The absolute partial and total cross sections for electron impact ionization of carbon monoxide are reported for electron energies from 350 eV to 8000 eV.The product ions(CO^(+),C^(+),O^(+),CO^(2+),C^(2+),and O^(2+))a...The absolute partial and total cross sections for electron impact ionization of carbon monoxide are reported for electron energies from 350 eV to 8000 eV.The product ions(CO^(+),C^(+),O^(+),CO^(2+),C^(2+),and O^(2+))are measured by employing an ion imaging mass spectrometer and two ion-pair dissociation channels(C^(+)+O^(+)and C^(2+)+O^(+))are identified.The absolute cross sections for producing individual ions and their total,as well as for the ion-pair dissociation channels are obtained by normalizing the data of CO^(+)to that of Ar^(+)from CO-Ar mixture target with a fixed 1:1 ratio.The overall errors are evaluated by considering various kinds of uncertainties.A comprehensive comparison is made with the available data,which shows a good agreement with each other over the energy ranges that are overlapped.This work presents new cross-section data with electron energies above 1000 eV.展开更多
Electron impact ionization mass spectra of six new synthetic bis-piperazinium salts (M2+ 2Br-2HC1) with anti-tumor activities were obtained. Although the M+ ions and double charge ions M2+ were notobserved in E1 mass ...Electron impact ionization mass spectra of six new synthetic bis-piperazinium salts (M2+ 2Br-2HC1) with anti-tumor activities were obtained. Although the M+ ions and double charge ions M2+ were notobserved in E1 mass spectra, some strange ions such as [M-2]+ ions,[M-R]+ ions , [M-R-l]+ ions, [M-2R]+ ions and even [RX]+ ions presented in EIMS by decreasing the electron energy. These phenomena may be explained as R+ rearrangement and intermolecular reaction occurring in the condensed phase. We tried to describe the main routes of fragmentation and high sensitive mass spectra of the fragments oaboutthese compounds.展开更多
The mass spectrometric fragmentation of 1-（benzyloxycarbonyl）amino-2-alkyl/cycloalkyl thioacetates has been studied with the aid of mass-analysed ion kinetic energy spectrometry under electron impact ionization. All...The mass spectrometric fragmentation of 1-（benzyloxycarbonyl）amino-2-alkyl/cycloalkyl thioacetates has been studied with the aid of mass-analysed ion kinetic energy spectrometry under electron impact ionization. All compounds show a tendency to eliminate a ketene, thioacetic acid, and benzyl carbamate molecule, or an acetyl and benzyloxy radicals. A thioester pyrolysis-type rearrangement under electron impact ionizations was observed.展开更多
By correcting some primary parameters in the semi-classical Deutsch-Mark （DM） formula, this paper calculates the absolute single electron-impact ionization cross sections of atoms N, Cu, As, Se, Sn, Sb, Te, I and Pb...By correcting some primary parameters in the semi-classical Deutsch-Mark （DM） formula, this paper calculates the absolute single electron-impact ionization cross sections of atoms N, Cu, As, Se, Sn, Sb, Te, I and Pb from threshold to 10000 eV. The calculated cross sections are compared with available experimental data and other theoretical results. An excellent agreement was achieved between the calculated and measured cross sections for these atoms over a wide range of impact energies.展开更多
Electron-impact single ionization cross sections for W^q＋（q = 4–5） were calculated using the flexible atomic code（FAC） in the level-to-level distorted-wave method, considering the explicit branching ratio. The c...Electron-impact single ionization cross sections for W^q＋（q = 4–5） were calculated using the flexible atomic code（FAC） in the level-to-level distorted-wave method, considering the explicit branching ratio. The calculated cross sections are compared with the available theoretical and experiment results in detail. In the case of the contribution from the same channles as the available theoretical results, all of the calculated ionization cross sections agree with the experimental measured cross sections. But the present calculated results are larger than the experimental measurement when all channels contributions are included. Some important channels excitation autoionization（EA） contributions, such as the excitation to higher higher nl subshell from 4 f and 5[s,p], were not included into the available theoretical calculation. In general, the distorted-wave（DW） results are overestimated.展开更多
The multi-charged sulfur ions of Sq^＋ （q ≤ 6） have been generated when hydrogen sulfide cluster beams are irradiated by a nanosecond laser of 1064 and 532 nm with an intensity of 10^10- 10^12W.cm^-2. S^6＋ is the ...The multi-charged sulfur ions of Sq^＋ （q ≤ 6） have been generated when hydrogen sulfide cluster beams are irradiated by a nanosecond laser of 1064 and 532 nm with an intensity of 10^10- 10^12W.cm^-2. S^6＋ is the dominant multicharged species at 1064 nm, while S^4＋, S^3＋ and S^2＋ ions are the main multi-charged species at 532 nm. A three-step model （i.e., multiphoton ionization triggering, inverse bremsstrahlung heating, electron collision ionizing） is proposed to explain the generation of these multi-charged ions at the laser intensity stated above. The high ionization level of the clusters and the increasing charge state of the ion products with increasing laser wavelength are supposed mainly due to the rate-limiting step, i.e., electron heating by absorption energy from the laser field via inverse bremsstrahlung, which is proportional to λ2,λA being the laser wavelength.展开更多
In recent years,exploring the relationship between community structure and node centrality in complex networks has gained significant attention from researchers,given its fundamental theoretical significance and pract...In recent years,exploring the relationship between community structure and node centrality in complex networks has gained significant attention from researchers,given its fundamental theoretical significance and practical implications.To address the impact of network communities on target nodes and effectively identify highly influential nodes with strong propagation capabilities,this paper proposes a novel influential spreaders identification algorithm based on density entropy and community structure(DECS).The proposed method initially integrates a community detection algorithm to obtain the community partition results of the networks.It then comprehensively considers the internal and external density entropies and degree centrality of the target node to evaluate its influence.Experimental validation is conducted on eight networks of varying sizes through susceptible–infected–recovered(SIR)propagation experiments and network static attack experiments.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms five other node centrality methods under the same comparative conditions,particularly in terms of information spreading capability,thereby enhancing the accurate identification of critical nodes in networks.展开更多
The field of atomic ionization by electron impact is several decades old. In that period of time, significant progress has been made in several aspects of the problem and we have learned a lot about ionizing collisio...The field of atomic ionization by electron impact is several decades old. In that period of time, significant progress has been made in several aspects of the problem and we have learned a lot about ionizing collisions as a result of this work. Over the years, both the experiments and theories have improved dramatically. Experiments are now able to measure absolute triple differential cross sections for both in plane or out of plane geometries. Theories have been getting better and better at including all the 3 body interactions in the wavefunction for the system. However, during the history of the field, experiment has been ahead of theory and it is just very recently that theory has started to catch up. In this paper, we will show that theory is now able to accurately predict the results of electron impact ionization of hydrogen for intermediate and higher energies.展开更多
Delayed pulsed electric field was used to investigate the generation mechanism of multiple charged ions produced in the interaction of laser, metal surface and electric field on time_of_flight mass spectrometer (TOF M...Delayed pulsed electric field was used to investigate the generation mechanism of multiple charged ions produced in the interaction of laser, metal surface and electric field on time_of_flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS). A special photoelectron generator was designed to control the energy and timing of the photoelectron beam. This modification made it possible to separate the photoionization process from photoelectron impact ionization. The experiment showed that the multiple charged ions could be produced only by the photoelectron impact, ionized step by step. A design of dual ionization configuration was presented, which could be used to study either multiphoton ionization or photoemission electron impact ionization.展开更多
An intermolecular phenolic hydroxy methylation occurring between chiral N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2-di- methyl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dicarbamide and co-crystallized methanol under electron impact ionization conditio...An intermolecular phenolic hydroxy methylation occurring between chiral N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2-di- methyl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dicarbamide and co-crystallized methanol under electron impact ionization conditions was observed. The result was confirmed by X-ray diffraction structural ananlysis of a co-crystalline of (R,R)-enantiomer and methanol.展开更多
The electron-induced L-shell X-ray par- tial production cross sections, total production cross sections and mean ionization cross sections for Ho and Os have been measured as functions of electron energies from near t...The electron-induced L-shell X-ray par- tial production cross sections, total production cross sections and mean ionization cross sections for Ho and Os have been measured as functions of electron energies from near threshold up to 36 keV by using a thin target with thick substrate technique. The influ- ence of the electrons reflected from the substrate was corrected by using the electron transport biparti- tion model. Also, the corrected measured results were compared with theoretical predictions proposed by Gryzinski and McGuire.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2022YFA1602502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.12127804)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos.XDB34000000)。
文摘The absolute partial and total cross sections for electron impact ionization of carbon monoxide are reported for electron energies from 350 eV to 8000 eV.The product ions(CO^(+),C^(+),O^(+),CO^(2+),C^(2+),and O^(2+))are measured by employing an ion imaging mass spectrometer and two ion-pair dissociation channels(C^(+)+O^(+)and C^(2+)+O^(+))are identified.The absolute cross sections for producing individual ions and their total,as well as for the ion-pair dissociation channels are obtained by normalizing the data of CO^(+)to that of Ar^(+)from CO-Ar mixture target with a fixed 1:1 ratio.The overall errors are evaluated by considering various kinds of uncertainties.A comprehensive comparison is made with the available data,which shows a good agreement with each other over the energy ranges that are overlapped.This work presents new cross-section data with electron energies above 1000 eV.
文摘Electron impact ionization mass spectra of six new synthetic bis-piperazinium salts (M2+ 2Br-2HC1) with anti-tumor activities were obtained. Although the M+ ions and double charge ions M2+ were notobserved in E1 mass spectra, some strange ions such as [M-2]+ ions,[M-R]+ ions , [M-R-l]+ ions, [M-2R]+ ions and even [RX]+ ions presented in EIMS by decreasing the electron energy. These phenomena may be explained as R+ rearrangement and intermolecular reaction occurring in the condensed phase. We tried to describe the main routes of fragmentation and high sensitive mass spectra of the fragments oaboutthese compounds.
文摘The mass spectrometric fragmentation of 1-（benzyloxycarbonyl）amino-2-alkyl/cycloalkyl thioacetates has been studied with the aid of mass-analysed ion kinetic energy spectrometry under electron impact ionization. All compounds show a tendency to eliminate a ketene, thioacetic acid, and benzyl carbamate molecule, or an acetyl and benzyloxy radicals. A thioester pyrolysis-type rearrangement under electron impact ionizations was observed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10676025)
文摘By correcting some primary parameters in the semi-classical Deutsch-Mark （DM） formula, this paper calculates the absolute single electron-impact ionization cross sections of atoms N, Cu, As, Se, Sn, Sb, Te, I and Pb from threshold to 10000 eV. The calculated cross sections are compared with available experimental data and other theoretical results. An excellent agreement was achieved between the calculated and measured cross sections for these atoms over a wide range of impact energies.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.2017YFA0402300,11464042,11564036,11774292,and 11464040)the Basic Scientific Research Foundation for Institution of Higher Learning of Gansu Province,China
文摘Electron-impact single ionization cross sections for W^q＋（q = 4–5） were calculated using the flexible atomic code（FAC） in the level-to-level distorted-wave method, considering the explicit branching ratio. The calculated cross sections are compared with the available theoretical and experiment results in detail. In the case of the contribution from the same channles as the available theoretical results, all of the calculated ionization cross sections agree with the experimental measured cross sections. But the present calculated results are larger than the experimental measurement when all channels contributions are included. Some important channels excitation autoionization（EA） contributions, such as the excitation to higher higher nl subshell from 4 f and 5[s,p], were not included into the available theoretical calculation. In general, the distorted-wave（DW） results are overestimated.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 20573111） and partly supported by the Center for Computational Science, Hefei Institutes of Physical Sciences, China （Grant No 0331405002）.
文摘The multi-charged sulfur ions of Sq^＋ （q ≤ 6） have been generated when hydrogen sulfide cluster beams are irradiated by a nanosecond laser of 1064 and 532 nm with an intensity of 10^10- 10^12W.cm^-2. S^6＋ is the dominant multicharged species at 1064 nm, while S^4＋, S^3＋ and S^2＋ ions are the main multi-charged species at 532 nm. A three-step model （i.e., multiphoton ionization triggering, inverse bremsstrahlung heating, electron collision ionizing） is proposed to explain the generation of these multi-charged ions at the laser intensity stated above. The high ionization level of the clusters and the increasing charge state of the ion products with increasing laser wavelength are supposed mainly due to the rate-limiting step, i.e., electron heating by absorption energy from the laser field via inverse bremsstrahlung, which is proportional to λ2,λA being the laser wavelength.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61803264)。
文摘In recent years,exploring the relationship between community structure and node centrality in complex networks has gained significant attention from researchers,given its fundamental theoretical significance and practical implications.To address the impact of network communities on target nodes and effectively identify highly influential nodes with strong propagation capabilities,this paper proposes a novel influential spreaders identification algorithm based on density entropy and community structure(DECS).The proposed method initially integrates a community detection algorithm to obtain the community partition results of the networks.It then comprehensively considers the internal and external density entropies and degree centrality of the target node to evaluate its influence.Experimental validation is conducted on eight networks of varying sizes through susceptible–infected–recovered(SIR)propagation experiments and network static attack experiments.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms five other node centrality methods under the same comparative conditions,particularly in terms of information spreading capability,thereby enhancing the accurate identification of critical nodes in networks.
文摘The field of atomic ionization by electron impact is several decades old. In that period of time, significant progress has been made in several aspects of the problem and we have learned a lot about ionizing collisions as a result of this work. Over the years, both the experiments and theories have improved dramatically. Experiments are now able to measure absolute triple differential cross sections for both in plane or out of plane geometries. Theories have been getting better and better at including all the 3 body interactions in the wavefunction for the system. However, during the history of the field, experiment has been ahead of theory and it is just very recently that theory has started to catch up. In this paper, we will show that theory is now able to accurately predict the results of electron impact ionization of hydrogen for intermediate and higher energies.
文摘Delayed pulsed electric field was used to investigate the generation mechanism of multiple charged ions produced in the interaction of laser, metal surface and electric field on time_of_flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS). A special photoelectron generator was designed to control the energy and timing of the photoelectron beam. This modification made it possible to separate the photoionization process from photoelectron impact ionization. The experiment showed that the multiple charged ions could be produced only by the photoelectron impact, ionized step by step. A design of dual ionization configuration was presented, which could be used to study either multiphoton ionization or photoemission electron impact ionization.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20272002) Ministry of Education of China (SRF for ROCS and EYTP) and Peking University (Present grant).
文摘An intermolecular phenolic hydroxy methylation occurring between chiral N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2-di- methyl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dicarbamide and co-crystallized methanol under electron impact ionization conditions was observed. The result was confirmed by X-ray diffraction structural ananlysis of a co-crystalline of (R,R)-enantiomer and methanol.
文摘The electron-induced L-shell X-ray par- tial production cross sections, total production cross sections and mean ionization cross sections for Ho and Os have been measured as functions of electron energies from near threshold up to 36 keV by using a thin target with thick substrate technique. The influ- ence of the electrons reflected from the substrate was corrected by using the electron transport biparti- tion model. Also, the corrected measured results were compared with theoretical predictions proposed by Gryzinski and McGuire.
