Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM_(2.5) and elemental components in generic urban, roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou City, China

Quantitative information on mass concentrations and other characteristics, such as spatial distribution, seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor （I/O） ratio, correlations and sources, of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in Guangzhou City were provided. Mass concentration of PM2.5 and elemental components were determined by standard weight method and proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE） method. 18 elements were detected, the results showed positive results. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in nine sites were in the range of 67.7-74.5μg/m^3 for summer period, and 109.9-123.7 μg/m^3 for winter period, respectively. The sum of 18 elements average concentrations were 5362.6-5533.4 ng/m^3 for summer period, and 8416.8-8900.6 ng/m^3 for winter period, respectively. Average concentrations of PM2.5 and element components showed obvious spatial characteristic, that the concentrations in roadside area and in industrial plant area were higher than those in generic urban area. An obvious seasonal variation characteristic was found for PM2.5 and elemental components, that the concentrations in winter were higher than that in summer. The I/O ratio of PM2.5 and some elemental components presented larger than 1 sometimes. According to indoor/outdoor correlation of PM2.5 and element concentrations, it was found that there were often good relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations. Enrichment factors were calculated to evaluate anthropogenic versus natural elements sources.

Modification of Sea-salt Aerosols over the Coastal Area in China

Aerosol particles over the coastal area are subject to the modification of their chemical composition during their transport and diffusion. For examining the modification, the marine aerosol particles are collected at an island, East China Sea. Comparison of elemental composition of the marine aerosols with that of the samples collected at a coastal site, e.g. in Shanghai, was made. The results of chemical analysis show that the loss of chlorine component in aerosol particles is one of the main characteristics in the course of diffusion of marine aerosols into the coastal continent. Sulphur is a dominant component for fine particles in both marine and coastal aerosols. The relation of particle number concentration and particle size distribution to the meteorological conditions was discussed briefly. These results can be used as a reference in the estimation of equivalent refractive index of the aerosols for radiation transfer.

Tibetan Sorting Method Based on Hash Function

Sorting the Tibetan language quickly and accurately requires first identifying the component elements that make up Tibetan syllables and then sorting by the priority of the component.Based on the study of Tibetan text structure,grammatical rules and syllable structure,we present a structurebased Tibetan syllable recognition method that uses syllable structure instead of grammar.This method avoids complicated Tibetan grammar and recognizes the components of Tibetan syllables simply and quickly.On the basis of identifying the components of Tibetan syllables,a Tibetan syllable sorting algorithm that conforms to the language sorting rules is proposed.The core of the Tibetan syllable sorting algorithm is a hash function.Research has found that the sorting of all legal Tibetan syllables requires eight components of information.The hash function is based on this discovery and can be assigned corresponding weights according to different sorting verify the effectiveness of the Tibetan sorting algorithm,we established an experimental corpus using the Tibetan sorting standard document recognized by the majority of Tibetan users,namely the New Tibetan Orthographic Dictionary.Experiments show that this method produces results completely consistent with standard reference works,with an accuracy of 100%,and with minimal computational time.

Identification of the Ore-Forming Anomaly Component by MSVD Combined with PCA from Element Concentrations in Fracture Zones of the Laochang Ore Field,Gejiu,SW China

Fault and fractures are well-developed in the Gejiu tin-polymetallic district,and they are closely related to the formation and distribution of ores.In this paper,the principal component analysis(PCA)and multifractal singular value decomposition(MSVD)methodologies were applied for identification of the ore-forming anomaly components from element concentrations of fault rocks in the Laochang ore field,Gejiu.The results show that:(1)the wall rocks and fault rocks have anomalous concentrations of ore-forming elements,indicating that these elements are mainly derived from fluid/rock interaction in the fracture zones;(2)PCA based on clr-transformed data was used to recognize significant association anomalies of ore-forming elements,which lay a foundation for further extracting ore-forming anomaly components from the element association anomalies related to Sn-Cu mineralization;(3)MSVD could effectively explore local anomaly features and decompose ore-forming element association anomalies associated with buried mineralization in more detail.The ore-forming element anomaly components can delineate ore-finding Sn-Cu polymetallic deposits more exactly than the ore-forming element association anomalies.