Three-dimensional physical simulation and optimization of water injection of a multi-well fractured-vuggy unit

With complex fractured-vuggy heterogeneous structures, water has to be injected to facilitate oil pro- duction. However, the effect of different water injection modes on oil recovery varies. The limitation of existing numerical simulation methods in representing fractured- vuggy carbonate reservoirs makes numerical simulation difficult to characterize the fluid flow in these reservoirs. In this paper, based on a geological example unit in the Tahe Oilfield, a three-dimensional physical model was designed and constructed to simulate fluid flow in a fractured-vuggy reservoir according to similarity criteria. The model was validated by simulating a bottom water drive reservoir, and then subsequent water injection modes were optimized. These were continuous （constant rate）, intermittent, and pulsed injection of water. Experimental results reveal that due to the unbalanced formation pressure caused by pulsed water injection, the swept volume was expanded and consequently the highest oil recovery increment was achieved. Similar to continuous water injection, intermit- tent injection was influenced by factors including the connectivity of the fractured-vuggy reservoir, well depth, and the injection-production relationship, which led to a relative low oil recovery. This study may provide a constructive guide to field production and for the devel- opment of the commercial numerical models specialized for fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.

IMPROVE THE KINETIC PERFORMANCE OF THE PUMP CONTROLLED CLAMPING UNIT IN PLASTIC INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE WITH ADAPTIVE CONTROL STRATEGY

The kinetic characteristics of the clamping unit of plastic injection molding machine that is controlled by close loop with newly developed double speed variable pump unit are investigated. Considering the wide variation of the cylinder equivalent mass caused by the transmission ratio of clamping unit and the severe instantaneous impact force acted on the cylinder during the mold closing and opening process, an adaptive control principle of parameter and structure is proposed to improve its kinetic performance. The adaptive correlation between the acceleration feedback gain and the variable mass is derived. The pressure differential feedback is introduced to improve the dynamic performance in the case of small inertia and heavy impact load. The adaptation of sum pressure to load is used to reduce the energy loss of the system. The research results are verified by the simulation and experiment, The investigation method and the conclusions are also suitable for the differential cylinder system controlled by the traditional servo pump unit.

Measurement and analysis of cycle fuel injection quantity for electronic unit pump

The cycle fuel injection quantity is accurately measured for electronic unit pump （EUP） operating at high, middle and low speeds by using displacement method based on EFS instantaneous mono-injector qualifier. On the basis of the experi- mental data about fuel injection quantity and fuel pressure, the variation of inconsistency in fuel injection quantity of EUP and the influence factors in different operating conditions are concluded. The results show that the inconsistency is lowest in maximum torque condition, while on the start and maximum power conditions, it is higher.

Mixing and Vaporization Process of Injecting Water in Hydrogenation Unit

Injecting water into the main pipeline is a common method to prevent the ammonium salt corrosion in hydrogenation units.The use of spray nozzle can enhance the effects of washing ammonium salt and reduce the risk of ammonium salt corrosion.The droplet atomization and evaporation model were used to investigate the mixing process of injecting water and gas-oil mixture in a high-pressure environment.The effects of some key parameters including fluid velocity,temperature,and droplet volume fraction on the mixing and vaporization process were analyzed.Numerical simulation results show that with the increase of injecting water flow rate,the fluid velocity increases and the temperature decreases continuously.When the mass flow rate of injecting water is 1.5 t/h,the droplet has the maximum evaporation efficiency and the volume fraction reaches a minimum value.Besides,with the increase of atomization angle and droplet size,the mean velocity and the temperature of fluid decrease continuously.The increase of atomization angle or the decrease of droplet size will accelerate the evaporation process of droplets and reduce the droplet volume fraction,which indicates that the droplet slip velocity and the contact area are the key factors affecting the droplet evaporation rate.

Equation of Energy Injection to a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor

The electric energy injection from a pulsed power supply to a planar type of dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） reactor at atmospheric pressure was studied. Relations of the energy injection with barrier materials, barrier thickness, peak voltage, gap distance, electrode area,and operation temperature were experimentally investigated. The energy injection is a function of relative permittivity, barrier thickness, peak voltage, gap distance, and electrode area. The influence of operation temperature on energy injection is slight in the range of 27-300℃ but becomes obvious in the range of 300-500℃. A model was established using which the energy injection can be easily predicted.

Optimum development options and strategies for water injection development of carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East

Through the research on several carbonate reservoirs developed in the Middle East, the basic characteristics of different types of carbonate reservoirs are determined, and a set of high-efficiency water injection development options and strategies are presented. Hidden baffles and barriers exist in carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East, so the reservoirs could be divided into different separated development units based on the baffles and barriers characteristics. Flexible and diverse profile control techniques such as high angle wells and simple and applicative zonal water injection have been introduced to improve the control and development degree of reservoirs. Three principal water injection development methods suitable for different carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East are proposed, including the combination of crestal gas injection and peripheral water injection, bottom interval injection and top interval production(buoyancy underpinning), and "weak point and strong plane" area well pattern. Based on the characteristics of very low shale content, fast and far pressure transmission in the Middle East carbonate reservoirs, a large well-spacing flood pattern is recommended, and reasonable development strategies have been made such as moderate water injection rate and maintaining reasonable production pressure drawdown and voidage replacement ratio, so as to maximize the recovery of reservoirs in the none or low water cut period.

STRATEGY FOR DIESEL ROTARY ENGINE WITH COMMON RAIL INJECTION SYSTEM

A direct injection low compression ratios diesel rotary engine is designed and studied to find the appropriate application of the electronic controlled high pressure common rail injection system. Current development focuses on the applied fuel injection and ignition strategies, especially concerning the combustion configurations of injectors, ignition source, and combustion chamber. The prototype engine, equipped with Bosch common rail system and high performance electronic control unit （ECU）, is designed correspondingly. Studies show that the integration of a common rail injection system and the main and pilot duel injectors configurations, assisted with glow plug ignition device and flexible ECU, represents a promising approach to improve the potential of the low compression ratios diesel rotary engine. Currently the engine can run at 6 kr · min^-1 steadily and the power is about 68 kW/（4 kr ·min^- 1）.

德钢4号高炉烟气自循环制粉系统设计

对四川德胜集团钒钛有限公司应用不带脱水装置的烟气自循环制粉工艺进行了介绍和总结,该制粉工艺的烟气炉采用全烧高炉煤气、中速磨煤机制粉、一级大布袋收粉,磨制的烟煤挥发分为25%,在稳定生产期间系统末端氧含量控制在12%以内,粉尘排放浓度<10 mg/Nm^(3)。生产实践表明:不带脱水装置全烧高炉煤气的烟气自循环制粉工艺安全可靠,满足生产要求。

油田注水泵涂膜措施应用分析

针对油田注水泵长时间运行后泵体内部过流组件表面出现坑点和裂纹,泵内叶轮腐蚀、气蚀严重,泵效下降、单耗上升等问题,现场应用注水泵涂膜技术。通过在离心泵叶轮等过流部位涂覆优质涂料,提高泵内流道的光滑度,减小泵的水力损失,维持注水泵安全高效的运行。对三种涂膜技术进行对比,最后选定贝尔佐纳双组份1341修补剂。涂膜后的注水泵平均泵效上升2.28个百分点,平均注水单耗降低0.22kWh/m^(3),措施后的注水泵均达到了有益效果,解决了注水泵长期运行所引起的泵效下降、单耗上升的问题,节能效果明显,现场涂膜的4台注水泵年可节约电量275.6×10^(4)kWh,年节约电费194.05万元,具有良好的节电效果,经济效益显著,具有推广价值。

油田注汽锅炉产汽单耗的计算方法与影响因素分析

为有效降低油田注汽锅炉产汽单耗,通过系统分析油田注汽锅炉生产工艺、生产设备、能耗水平及产汽单耗的计算方法,确定影响产汽单耗水平的关键因素包括温度、压力、干度、过热度、运行管理水平、锅炉热效率等,对各项因素的影响效果进行了分析验证。采用实际测试结果与理论计算数据对比的方法,得出了常见工况下油田注汽锅炉产汽单耗的变化规律,在此基础上明确了注汽锅炉节能提效的重点方向和技术措施,分析各项措施提效降耗的基本效果,对油田注汽锅炉的节能提效、降低产汽单耗和企业生产成本提供了良好借鉴。

香菇菌棒在架注水机的设计与试验

针对香菇菌棒在出菇环节需要多次对多层菌架上的菌棒逐一进行补水操作时传统人工补水劳动强度大、效率低且无法精准控制注水量的问题,设计了一种香菇菌棒在架注水机,该机主要由夹持装置、注水装置、升降装置、旋转装置、驱动装置和定位装置六部分组成,由夹持装置和注水装置组成注水单元,一次可同时完成3层共15个菌棒的夹持注水工作,在升降装置带动下实现多层菌棒的补水作业,再通过旋转装置完成另一侧菌架的菌棒在架补水作业。理论计算结果显示,夹持装置的最大加持力F_(jmax)为4 750 N,注水装置的最小推力F_(tmin)为2 455 N,旋转装置需先加速2 s后再匀速旋转3.5 s。样机试验结果显示,补水后菌棒的破损率为0,平均质量比为84.8%,平均工作效率为230个/h。

基于DL-BiGRU多特征融合的注塑件尺寸预测方法

为了充分挖掘注塑成型过程中模腔内的高频时序特征和注塑成型机状态特征,提出基于双层双向门控循环单元网络(DL-BiGRU)的多特征融合注塑件尺寸预测方法.分析膜腔内传感器高频时序特征与注塑件尺寸间的关联性,采用DL-BiGRU网络从高频数据中自动提取时序特征,表征注塑件成型过程状态变化特性.通过采样模腔内高频时序数据进行展成平铺,表征注塑成型的瞬时特征.融合时序特征、瞬时特征和成型机状态特征,构建端到端的深度学习多特征融合框架.将上述3种特征融合并联合训练,提升注塑件尺寸预测精度.在注塑成型数据集上进行模型验证,预测尺寸平均均方误差为4.7×10^(-4) mm^(2),最小误差波动为10^(-5) mm^(2)量级,模型具有较高的预测精度和稳定性.

聚合物注入站注聚单耗影响因素分析及节能措施研究

聚合物驱油技术已经成为大庆油田持续稳产的主力技术,其中注聚系统能耗是注入过程中最主要的能耗点,而注聚单耗是衡量耗电量的重要指标。通过分析注聚泵容积效率、不同压力损失、回流比等对注聚单耗的影响,采取注聚泵结构优化、加装变频器等技术措施,并通过加强注聚泵日常维护、控制采暖温度等管理措施,实现了注入体系平稳、连续注入,进一步保证了开发效果,优化注聚泵结构后聚合物注入站注聚单耗由原来的2.36 kWh/m3降为1.44 kWh/m3。达到了降低注聚单耗的目的。

变速抽蓄机组转子绕组接地故障保护及定位方法

变速抽蓄机组转子绕组采用三相交流励磁的特殊结构,导致现有的转子接地保护方法不再适用。为此,提出一种变速抽蓄机组转子绕组接地故障的保护及定位方法。通过在转子滑环外经限流电阻接注入式装置构成转子接地保护的方案。基于注入式原理,提出对地电容参数和故障电阻的在线计算方法,根据接地故障电阻大小判断是否发生接地故障并确定保护出口方式。根据转子转向和转速大小考虑转子绕组电势的相位分布,将故障相绕组各槽导体连接处视为虚拟故障点并计算其对应的参考电势比值。比较实际电势比值与各虚拟故障点的参考电势比值,将差异最小的虚拟故障点视为故障位置,实现接地故障定位。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

延长油田YZZ油区长6油藏调整治理研究

针对延长油田YZZ油区存在的平面产液结构不均衡,纵向上水驱动用程度低等问题,首先在平面上通过细分注水单元、差异化注水,均衡补充地层能量;然后在剖面上对不吸水或压高注不进的注水井实施措施增注,有效提高水驱动用程度;再对地层能量得到恢复的区域,进行油井重复压裂,提高单井产能。矿场应用结果表明:运用该方法可改善注水开发效果,降低自然递减率,达到了稳产增产的目标,为低渗透长6油藏注水开发提供宝贵经验。

塑料制品真空注射成型工艺技术研究

为提升塑料制品在注射成型生产中的质量,拓展塑料制品应用朝大型化精密化方向发展,分析总结了当前真空注射成型技术的应用现状,阐述了真空注射工艺的核心技术问题,在此基础上开发设计出了一种具有自主知识产权,可在普通注塑机上实施真空注射工艺生产的抽真空工艺装备,解决了常规真空注射生产时真空阀容易堵塞、抽真空效果不明显等生产问题,降低了生产制造成本,实现了真空注射成型的稳定生产。

催化重整稳定塔铵盐堵塞原因分析及在线处理措施

针对25万t/a固定床半再生催化重整装置重整单元稳定塔运行中出现的塔顶温度频繁超出设计指标(65℃)且异常大幅波动、造成液化气中C5组分体积分数远超指标(不大于5.0%)的问题,进行了原因分析,并实施了相应措施。结果表明:一旦精制石脑油原料中氮含量高的情况频发,氮化物杂质在重整反应过程中会生成NH3,当遇到系统中全氯型重整催化剂活性组分复合物在潮湿环境下水解失氯形成的HCl,便会结合生成大量NH4Cl,并在低于220℃下结晶且不溶于重整油,之后再夹带系统中的其他固体杂质结晶、沉积,造成设备的铵盐堵塞与腐蚀。在重整装置不停工的前提下,对因铵盐堵塞的稳定塔塔盘及浮阀实施在线注除氧水(溶解氧含量不大于15μg/L)洗塔处理措施,可有效除去NH4Cl混合结晶物,恢复提高塔盘的分离效果,保障液化气产品质量合格及装置的平稳长周期运行。

伊拉克H油田Mishrif组下段隔夹层特征及开发策略

依据岩心、铸体薄片、分析化验、地震、测井、生产动态和数值模拟等资料,对伊拉克H油田Mishrif组下段MB2-MC1层段生物碎屑灰岩隔夹层发育主控因素、成因类型、展布特征、注水开发影响和技术策略进行研究。结果表明:相对海平面上升旋回中的滩前斜坡和滩间沉积、相对海平面下降旋回中的沼泽沉积和下切充填沉积、高频旋回中的生屑滩沉积下部作为物质基础,叠加破坏性成岩作用是隔夹层发育主控因素,形成滩体下部型、滩间型、滩前斜坡型、沼泽型和下切充填型5类隔夹层,其渗透率主体为(0.05~1.50)×10^(-3)μm^(2),孔喉半径为0.05~0.5μm,渗流能力低;隔层位于MB2-1和MB2-2小层顶部、MC1-1小层底部以及MC1-3小层,夹层主要发育于MB2-1和MB2-2小层内部;隔层连续处底部注水见效慢,油水界面缓慢均匀抬升,地层压力亏空大,隔层不连续处底水锥进,油井见水后含水率快速上升,产油大幅下降,夹层分布处底水绕流作用显著,上下地层压力梯度发生一定改变;开发过程中应充分利用隔层连片隔挡、夹层局部发育的特征,坚持分层系开发,采用大井距边注顶采和小井距底注顶采相结合的高效注水开发模式,依据隔层与夹层的类型和分布特征,优化井位部署,保证低含水期的最大采出程度。

水力压裂试验中煤体扰动应力变化规律研究

为探究煤层钻孔在水力压裂过程中,压裂钻孔周边煤层内的扰动应力变化规律;以筠连县金钟煤矿有限公司1703采煤工作面为试验地点,在确定相关水力压裂参数的基础之上,利用KSE-2-1型矿用本安数显钻孔应力计监测压裂过程中压裂钻孔周边不同距离煤层内的扰动应力变化情况。试验结果表明:水力压裂过程中出现煤体开裂现象时,其注水压力将会出现明显的下降,相应的其单位注水量将会出现一定的上升;水力压裂过程中,由压裂液所形成的扰动应力在煤层内的传递主要以衰减为主;同时,在水力压裂影响范围内,煤层内部的扰动应力变化主要包括3个阶段:原始应力阶段、应力响应阶段和应力趋稳阶段,并且处于应力响应阶段的煤层内部扰动应力值变化呈波浪式上升。

基于子系统划分和注入电流比的配电网故障定位方法

针对配电网因结构复杂、分支众多而难以实现准确故障定位的问题,提出了一种基于子系统划分和注入电流比的配电网故障定位方法。首先,根据末端节点数将配电网划分成若干相互独立的子系统,并在任意子系统内计算首末端节点的等效虚拟注入电流,继而可得故障点的注入电流。然后,假设将该电流在各子系统的不同节点分别注入,根据末端节点电压计算值与实测值的误差大小确定故障子系统。最后,在故障子系统内,利用首末端节点注入电流比与真实故障点的位置关系进行故障定位。所提方法仅需在首末端节点配置微型同步相量测量单元,具有较好的经济性。经Matlab/Simulink仿真测试,所提方法不仅受故障类型、过渡电阻、故障位置、初相角的影响较小,而且对负荷变化和噪声不敏感。