Hybrid Transparent Conducting Electrode

The combination of graphene with conductive nanoparticles, forming graphene–nanoparticle hybrid materials, offers a number of excellent properties for advanced engineering applications. A novel and simple method was developed to deposit 10 wt% tin-doped indium tin oxide(ITO) nanoparticles on graphene. The method involved a combination of a solution-based environmentally friendly electroless deposition approach and subsequent vacuum annealing. A stable organic-free solution of ITO was prepared from economical salts of In(NO_3)_3H_2 O and SnCl_4. The obtained ITO nanostructure exhibited a unique architecture, with uniformly dispersed 25–35 nm size ITO nanoparticles, containing only the crystallized In_2O_3 phase. The synthesized ITO nanoparticles–graphene hybrid exhibited very good and reproducible optical transparency in the visible range(more than 85%) and a28.2% improvement in electrical conductivity relative to graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. It was observed that the ITO nanoparticles affect the position of the Raman signal of graphene, in which the D, G, and 2 D peaks were redshifted by 5.65, 5.69, and 9.74 cm^(-1),respectively, and the annealing conditions had no significant effect on the Raman signatures of graphene.

Giant Magneto-impedance Effect in Composite Wires with Different Core Layer

Composite structure materials were potential sensing elements for magnetic sensors due to Giant magnetoimpedance(GMI) effect. Two kinds of composite wires with different magnetic/non-magnetic structures were fabricated by using electroless deposition methods and the magnetoimpedance properties were investigated. The maximum GMI ratio of 114% was acquired at 60 MHz in the composite wires with a ferromagnetic core, whereas, 116% of maximum GMI ratio was found in the composite wires with a conductive core at low frequency of 600 k Hz. These results exhibit that the GMI ratio reaches the maximum when magnetoresistance ratio ?R/R and magnetoinductance ratio ?X/X make the comparative contributions to the total magnetoimpedance(MI). The obvious GMI effect obtained in the composite wires with conductive core frequency may provide a candidate for applications in magnetic sensors, especially at low frequencies.

Structural characterization and corrosive property of Ni-P/CeO_2 composite coating

Electroless Ni-P/nano-CeO2 composite coating was prepared in acidic condition, and its microstructure and corrosive property were compared with its CeO2-free counterpart.Scanning electronic microscopy（SEM）, transmission electronic microscopy（TEM）, X-ray diffraction spectrometer（XRD）, and differential scanning calorimeter（DSC） were used to examine surface morphology and microstructure of the coating.Corrosive investigation was carried out in 3%NaCl＋5%H2SO4 solution.The results showed that Ni-P coating had partial amorphous structure mixed with nanocrystals, whereas the Ni-P/CeO2 coating had perfect amorphous structure.In high temperature condition, Ni3P precipitation and Ni crystallization occurred in both coatings but at different temperatures, whereas the Ni-P/CeO2 coating had sintered phase of NiCe2O4 spinels.The anticorrosion property and passivity were improved in the CeO2-containing coating due to its less liability to undergo local-cell corrosion than its CeO2-free counterpart.During the co-deposition process, some Cen＋（n=3, 4） ions may be adsorbed to the metal/solution interface, hinder nickel＇s crystal-typed deposition and promote phosphorous deposition.The nano-CeO2 doping finally resulted in the coating＇ perfect amorphous structure and good anti-corrosive property.