Development of port fuel injected methanol(M85)-fuelled two-wheeler for sustainable transport

Due to increasingly stringent environmental pollution norms,there is a need for alternate combustion techniques and alternate fuels to keep up with changing trends.One of the viable solutions for India is the adaptation of methanol as a fuel for automotive sector.Therefore,in this study a functional two-wheeler prototype was developed,which uses M85(85%v/v methanol and 15%v/v gasoline)in an electronic control unit(ECU)controlled port fuel injected(PFI)engine.This study included comparative investigations of simulated on-road two-wheeler performance on chassis dynamometer using a gasoline-fuelled motorcycle with stock ECU vis-a-vis M85-fuelled motorcycle using recalibrated ECU.ECU recalibration exhibited that M85-fuelled vehicle was operated at relatively more advanced spark timing compared to baseline gasoline-fuelled vehicle.Performance results showed that M85-fuelled motorcycle produced relatively higher engine power and higher maximum vehicle speed compared to gasoline-fuelled motorcycle.Relatively superior acceleration characteristics(especially at higher speeds)of M85-fuelled motorcycle was another important finding of this study,indicating that M85 provided superior throttle response compared to gasoline.Comparative analysis of raw tailpipe emissions showed that modified M85-fuelled motorcycle emitted relatively higher hydrocarbon(HC),carbon monoxide(CO)and oxides of nitrogen(NO_x)emissions compared to stock gasoline-fuelled motorcycle.However,these emissions can be controlled by using adaptation of suitable after-treatment systems.

WIDE:A witness-based data priority mechanism for vehicular forensics

In this paper,we present a WItness based Data priority mEchanism(WIDE)for vehicles in the vicinity of an accident to facilitate liability decisions.WIDE evaluates the integrity of data generated by these vehicles,called witnesses,in the event of an accident to assure the reliability of data to be used for making liability decisions and ensure that such data are received from credible witnesses.To achieve this,WIDE introduces a two-level integrity assessment to achieve end-to-end integrity by initially ascertaining the integrity of data-producing sensors,and validating that data generated have not been altered on transit by compromised road-side units(RSUs)by executing a practical byzantine fault tolerance(pBFT)protocol to reach consensus on data reliability.Furthermore,WIDE utilises a blockchain based reputation management system(BRMS)to ensure that only data from highly reputable witnesses are utilised as contributing evidence for facilitating liability decisions.Finally,we formally verify the proposed framework against data integrity requirements using the Automated Verification of Internet Security Protocols and Applications(AVISPA)with High-Level Protocol Specification Language(HLPSL).Qualitative arguments show that our proposed framework is secured against identified security attacks and assures the reliability of data utilised for making liability decisions,while quantitative evaluations demonstrate that our proposal is practical for fully autonomous vehicle forensics.