Chemical element transfer of weathering granite regolith in the Three Gorges Dam region of Yangtze River

Clearing up sediment and regolith on the foundation of the dam in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in 1999, riverbed were exposed. On the basis of weathering granite regolith sampled from different portions of the valley landforms, by analysing total chemical contents with X rays fluorescent slice and calculating proper value of chemical element transferring ratio and intensity, the transferring law of chemical elements in different portions of the landforms were concluded: 1) In various landforms of the river valley, the process of desilication is not distinct; 2) in weathering granite regolith of riverbed, easy soluble CaO and MgO are relatively enriched whereas Al2O3 tends to decrease. The enriching rate of Fe2O3 is the greatest in various landforms of the river valley; 3) in weathering granite regolith of flood-plain, K2O and MgO contents are relatively enriched; 4) the weathering granite regolith of valley slope is a typical north subtropical weathering regolith, and its chemical weathering degree is in the transition phase from early to middle period; and 5) there is an opposite layer where K2O is relatively leaching and Na2O relatively enriching in 6.5 m depth of all weathering granite regolith.

Effect of a High Silver Stress on the Element Transfers from a Smectite-Type Clay Substrate to Plants

Two species of radishes, Raphanus sativus and Raphanus raphanistrum, were grown in the laboratory in the same substrate consisting of a smectite-type clay, which was watered at the beginning of the experience with 50 ml of a solution containing either none or 1000, 2000 or 4000 mg/L of AgNO3, respectively. Occurrence of the toxic metal in the substrate outlines higher element uptakes by the cultivated species Raphanus sativus than by the wild species Raphanus raphanistrum, except for the highest degree of Ag pollution. After a one-month growth in the Ag-polluted substrate, Raphanus sativus was depleted in most of the major, trace and rare-earth elements, except for Al, Fe, Th, Ag and U that increased in the radishes from substrate polluted by 2000 mg/L of AgNO3, and Sr, Co, Ni, U and Ag that increased in the radishes from substrate polluted by 4000 mg/L of AgNO3. Raphanus raphanistrum was enriched in all elements except Si, Na, Rb and K in the polluted substrate. The uptake was monitored by a cation-exchange process in the rhy-zosphere between mineral particles and the watering solution in the presence of various enzymes with specific activities that induced a variable uptake with the REEs being even fractionated. These activities most probably depend on combined factors, such as the plant species, and the chemical and physical properties of the substrate. The results obtained here reveal also that accumulation of nutrient elements and others in the plants is not uniform at a given Ag pollution of the substrate and therefore at a given Ag contamination in the same plant species.

Experiment and finite element method analysis mass erosion and transfer of Ag/La_2NiO_4-based electrical contacts during operation

A uniform transient temperature field model of electrical contacts operation was found by analyzing the process of closing arc constriction resistance Joule heat ~ breaking arc. Essential parameters of Ag/La2NiO4 electrical contact material for transient temperature field calculation were obtained through tests of electrical contact experimental instrument under 18 V DC in different cur- rents, other correlation experiments, and calculation anal- ysis. The finite element method was applied to solve the transient temperature field, and the features and distribution of the transient temperature field were obtained. The condition of material erosion and mass transfer can be forecasted by those calculation results. It is beneficial to research about the lifetime of Ag/La2NiO4 electrical material.

Streamline upwind finite element method for conjugate heat transfer problems

This paper presents a combined finite element method for solving conjugate heat transfer problems where heat conduction in a solid is coupled with heat convection in viscous fluid flow. The streamline upwind finite element method is used for the analysis of thermal viscous flow in the fluid region, whereas the analysis of heat conduction in solid region is performed by the Galerkin method. The method uses the three-node triangular element with equal-order interpolation functions for all the variables of the velocity components, the pressure and the temperature. The main advantage of the proposed method is to consistently couple heat transfer along the fluid-solid interface. Three test cases, i.e. conjugate Couette flow problem in parallel plate channel, counter-flow in heat exchanger, and conjugate natural convection in a square cavity with a conducting wall, are selected to evaluate the efficiency of the present method.

Radiation heat transfer model for complex superalloy turbine blade in directional solidification process based on finite element method

For the sake of a more accurate shell boundary and calculation of radiation heat transfer in the Directional Solidification(DS) process, a radiation heat transfer model based on the Finite Element Method(FEM)is developed in this study. Key technologies, such as distinguishing boundaries automatically, local matrix and lumped heat capacity matrix, are also stated. In order to analyze the effect of withdrawing rate on DS process,the solidification processes of a complex superalloy turbine blade in the High Rate Solidification(HRS) process with different withdrawing rates are simulated; and by comparing the simulation results, it is found that the most suitable withdrawing rate is determined to be 5.0 mm·min^(-1). Finally, the accuracy and reliability of the radiation heat transfer model are verified, because of the accordance of simulation results with practical process.

Diagenetic and Catagenetic Transference of Noble Metal Elements in Lower Cambrian Black Rock Series, Southwest China

Some extraditional types—black rock series types of platinum group element (PGE), gold and silver mineralization occurrences were found in the Lower Cambrian in Guizhou and Hunan provinces of southwest China where PGE concentration reaches more than 800×10 -6. Sea floor hydrothermal fluid eruption was suggested to have been the main origin of the ore-forming materials. The whole process from the sedimentation to the redistribution of the ore-forming elements occurred on the conditions of intermediate to weak alkaline, weak reduction to weak oxidation. The temperature for the sedimentation and redistribution of the ore-forming elements was lower than 210 ℃. At such a low temperature, inert elements such as PGE, Au and Ag could quite easily be remobilized.

Nodeless variable finite element method for heat transfer analysis by means of flux-based formulation and mesh adaptation

Based on flux-based formulation, a nodeless variable element method is developed to analyze two-dimensional steady-state and transient heat transfer problems. The nodeless variable element employs quadratic interpolation functions to provide higher solution accuracy without necessity to actually generate additional nodes. The flux-based formulation is applied to reduce the complexity in deriving the finite element equations as compared to the conventional finite element method, The solution accuracy is further improved by implementing an adaptive meshing technique to generaie finite element mesh that can adapt and move along corresponding to the solution behavior. The technique generates small elements in the regions of steep solution gradients to provide accurate solution, and meanwhile it generates larger elements in the other regions where the solution gradients are slight to reduce the computational time and the computer memory. The effectiveness of the combined procedure is demonstrated by heat transfer problems that have exact solutions. These problems tire： （a） a steady-state heat conduction analysis in a square plate subjected to a highly localized surface heating, and （b） a transient heat conduction analysis in a long plate subjected to moving heat source.

ANALYSIS OF THE HEAT TRANSFER IN FIN ASSEMBLIES BY THE BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD

The special formulation that allows an accurate and efficient solution to the heat transfer problems within fin assemblies with very large aspect ratios has been developed in this paper Numerically,it consists of the boundary element method in the wall region and the analytical solution in the fin region This modified BEM makes tractable a large class of heat transfer problems in the long and thin domains which are frequently encountered in practice.

Research of Inorganic Heat Transfer Element Starting Proprerty

This article studies the wall temperature distribution of inorganic heat transfer element in different working conditions by experiments, and analyzes the impact of inclination angle, heating power, different kinds of cooling medium and different inlet temperature of cooling medium on the starting property of inorganic heat transfer element.

Finite Element Assisted Numerical Comparison of Single and Two Phase Inductively Coupled Power Transfer Systems

Inductively coupled power transfer systems (ICPT) are becoming ubiquitous in industry. Many such systems are excited with single or multi-phase input current. This leads to increased complexity in comparing such systems when solely using the magnetic frequency analysis. This paper utilizes modern finite element method analysis software to propose a novel software methodology for the numerical comparison of single and two phase ICPT systems as demonstrated on a three dimensional (3D) battery charging system. The sinusoidal magnetic frequency response of a single phase system is compared to the magnetic transient response of a multi-phase current system by use of a novel software methodology proposed in this paper. This consists of a transient response analysis to determine compute the resulting magnetic response over the duration of an input current period on the two phase system. The resulting non-sinusoidal response is then integrated over a whole period to extract the root-mean-square value for comparison with that of a single phase system across a 3D cubic power zone.

融合中式元素的三维室内场景情绪化渲染

情绪具有主观性,利用计算机技术自动生成一个既满足真实性又与目标情绪匹配的虚拟室内场景是一项充满挑战的任务。目前缺乏对室内场景情感表达进行识别和评估的技术方法,且在充分考虑情感诉求的前提下,如何提升场景渲染结果真实性也是室内场景设计需要考虑的重要因素。针对上述问题,提出了一种融合中式元素的虚拟室内场景情绪化渲染算法。首先,利用深度学习算法从一个包含25 000张图片的家庭室内场景数据集中提取不同情绪的特征,训练情绪分类器,用于识别和评估渲染过程中虚拟室内场景的情绪表达。其次,为了保证渲染结果真实性,设计了一种场景物体纹理颜色真实性度量算法。然后,研究了根据目标情绪自动渲染虚拟室内场景的优化算法、融合中式元素的风格迁移算法,对场景中的物体进行细粒度的中式风格化处理,提升渲染结果的空间内涵、文化底蕴以及情感表达,增强视觉感染力。最后,在四个不同的室内场景中对该算法进行了实验,并通过对实验结果和用户调研数据的统计分析验证了该算法的正确性和有效性。

黏土矿物-微生物相互作用机理以及在环境领域中的应用

黏土矿物与微生物在自然环境中广泛共存。二者之间的相互作用影响着环境中的能量流动与元素循环。黏土矿物能够给微生物提供物理或化学保护,提高微生物对外界胁迫和干扰的抵抗能力。黏土矿物同时还能给微生物提供营养元素,促进其新陈代谢过程。黏土矿物中的结构铁是微生物铁氧化还原循环的重要电子供/受体。在氧化还原的环境中,多种铁还原/铁氧化细菌可以通过还原氧化黏土矿物中的结构Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ),进而获得能量进行生长。在氧化还原过程中,微生物也可以通过溶解、转化、沉淀等作用改变黏土矿物的晶格结构及物相,或是产生新的次生矿物。黏土矿物-微生物相互作用在碳、氮、硅、磷等重要生命元素的地球化学循环中扮演着重要角色。黏土矿物可以通过吸附有机碳,降低有机碳的生物可利用性,减缓其矿化速率。在氧化还原波动的环境中,黏土矿物还可以通过活化分子氧,产生强氧化性自由基氧化降解有机质,提高其生物可利用性。黏土矿物还会吸附生物胞外酶,影响胞外酶降解有机质的效率。微生物通过耦合黏土矿物中铁氧化与硝酸盐还原,铁还原与氨氧化等过程影响氮循环。黏土矿物对磷的吸附以及风化过程中硅的释放影响着微生物的代谢活性。黏土矿物-微生物相互作用在重金属固化稳定、有机污染物降解、杀死病原菌等方面也有广泛的应用。

ANALYSIS OF THE THERMOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF MOIST WOOD PARTICLE MATERIAL IN A COUPLED HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER PROCESS OF FREEZING BY USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

The coupled heat and moisture transfer in a freezing process of wood particle material was mathematically modeled in the paper. The models were interactively solved by using the numerical method(the finite element method and the finite difference method). By matching the theoretical calculation to an experiment, the nonlinear problem was analyzed and the variable thermophysical parameters concerned was evaluated. The analysis procedure and the evaluation of the parameters were presented in detail. The result of the study showed that by using the method as described in the paper, it was possible to determine the variable (with respect to temperature, moisture content and freezing state) thermophysical parameters which were unknown or difficult to measure as long as the governing equations for a considered process were available. The method can significantly reduces the experiment efforts for determining thermophysical parameters which arc very complicated to measure. The determined variable of the effective heat conductivity of wood particle material was given in the paper. The error of the numerical calculation was also estimated by the comparison with a matched experiment.

旋流强化换热器传热与流阻分析

为了研究管程旋流强化中换热器的性能,设计了一种适合气体流动的旋流元件安装于换热器的管程换热管入口处。通过RNG k-ε模型进行了数值研究,对不同参数旋流结构和换热器入口流量为30~50 m3/h的条件进行研究,并模拟结果进行换热器的设计和实验系统的搭建。结果表明:加入旋流元件可以使流动趋于均匀进入各换热管,旋流元件对换热管近壁面处速度提升明显,总体传热系数提高了76.1%~135.9%,压降增加约5.7%~19.5%,旋流元件的加入使得换热器以较小的压力损失的情况下获得较高的换热系数。对其螺旋角度(14°、18°、26°)、长度(32 mm、48 mm、64 mm)以及叶片宽度(8 mm、10 mm、12 mm)进行分析,得到α=18°,L=48 mm,W=10 mm时,换热器效果为最佳。

基于功率流有限元法的涡旋压缩机振动特性研究

针对涡旋压缩机内部振动传递路径复杂,采用传统的传递函数法往往不能真实地描述振动产生与传递的本质问题,引入功率流有限元法从能量角度分析振动传递特性,进行涡旋压缩机内部振动产生、传递与空间分布的可视化研究。在分析涡旋压缩机的动力拓扑关系基础上建立激励源,提取与振动响应模型并进行仿真分析;利用实体试验和响应分析结果对比进行模型有效性分析;在验证后的模型上定义8个能量输出面,分析谐波与激励作用下上支撑和下支撑的振动能量传递特性,并且计算节点的功率流矢量确定振源的空间分布。结果表明,涡旋压缩机曲轴在运转到280°时,振动频率在1 000 Hz与1 890 Hz时振动能量传递率较高,上支撑能量分布均匀并集于自身,下支撑能量集中于支脚并向外传递。研究方法和研究成果对于涡旋压缩机振动分布及传递、振动控制和优化设计等方面具有一定借鉴意义。

辽宁弓长岭富铁矿成矿过程元素迁移特征研究

辽宁弓长岭富铁矿是我国规模最大且唯一具有工业开采价值的沉积变质型(BIF)磁铁矿富矿床,目前其成因仍存在争议。本文系统采集了弓长岭二矿区四层铁中典型贫铁矿石和富铁矿石样品进行地球化学成分分析,采用质量平衡计算方法探究了弓长岭富铁矿形成过程中的元素迁移变化规律。结果表明,(1)主量元素主要表现为TFe_(2)O_(3)的强烈富集和SiO_(2)的强烈亏损且二者存在明显的负相关关系,同时伴有地球化学性质活泼的碱金属和碱土金属如Na、K、Ca和Mg等迁出,而P_(2)O_(5)、BaO和Cr_(2)O_(3)在富铁矿石中相对富集,应与富铁矿成矿流体性质有关;(2)微量元素中高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、U表现为富集,Ce、Th、Zr等元素亏损,而Hf、Ti等元素变化不明显;大离子亲石元素(LILE)Ba和Cs表现为富集,而Rb和Sr亏损,说明弓长岭富铁矿与其蚀变围岩中Nb、Ta等稀有金属矿化是同一地质作用的产物;(3)稀土元素中La、Ce、Pr、Nd等轻稀土亏损明显,而其它稀土元素,特别是重稀土元素均明显富集。综合主量、微量及稀土元素的迁移规律,认为弓长岭富铁矿成矿作用可能与花岗质岩浆活动有关。

外包式柱脚传力机理及内力分布研究

为探究外包式柱脚的传力机理及内力分布状况,基于塑性损伤理论建立了外包式柱脚有限元仿真模型。通过模拟数据分析了钢柱在加载过程中各截面内力变化,研究了钢柱与外包层之间的相互作用机制及内力传递机理;对有、无栓钉外包式柱脚的内力分布进行了对比,研究了栓钉在内力传递过程中的作用及影响。研究结果表明,内力通过钢柱与外包层之间界面的接触应力及栓钉的作用力进行传递,在柱脚底部截面钢柱已将大部分内力传递给外包层;栓钉在内力传递过程中发挥了积极的作用,促进了钢柱将内力传递给外包层;布置栓钉有利于减轻钢柱底板下面混凝土的局部承压,改善锚栓的受力状况。

北京市售生食果蔬中耐药基因赋存特征及迁移风险

目的调研抗生素耐药基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的赋存特征,探讨其在食品安全领域的潜在风险。方法采用高通量定量聚合酶链式反应(high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction,HT-qPCR)技术,对北京市售生食果蔬中ARGs及可移动遗传元件(mobile genetic elements,MGEs)的多样性和存在丰度进行描述,并通过高风险筛查、相关性分析、冗余分析、方差分解分析,探讨ARGs的迁移风险。结果共检出9大类188个ARGs和9个MGEs,丰度范围分别为6.18×10^(3)~1.24×10^(8) copies/g、5.86×10^(3)~3.34×10^(8) copies/g;四环素类、氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类、大环内酯-林可霉素-链阳霉素类(macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B,MLSB)ARGs分布最广;多重耐药类ARGs丰度最高;涉及的主要耐药机制贡献大小为抗生素灭活>外排泵>细胞保护。其中,苦菊的ARGs检出率最高,青椒的ARGs丰度最高;茄果类、叶菜类ARGs丰度普遍高于根茎类蔬菜;水果类样品中ARGs的检出率和丰度最低。高风险ARGs普遍存在,丰度最高可达7.85×10^(7) copies/g,且氨基糖苷类、磺胺类、四环素类、多重耐药类ARGs具有高迁移风险,整合酶和转座酶两类转移机制共同构成主要驱动因素(46.44%)。结论生食果蔬中ARGs赋存情况严重,具有较高的迁移风险,很可能导致耐药现象的大量产生及扩散,危害人类健康,应引起高度重视。

多目标拓扑优化算法在液压制动器传热优化中的应用

为有效提升液压制动器的传热性能,基于多目标优化算法对风冷盘的厚度、风槽高度、肋片倾角和肋片数量等设计变量进行拓扑优化,实现制动盘温度峰值和质量的同步降低。采用PDE方程建立风冷盘传热模型,以负热流为边界条件,求解出恒压匀速制动工况下的二维瞬态温度场。基于ANSYS Workbech建立风冷盘的三维参数化传热模型,利用台架试验法验证温度场仿真结果。采用中心组合设计法得出设计变量与优化目标的离散样本,通过多元二次回归模型构建代理模型并进行误差校核。构建优化数学模型,将质量优化目标转换为边界条件,通过序列二次规划算法得出不同质量区间的解集。结合min-max标准化和加权归一方法,得出无量纲的指标测评值,实现优化目标的性价比评价。优化结果表明,风冷盘质量降低8.3%,温度峰值降低3.7%,传热效率明显提升,经济效益和社会效益显著。

基于声电类比的低频消音结构优化设计

基于声电类比,设计了与电滤波器性能相似的低频消音结构,并结合传递矩阵法和模拟退火法,构造了声学结构的优化设计策略。首先,采用归一化方法,以四阶切比雪夫高通电滤波器为基准,设计了电学带阻滤波器;然后,基于声电类比,将电路中的电感电容转换为声学结构中的细管和圆柱腔,构造了消音结构原型,并利用传递矩阵法,建立其数学模型,推导声波传递损失表达式;最后,结合声学结构的数学模型和模拟退火法,以有效衰减带宽最大为目标,以消音结构的尺寸参数为变量,对原型结构进行优化设计。结果表明:基于声电类比,能获得合理的消音结构原型,克服了仅依靠经典消音结构进行设计的局限;结合推导的传递损失数学模型和模拟退火法,对消音结构原型进行参数优化,能显著提高其消音效果,表现在传递损失超过20 dB的带宽拓宽至410~2 165 Hz,是优化前带宽的202%,特别是优化后的结构克服了原型结构在466~537 Hz频率内不能实现有效消音的缺陷,获得了连续的大跨度有效带宽,且传递损失曲线平均增幅达22.8%。