Effect of superantigen on ion electrophysiology and permeability in rabbit maxillary sinus epithelia

Obejctive Superantigens are potent inflammatory stimuli which derive from pathogenic microbes such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa The aim of this study was to investigate the role of superantigens on the function of rabbit maxillary sinus epithelium Methods Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 4 groups Rabbit sinus mucosa was separated under a surgical microscope and mounted in Ussing chambers to record short circuit current, conductance and permeability to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) Group A was used as normal control Group B was stimulated with an injection of superantigen into the sinus for 4 hours The sinus mucosa of Group C was stimulated by the addition of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) into Ussing chambers Group D sinus mucosa was stimulated by superantigen after pretreatment with anti TNF α antibody Results Superantigen evoked increases in sinus epithelial cell baseline short circuit current, conductance and permeability to HRP stimulated by the addition of TNF α into Ussing chambers These were similar to results from superantigen stimulation in vivo The effect of superantigen on sinus epithelial cells could be blocked by pretreatment with anti TNF α antibody Conclusions Superantigen affected the function of sinus epithelial cells, including the capability of epithelial defensive barrier, which might be mediated by TNF α

Wide-temperature rechargeable Li metal batteries enabled by an in-situ fabricated composite gel electrolyte with a hierarchical structure

Lithium metal bateries(LMBs)are well recognized as promising next-generation high energy density batteries,but the uncontrollable Li dendrites growth and the volatilization/gas production of electrolytes,which become extremely worse at low and high temperatures,restrict their practical utilizations.In this work,a hierarchically structured polymerized gel electrolyte(HGE),which was composed of an inorganic(Li_(x)Ga_(86) In_(14) alloy and Licl salt)/organic(polymerized tetrahydrofuran(THF)hybrid layer and the bulk polymerized THF electrolyte,was proposed to achieve a steady performance of LMBs over a wide temperature range of-20-55℃.The HGE fabrication can be completed within ssembled ells with a simultaneously occurring replacement-polymerizationalloying reaction,which helps decrease the interfacial resistance and enhance the stability and ion diffusion under both low and high temperatures.The use of THF with low polarity also ensures high ion conductivity under low temperatures.With such HGE,the Li symmetric cell showed low overpotential under 10 mA/cm^(2) with a capac.ity of 10 mAh/cm^(2) over a 1200 h cycling,and the fullcell coupled with Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12) demonstrated high capacity retention over 5000 cycles at room temperature.Besides,the symmetric cells showed low overpotentials of 12 mV at 55℃ and 80 mV at-20℃ at 2 mA/cm^(2) after a 1000 h cyeling,and the full cell revealed the high capacity retention of 93.5%at 55℃ and 88.8%at-20℃ after 1500 cycles under a high current density of 1000 mA/g.This work shows a hierarchically structured polymerized electrolyte design for advanced Li batteries workable under broad temperatures.