Economical Requirements Elicitation Techniques During COVID-19: A Systematic Literature Review

Requirements elicitation is a fundamental phase of software development in which an analyst discovers the needs of different stakeholders and transforms them into requirements.This phase is cost-and time-intensive,and a project may fail if there are excessive costs and schedule overruns.COVID-19 has affected the software industry by reducing interactions between developers and customers.Such a lack of interaction is a key reason for the failure of software projects.Projects can also fail when customers do not know precisely what they want.Furthermore,selecting the unsuitable elicitation technique can also cause project failure.The present study,therefore,aimed to identify which requirements elicitation technique is the most cost-effective for large-scale projects when time to market is a critical issue or when the customer is not available.To that end,we conducted a systematic literature review on requirements elicitation techniques.Most primary studies identified introspection as the best technique,followed by survey and brainstorming.This finding suggests that introspection should be the first choice of elicitation technique,especially when the customer is not available or the project has strict time and cost constraints.Moreover,introspection should also be used as the starting point in the elicitation process of a large-scale project,and all known requirements should be elicited using this technique.

An Investigation of Confucian Heuristic Teaching Elicitation Teaching Theory Theory and Socrates

Confucianism （especially its teaching theory） is the core of Chinese traditional culture with Confucius as its representative. It has played an indispensable role in the development of Chinese culture. It is the spiritual pillar of Chinese sustainable development. There are no others that can compare with its teaching method and art. The famous ＂heuristic teaching theory＂ is one of its greatest inventions. But many people think that it is Socrates invention. In fact, Socrates ＂elicitation teaching theory＂ was invented far later than that of Confucius. This paper aims at investigating of these two theories.

Elicitation on Artemisinin Biosynthesis in Artemisia annua Hairy Roots by the Oligosaccharide Extract from the Endophytic Colletotrichum sp. B501

The oligosaccharide elicitor from the mycelial wall of an endophytic Colletotrichum sp. B501 promoted the production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. hairy root culture. When hairy roots of 22-day-old cultures (later growth phase) were exposed to the elicitor (20 mg/L) for 4 d, the maximum content of artemisinin reached 1.15 mg/g, a 64.29% increment over the control. The electron X-ray microanalysis disclosed the rapid accumulation of Ca 2+ in the elicited cortical cells of hairy root. The electronic microscope observation revealed the high electron density area in vacuole of elicited cells. During the first day of elicitation the peroxidase activity of hairy roots was improved sharply. Some cellular morphological changes including cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm and nuclear fragmentation, coincident with the appearance of DNA ladders, were observed after the third day of elicitation. It was suggested that the oligosaccharide elicitor triggered the programmed cell death, which may provide the substance or chemical signal for artemisinin biosynthesis.

Probability Elicitation in Influence Diagram Modeling by Using Interval Probability

In decision modeling with influence diagrams, the most challenging task is probability elicitation from domain experts. It is usually very difficult for experts to directly assign precise probabilities to chance nodes. In this paper, we propose an approach to elicit probability effectively by using the concept of interval probability (IP). During the elicitation process, a group of experts assign intervals to probabilities instead of assigning exact values. Then the intervals are combined and converted into the point valued probabilities. The detailed steps of the elicitation process are given and illustrated by constructing the influence diagram for employee recruitment decision for a China’s IT Company. The proposed approach provides a convenient and comfortable way for experts to assess probabilities. It is useful in influence diagrams modeling as well as in other subjective probability elicitation situations.

A Discussion of Usefulness and Pitfall of Elicitation and Introspection

Nowadays, many scholars would like to use evidence derived from elicitation and introspection in their research. Both elicitation and introspection are common methods of data collection. The essay discusses the usefulness and pitfall of elicitation and introspection. It finds out that both elicitation and introspection have their own advantages and disadvantages.

Hermeneutical Elicitation of Requirements: A Technical Perspective to Improve the Conception of the Software Requirements

In order to develop quality software that meets the originals needs of its users, it is necessary to perform the Requirements Engineering, so that the software context to be developed is identified, examined and specified properly. However, there is a problem that is increasingly in debate: the difficulty in understanding and establishing the purpose of the software to be developed, as pointed out by important researches in the area, such as the Chaos Report, which indicates that only 29% of software projects are successful, and the Software Engineering Institute, which points out software requirements as a critical factor for the success of software engineering and that deficiencies in this dimension are the main causes of software project failures. This article presents a proposal to address this problem through the use of the Hermeneutical Elicitation of Requirements, which is the conceptual adequacy of some hermeneutical methods in a technical approach that assists the requirements engineer to conceive better of the software requirements. In this way, the software engineer will be better able to develop the software to better meet the needs of its end users and sponsors.

Evaluating Biotic Elicitation with Phenylalanine and/or Yeast for Rosemary (<i>Rosmarinus officinals</i>L.) Sustainable Improvement under Traditional and Organic Agriculture

Rosemary (Rosmrinus officinals) is one of the most important medicinal plants was cultivated for two subsequent seasons field experiment trial (March 2018, 2019) designed as factorial split-plot design with three replicates. The main factor 4 biotic elicitors: control (E1), phenylalanine (E2), yeast (E3) and (E4), E2 + F3 Whereas, the sub-main factor, four fertilizers: (F1) NPK, (F2) 1/2NPK + PGPB and humic acid + PGPB (F3), and moringa dry leaves extract. + PGPB (F4). Statistical analysis for collected data revealed significant promotion for growth traits leading to significant increment biomass yield, secondary metabolites production and quality. Total phenolics, total flavonoids and essential oil its terpenes contents in which solitary, E2, E3 acted positive significant impact while E4exhiboted significant positive impact over E1 whereas, F1-4 achieved significant increment in which, biofertilser f4 > f3 > f2 over NPK biofertilser, while paired E1-4 with F1-4 performed E4E4 exceeded E3F3 exceeded E3F2 that exceeded E1F1. Therefore, multi-repeating elicitation with E2, 3, 4 coupled with Biofertilizers F2, 4 could be considered as eco-friendly innovative reliable practical application for sustainable improvement and sustainable use that exceeded significantly over traditional agriculture NPK alone or 1/2 NPK-PGPB for R. officinals.

Zhejiang Manufacturing Industry＇s Growing Up and Elicitation

Zhejiang Province firmly seized the opportunity of worldwide economy integration and manufacture industry strategically transfer to renew the ideas, execute the measures and forge ahead innovation so that it practically .developed the superiority of private enterprise system, government service, industry zone, enterprise competition, commodity brand, and culture and ideas and soon formed six manufacture development modes： grass root economy mode, block economy mode, demi-wolf economy mode, scaled economy mode, marketing economy mode and extroverted economy mode, which help Zhejiang province be a big manufacture province and economic prosperous province in China.

Creating Space for Children’s Voices: Utility of the Collage Life Story Elicitation Technique

A challenge for many School-Based Family Counseling(SBFC)practitioners,child psychotherapists and researchers are finding ways to give voice to children and eliciting trustworthy and detailed narratives that could serve as resource for understanding the needs of young clients in the context of all their interpersonal networks.Children are often reticent when asked to self-disclose and tell their stories during consultation.The purpose of the present study was to examine the utility of five sequential steps constituting the Collage Life Story Elicitation Technique(CLET)for scaffolding storytelling among children in middle childhood(aged 9-12 years).Using the CLET for data collection and conducting an interpretive analysis,the researchers explored the performance of 38 middle-childhood children living in three different settings.Findings suggest that the five sequential steps of the CLET adequately and satisfactorily combine to stimulate and elicit rich data and help children to construct their narratives and represent the challenges they face in everyday living.We discuss the application of CLET in SBFC practice as tool when screening and intervention planning for children’s perspectives pertaining to a range of topics regarding each of the four quadrants as proposed in the SBFC metamodel.

Lanthanum elicitation on hypocrellin A production in mycelium cultures of Shiraia bambusicola is mediated by ROS generation

Rare earth elements(REEs)have been widely applied as efficient elicitors to improve production of biologically important secondary metabolites in plants.However,their effects on microbial secondary metabolites were seldom reported.In this study,lanthanum(LaCl3)was used as an elicitor in mycelium cultures of Shiraia bambusicola to stimulate the production of hypocrellin A(HA),a promising photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy.La^3+at 1.0 g/L not only increases HA content by 2.50-fold in mycelia,but stimulates HA exudation to the medium with the highest production(225.05 mg/L)on day 6.Further analysis shows that La^3+can induce the intracellular ROS(reactive oxygen species)accumulation with 2.33-fold higher contents of H2O2 in mycelium.HA production induced by La^3+treatment can be suppressed by ROS scavengers.Further analysis reveals that the elicitation of La^3+on HA accumulation is mediated by ROS generation to enhance expression of HA biosynthetical genes.The expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter gene(SbABC)for HA exudation is also regulated partially via ROS generated by NADPH oxidase.These results indicate that the enhanced HA production by La^3+might be mediated by ROS signaling pathway.Our results provide a basis for understanding REE elicitation on fungal metabolites and a practical biotechnological process for enhanced production of HA.

ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF OUTPUT AND THE ELICITATION OF OPTIMAL OUTPUT

By differentiating four different types of output, the paperargues that their roles are also different. And learners of differ-ent language proficiency levels should be guided to produce dif-ferent types of output. Thus the paper introduces a new concept,namely "optimal output". Blindly making the learner produceoutput which is far beyond his current English level will only doharm to his interlanguage development, making it fossilize at anearly stage.

一种面向多属性不确定数据流的模体发现算法

该文针对多属性不确定数据流的频繁模式发现问题,借鉴生物信息学中的模体发现思想,提出了一种基于MEME(Multiple Expectation-maximization for Motif Elicitation)的多属性不确定数据流模体发现算法。该算法根据不确定数据流的特点,设计了基于混合型模型的不确定滑动窗口更新计算方法,改进了SAX(Symbolic Aggregate appro Ximation)的符号化策略,提出了不同滑动窗口下多属性模体的相似性分析方法。在实验当中,用防空反导情报传感器网络中的一组不确定数据流验证了其功能,通过植入不同数目的模体测试了其发现准确率,并在元组有效概率设置为1的条件下与已有算法进行了比较,结果表明:该算法可以较准确地发现多属性不确定数据流中的频繁模式。

Characterization of a Cyclophilin cDNA from Soybean Cells

A cDNA clone encoded for cyclophilin (GmCyp1) was isolated by RT-PCR method from suspension-cultured soybean (Glycine max L.) cells. The deduced amino acid sequence was 91% identical to a kidney bean cyclophilin in the open reading frame of the gene. Results from Southern blotting analysis suggests that the GmCyp1 belong to a small gene family in soybean cells. The time course of GmCyp1 mRNA accumulation upon treatment of elicitor from yeast extract did not show significant change in the time period examined. The data suggest that the GmCyp1 was not regulated much by biotic factors. A possible role of the cyclophilin in the plant-pathogen interaction was discussed.

Effective Hybrid Content-Based Collaborative Filtering Approach for Requirements Engineering

Requirements engineering(RE)is among the most valuable and critical processes in software development.The quality of this process significantly affects the success of a software project.An important step in RE is requirements elicitation,which involves collecting project-related requirements from different sources.Repositories of reusable requirements are typically important sources of an increasing number of reusable software requirements.However,the process of searching such repositories to collect valuable project-related requirements is time-consuming and difficult to perform accurately.Recommender systems have been widely recognized as an effective solution to such problem.Accordingly,this study proposes an effective hybrid content-based collaborative filtering recommendation approach.The proposed approach will support project stake-holders in mitigating the risk of missing requirements during requirements elicitation by identifying related requirements from software requirement repositories.The experimental results on the RALIC dataset demonstrate that the proposed approach considerably outperforms baseline collaborative filtering-based recom-mendation methods in terms of prediction accuracy and coverage in addition to mitigating the data sparsity and cold-start item problems.

Identification and Analysis of Symbolic Elements in the Mountain Tourism

As a traditional tourist type,mountain tourism now is highly focused on and it has already accumulated a great many academic papers in different types of researches. However,there still exists improvement in positive and qualitative study. This paper uses Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique( ZMET) as the study method to identify,sort and present all the typical elements in the mountain tourism context,aiming to find out the potential expectations and needs hiding in the subconscious of the mountain tourist.

Bayesian Estimation in Dam Monitoring Networks

A Bayesian estimator with informative prior distributions （a multi-normal and an inverted gamma distribution）, adequate to displacement estimation at dam displacement monitoring networks, is presented. The hyper-parameters of the prior distributions are obtained by Bayesian empirical methods with non-informative meta-priors. The performances of the Bayes estimator and the classical generalized lest squares estimator are compared using two measurements of the horizontal monitoring network of a concrete gravity dam： the Penha Garcia dam （Portugal）. In order to test the robustness of the two estimators, a gross error is added to one of the measured horizontal directions： the Bayes estimator proves to be significantly more robust than the classic maximum likelihood estimator.

Quintessence of Traditional and Agile Requirement Engineering

Requirement gathering for software development project is the most crucial stage and thus requirement engineering (RE) occupies the chief position in the software development. Countless techniques concerning the RE processes exist to make sure the requirements are coherent, compact and complete in all respects. In this way different aspects of RE are dissected and detailed upon. A comparison of RE in Agile and RE in Waterfall is expatiated and on the basis of the literature survey the overall Agile RE process is accumulated. Agile being a technique produces high quality software in relatively less time as compared to the conventional waterfall methodology. The paramount objective of this study is to take lessons from RE that Agile method may consider, if quality being the cardinal concern. The study is patterned on the survey of the previous research reported in the coexisting literature and the practices which are being pursued in the area.

Metabolic disturbance and phytochemical changes in Andrographis paniculata and possible action mode of andrographolide

Objecive: To explore the effect of gibberellic acid(GA_3) and its inhibitor paclobutrazol(PBZ)on chemical composition and their pharmacological effects on Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees, and to clarify action mode of andrographolide.Methods: The chemical composition was extracted by sequential extraction with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol, respectively. Andrographolide and its derivatives were evaluated by HPLC. Moreover, the metabolic profiling was analyzed by GC-MS. Inhibitory effect of crude extracts was tested against Staphylococcus aureus using agar well diffusion method. Mode of action was tested against mutant yeast by spotting assay. Andrographolide were tested for their mode of action against eukaryotes. Rsults: Among different solvents, dichloromethane gave the highest yield of crude(3.58% DW), with the highest andrographolide content(8.3 mg/g DW). The effect of plant hormone(10 mg/L GA_3 or PBZ) on phytochemical variations and bioactivity of Andrographis paniculata was demonstrated. It was found that PBZ promoted sesquiterpene compounds about 3.5 times over than GA_3 treatment. But inhibitory effect of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus was highest in GA_3 treated plants; andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide contents were significantly higher than those of water or PBZ. It was found that there were 11 strains involving in ergosterol biosynthesis, V-ATPase activity and homeostasis, and superoxide detoxification process. In this regard, andrographolide might cause the damage on the lipid bilayer of yeast cell and plasma membrane by interfering ergosterol biosynthesis.Conclusions: It is found that GA_3 promotes andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide content while PBZ promotes sesquiterpene content. Andrographolide might cause the damage on the lipid bilayer of yeast cell and plasma membrane by interfering ergosterol biosynthesis. It might also affect mitochondria electron transport chain, leading to the occurrence of ROS, which can further harm cell organelles. However, the library screening is the first step to investigate mode of action of andrographolide.

Characterizing the Relative Importance Assigned to Physical Variables by Climate Scientists when Assessing Atmospheric Climate Model Fidelity

Evaluating a climate model＇s fidelity（ability to simulate observed climate） is a critical step in establishing confidence in the model＇s suitability for future climate projections, and in tuning climate model parameters. Model developers use their judgement in determining which trade-offs between different aspects of model fidelity are acceptable. However, little is known about the degree of consensus in these evaluations, and whether experts use the same criteria when different scientific objectives are defined. Here, we report on results from a broad community survey studying expert assessments of the relative importance of different output variables when evaluating a global atmospheric model＇s mean climate. We find that experts adjust their ratings of variable importance in response to the scientific objective, for instance, scientists rate surface wind stress as significantly more important for Southern Ocean climate than for the water cycle in the Asian watershed. There is greater consensus on the importance of certain variables（e.g., shortwave cloud forcing） than others（e.g., aerosol optical depth）. We find few differences in expert consensus between respondents with greater or less climate modeling experience,and no statistically significant differences between the responses of climate model developers and users. The concise variable lists and community ratings reported here provide baseline descriptive data on current expert understanding of certain aspects of model evaluation, and can serve as a starting point for further investigation, as well as developing more sophisticated evaluation and scoring criteria with respect to specific scientific objectives.

Eliciting Requirements from Stakeholders’ Responses Using Natural Language Processing

Most software systems have different stakeholders with a variety of concerns.The process of collecting requirements from a large number of stakeholders is vital but challenging.We propose an efficient,automatic approach to collecting requirements from different stakeholders’responses to a specific question.We use natural language processing techniques to get the stakeholder response that represents most other stakeholders’responses.This study improves existing practices in three ways:Firstly,it reduces the human effort needed to collect the requirements;secondly,it reduces the time required to carry out this task with a large number of stakeholders;thirdly,it underlines the importance of using of data mining techniques in various software engineering steps.Our approach uses tokenization,stop word removal,and word lemmatization to create a list of frequently accruing words.It then creates a similarity matrix to calculate the score value for each response and selects the answer with the highest score.Our experiments show that using this approach significantly reduces the time and effort needed to collect requirements and does so with a sufficient degree of accuracy.