Numerical simulation on the pressure wave in a 30 mm electrothermal-chemical gun with the discharge rod plasma generator

An axisymmetric two-dimensional(2D)internal ballistic model including the transient burning rate law is used to simulate the 30mm electrothermal-chemical(ETC)launch with the discharge rod plasma generator(DRPG).The relationship between the pressure wave and the initial parameters,such as input electric power,discharging timing sequence,loading density and propellant web thickness,is researched through the change of initial parameters in the model.In the condition of synchronous discharging,the maximum of the pressure wave can be controlled while the ratio of the input electric energy to the propellant chemical energy(electric energy ratio)is less than 0.11.If the electric energy ratio is larger than 0.11,the maximum of the pressure wave increases rapidly with the electric energy ratio.With the increasing of the electric energy ratio,the change of the first negative amplitude value can be ignored.In the condition of timing sequence discharging,the allowed input electric energy ratio to control the pressure wave is proportional to the current pulse duration.At the high electric energy ratio,the maximum of the pressure wave is inverse proportional to the current pulse duration.The pressure wave increases with the increasing of the loading density.But the allowed electric energy ratio to control the pressure wave and the variation trend of the first negative amplitude wave value doesn't change.During the discharging of the DRPG,the influence of changing propellant web thickness in ETC launch can be ignored.

Parametric Optimization of Electrothermal-chemical (ETC) Launchers

The research on a 30 mm electrothermal-chemical (ETC) gun including theoretical simulation and experimental results is presented in this paper. The predictions of the theoretical model which is composed of three parts (i.e., pulse forming network, plasma generator and interior ballistics) are in good agreement with the experiments. In addition, we have performed some liquid propellant and solid propellant experiments, respectively. Among the solid propellant experiments, we have investigated the ignition modes of propellant and high velocity launchers. As a result, the 25 : 75 mixture of octane and hydrogen peroxide has a better effect than other liquid propellants. When the propellants are ignited nearby the bottom of projectile in chamber by using an ullage tube connected with the plasma generator, the kinetic energy of projectile will increase, while the chamber pressure will decrease. With a total input electrical energy of 180 kJ, the exit velocity of projectile is up to 2.1 km/s or so.

Calculation of Plasma Radiation in Electrothermal-Chemical Launcher

A numerical model of radiation has been adopted for electrothermM-chemical （ETC） launcher, in which Monte Carlo method and statistical physics are employed to simulate the process of a capillary plasma source in an ETC launcher. The effect on propellant grains with different average absorption coefficients is discussed. The plasma-propellant interaction is also discussed when combined with a thermal model. Results show that the strong instantaneous radiation is responsible for the transmission of energy to the propellant grains leading to ignition. The efficiency of energy absorption in the propellant bed always maintains a high level. Radiant energy caused by plasma is concentrated around the plaslna injector. And the ＂hot zone＂ efficiency is mainly affected by the properties of propellant grains within a small field around the plasma injector.

Application of transient burning rate model of solid propellant in electrothermal-chemical launch simulation

A 30 mm electrothermal-chemical(ETC) gun experimental system is employed to research the burning rate characteristics of 4/7 high-nitrogen solid propellant. Enhanced gas generation rates(EGGR) of propellants during and after electrical discharges are verified in the experiments. A modified 0D internal ballistic model is established to simulate the ETC launch. According to the measured pressure and electrical parameters, a transient burning rate law including the influence of EGGR coefficient by electric power and pressure gradient(dp/dt) is added into the model. The EGGR coefficient of 4/7 high-nitrogen solid propellant is equal to 0.005 MW-1. Both simulated breech pressure and projectile muzzle velocity accord with the experimental results well. Compared with Woodley's modified burning rate law, the breech pressure curves acquired by the transient burning rate law are more consistent with test results. Based on the parameters calculated in the model, the relationship among propellant burning rate, pressure gradient(dp/dt) and electric power is analyzed. Depending on the transient burning rate law and experimental data, the burning of solid propellant under the condition of plasma is described more accurately.

Mechanism of plasma ignition in electrothermal-chemical launcher

Plasma generator is a core component in an electrothermal-chemical(ETC) launcher. Its work state directly influences the launch efficiency of a system. The interaction between plasma and propellants is a very important mechanism in ETC technology. Based on the transient radiation model and open air plasma jet experiment, the mechanism of plasma ignition process is analyzed. Results show that the surface temperature of local solid propellant grain can quickly achieve the ignition temperature under the action of early transient plasma radiation. But it needs enough time to maintain the high energy flow to make self-sustained combustion of solid propellant grains. Because of the limited space characteristics of transient radiation, the near-field propellant grains can gain enough energy by the strong transient radiation to be ignited and achieve self-sustained combustion. The far-field propellant grains mainly gain the energy by the activated particles in plasma jet to be ignited and self-sustained combustion. Experiments show that plasma jet always has a high flow velocity in the area of the cartridge. Compared with conventional ignition, the solid propellant grains can obtain more quick and uniform ignition and self-sustained combustion by this kind of ablation controlled arc(ACA) plasma via energy skin effect of propellant grains, pre-heat temperature mechanism and high efficient jet diffusion.

Design and manufacture of a 100 kA coaxial pulsed power cable for plasma generator and PPS in ETC guns

Based on our previous pulsed current and internal overvoltage test data and the experience of common commercial high power cables,a 100 kA coaxial pulsed power cable is designed and manufactured to adapt the coaxial electric energy breech transmission between the plasma generator and the pulsed power supply(PPS) in electrothermal-chemical(ETC) guns.The index parameters are analyzed and determined.Semi-conductor layers and a shield stiffener are introduced to prevent the deformation and burst of the pulsed power cable structurally.The semi-conductor layer can eliminate the air gap and balance the electric field in the cable.The shield stiffener can multiply the mechanical strength to restrain the strong electrodynamic force produced by the core dislocation of the outer conductor.The multi-coupling of electromagnetic field,stress field and thermal field analysis are established to assist in aided design of electrical strength,mechanical strength and temperature rise characteristics.Both a DC voltage withstand test and pulsed discharge tests are introduced to verify and inspect the performance and dynamic response of the pulsed power cable.The 25 kV/5 min DC voltage withstand test result shows that the sample leakage current is nearly 3 μA and no abnormal phenomena of the pulsed power cable sample occurred.The pulsed discharge tests show that the sample can sustain the 100 kA peak current.Furthermore,this 100 kA coaxial pulsed power cable can satisfy the ETC test requirements.

SPETC炮等离子体发生器自由喷射放电特性研究

从多个方面对固体工质电热化学 (SPETC)炮中等离子体发生器的自由喷射放电特性进行了研究。通过在不同毛细管几何参数、不同消融毛细管材料、不同PFN放电参数、不同脉冲叠加方式等条件下的百余次放电实验 ,结合数值分析 ,得出了在上述不同条件下 。

用于ETCG脉冲电源的CPA波形调节策略

根据电热化学炮负载对电源电压、电流波形的特殊要求 ,提出了以补偿脉冲发电机为大功率脉冲电源的多途径波形调节策略 ,建立了包括补偿脉冲发电机和毛细管非线性电阻负载的系统模型 ,并进行了模拟计算 .结果表明 ,所提出的调波方式较好地解决了补偿脉冲发电机波形调节问题 ,可以满足电热化学炮负载对电源的要求 .

补偿脉冲发电机驱动电热化学炮推进系统设计与建模

电热化学炮因需要的电能较小,且与传统的火炮具有相似和延续性,近年来备受关注。通过加农炮口径电热化学炮的参数指标,进行补偿脉冲发电机驱动电热化学炮推进系统的设计与建模。结合补偿脉冲发电机的储能需求,建立电热化学炮系统的电路模型和动力学模型,计算在给定参数下的弹丸出口速度。设计惯性储能电源补偿脉冲发电机,通过联合仿真得出单次发射电机的转速降落,继而计算单次发射的能量消耗和发射效率。结果表明,补偿脉冲发电机驱动电热化学炮系统可使弹丸获得较好的出口动能和理想的发射效率。

Determination of Nickel and Palladium in Environmental Samples by Low Temperature ETV-ICP-OES Coupled with Liquid-liquid Extraction with Dimethylglyoxime as Both Extractant and Chemical Modifier

A novel method for the determination of nickel and palladium in environmental samples by low temperature ETV-ICP-OES with dimethylglyoxime（DMG） as both the extractant and chemical modifier has been developed. In this study, it was found that nickel and palladium can form complexes with dimethylglyoxime（0. 05%, mass fraction） at pH 6.0 and can be extracted into chloroform quantitatively. The complexes can be evaporated into plasma at a suita-ble temperature（ 1400℃） for ICP-OES detection. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of nickel and palladium are 0.48 and 0. 40 ng/mL, respectively, while the RSD values are separately 5.0% and 3.1% （p = 50 ng/mL, n = 7）. The proposed method was applied to the determination of the target analytes in environmental sam-ples with satisfactory results.

Simulation of two-dimensional interior ballistics model of solid propellant electrothermal-chem ical launch with discharge rod plasma generator

Instead of the capillary plasma generator(CPG),a discharge rod plasma generator(DRPG)is used in the30 mm electrothermal-chemical(ETC)gun to improve the ignition uniformity of the solid propellant.An axisymmetric two-dimensional interior ballistics model of the solid propellant ETC gun(2D-IB-SPETCG)is presented to describe the process of the ETC launch.Both calculated pressure and projectile muzzle velocity accord well with the experimental results.The feasibility of the 2D-IB-SPETCG model is proved.Depending on the experimental data and initial parameters,detailed distribution of the ballistics parameters can be simulated.With the distribution of pressure and temperature of the gas phase and the propellant,the influence of plasma during the ignition process can be analyzed.Because of the radial flowing plasma,the propellant in the area of the DRPG is ignited within 0.01 ms,while all propellant in the chamber is ignited within 0.09 ms.The radial ignition delay time is much less than the axial delay time.During the ignition process,the radial pressure difference is less than 5 MPa at the place 0.025 m away from the breech.The radial ignition uniformity is proved.The temperature of the gas increases from several thousand K(conventional ignition)to several ten thousand K(plasma ignition).Compare the distribution of the density and temperature of the gas,we know that low density and high temperature gas appears near the exits of the DRPG,while high density and low temperature gas appears at the wall near the breech.The simulation of the 2D-IB-SPETCG model is an effective way to investigate the interior ballistics process of the ETC launch.The 2D-IB-SPETC model can be used for prediction and improvement of experiments.

复合改性单基发射药的制备与性能

为了提高单基发射药能量并保持其力学性能,采用溶剂法制造工艺,在单基发射药基础配方中加入高能填料RDX和GAP增塑剂,制备了复合改性单基发射药,测试了不同样品的爆热、化学安定性、火药力、低温力学性能,并结合某125 mm穿甲弹进行了内弹道性能试验。结果表明,复合改性单基发射药的爆热较单基发射药提高了4.3%以上,火药力较单基发射药提高了7.5%以上,120℃甲基紫化学安定性优于单基发射药,低温落锤冲击性能与单基发射药相当,低温药床抗撞击性能优于制式混合酯发射药。内弹道试验结果表明,复合改性单基发射药在高温区间具有低温感特性;在高温同等最大膛压下,常温初速与单基发射药相比可提高2.6%。

高密封性等离子体发生器一致性实验研究

毛细管放电等离子体发生器是电热化学炮中的关键部件,其工作特性直接影响着等离子体的点火效果。发生器工作的一致性则是实现发生器输出优化的基础,也是实现电热化学炮优势的重要保障。为验证并优化发生器的工作一致性,以放电中的电参数与射流压强作为表征参数,对一种典型的等离子体发生器设计结构开展了相同条件下的重复性实验。结果显示发生器不同次实验的输出特性一致性较差,且实验后的发生器中可见明显的烧蚀痕迹与大量炭黑。实验结果表明发生器内部密封性不足是造成输出不一致性的最主要原因。针对这一问题,设计了一种特殊截面的电极结构以增强发生器的密封性,验证性实验结果显示改进的发生器方案可明显改善发生器的内部密封性与工作一致性。

大功率二极管脉冲功率源中的过渡过程

在大功率 RLC放电电路中 ,需要高压、大功率二极管对震荡放电电流进行整流 .由于目前二极管的技术参数不足以评定其在 ETC环境下的适用性 ,本文通过对二极管在高 di/dt、dv/dt放电环境下开关特性的实验和分析 ,对两种带有二极管硅堆的脉冲成形网络的放电过渡过程的理论分析和实验 。

等离子射流与渐扩边界中液体工质相互作用特性的模拟实验

为了探索整装式液体工质电热化学炮中药室边界形状对燃烧控制的影响,采用数字高速录像系统对等离子体射流在液体工质中的扩展过程进行了测试,研究了不同放电电压、不同喷嘴直径、不同渐扩边界结构下等离子射流与液体工质的相互作用特性。获得了等离子射流在液体工质中扩展形态的时间序列图,处理出不同工况下Taylor空腔扩展的轴向位移与时间的关系曲线,计算并分析了不同工况下等离子射流在液体工质中的扩展速度和相互作用的机理。研究结果表明:Taylor空腔的轴向扩展速度具有波动性,但总体上呈衰减趋势。渐扩台阶处,径向湍流增强,强化了等离子射流的回流卷吸效应。

等离子体点火密闭爆发器中火药燃速特性的研究

等离子体与火药的作用规律是影响电热化学发射中能量利用效率的关键因素。研制了采用等离子体点火的密闭爆发器实验系统,对单基药在等离子体作用下的燃烧特性进行了研究。结果表明:等离子体点火可以显著缩短火药的点火延滞时间;实现有效点火的电能的最低阈值低于0.05kJ/g;输入电能可以显著增加火药的燃速。等离子体对所用单基药燃速的增强效果仅体现在电脉冲注入期间,但是随着电能输入的增加,逐渐显示出等离子体注入期后火药燃速增强的趋势。

提高脉冲功率源控制系统抗干扰能力的技术措施

针对电热化学炮研究中所遇到的电磁干扰问题，分析了电磁环境影响时序控制系统工作可靠性的主要因素及途径．对电磁干扰信号进行了频谱分析，提出了利用浮地屏蔽法解决控制系统抗干扰的技术措施，并在储能３００ｋＪ的脉冲功率源中进行了多路放电实验．有效地提高了时序控制系统的抗干扰能力。

固体工质电热化学炮内弹道二维模型研究

建立了描述固体工质电热化学炮内弹道过程的轴对称二维模型,计算结果与实验符合良好,证实了模型的可行性。二维模型可以给出膛内参数的详细分布,为细致研究等离子体点火及燃烧增强过程提供了有力的工具,并可以应用于实验方案预测及分析。

用于电热化学炮的放电毛细管烧蚀模型研究

为研究毛细管的烧蚀质量参数进而指导点火系统设计,对电热化学发射中等离子体点火用聚乙烯放电毛细管的烧蚀过程进行了理论研究。用电弧等离子体磁流体动力学仿真模型中的烧蚀焓方法,计算了一个典型放电周期过程中烧蚀率的时间分布。辐射能的计算分别采用灰体辐射模型与净辐射系数模型,对烧蚀过程的影响进行了对比分析。结果表明,等离子体的温度对管壁的烧蚀率有较大影响;在相同输入参数计算条件下,两种模型计算结果存在较大差异;灰体辐射模型理论计算结果与实验值接近。净辐射系数法适用于大管径放电情况,在小管径情况下则会低估烧蚀结果。

膛内等离子体点火及燃烧增强过程数值模拟

在初始点火过程中 ,假设等离子体为充分发展射流流动 ,因而可采用积分近似模型进行描述。而在随后的膛内燃烧过程中通过以经验公式给出等离子体混合长度的方法来处理等离子体的运动 ,并给出了合适的相间阻力及传热公式。通过在计算网格设计中引入了自适应方法提高了数值解精度。计算膛压曲线与实验符合良好。相对常规内弹道情形 ,等离子体能量的注入使在不同时刻膛内的气、固两相速度、压力和膛底温度等出现提高 ,这是等离子体注入后对内弹道的增强过程。计算结果为固体工质电热化学炮的弹道设计提供了理论依据。