Flow characteristics and hot workability of a typical low-alloy high-strength steel during multi-pass deformation

Heavy components of low-alloy high-strength(LAHS) steels are generally formed by multi-pass forging. It is necessary to explore the flow characteristics and hot workability of LAHS steels during the multi-pass forging process, which is beneficial to the formulation of actual processing parameters. In the study, the multi-pass hot compression experiments of a typical LAHS steel are carried out at a wide range of deformation temperatures and strain rates. It is found that the work hardening rate of the experimental material depends on deformation parameters and deformation passes, which is ascribed to the impacts of static and dynamic softening behaviors. A new model is established to describe the flow characteristics at various deformation passes. Compared to the classical Arrhenius model and modified Zerilli and Armstrong model, the newly proposed model shows higher prediction accuracy with a confidence level of 0.98565. Furthermore, the connection between power dissipation efficiency(PDE) and deformation parameters is revealed by analyzing the microstructures. The PDE cannot be utilized to reflect the efficiency of energy dissipation for microstructure evolution during the entire deformation process, but only to assess the efficiency of energy dissipation for microstructure evolution in a specific deformation parameter state.As a result, an integrated processing map is proposed to better study the hot workability of the LAHS steel, which considers the effects of instability factor(IF), PDE, and distribution and size of grains. The optimized processing parameters for the multi-pass deformation process are the deformation parameters of 1223–1318 K and 0.01–0.08 s^(-1). Complete dynamic recrystallization occurs within the optimized processing parameters with an average grain size of 18.36–42.3 μm. This study will guide the optimization of the forging process of heavy components.

Hot Compressive Deformation Characteristics of Al-9.3Zn-2.4Mg-1.1Cu Alloy

To understand the hot compression deformation characteristics of the self-developed Al-9.3Zn-2.4Mg^(-1).1Cu alloy,the hot compression tests of Al-9.3Zn-2.4Mg^(-1).1Cu alloy were investigated by Gleeble 1500 thermo-mechanical simulator to determine the best hot processing conditions.The hot deformation temperatures were 300,350,400,and 450℃,and the strain rates were 1,0.1,0.01,and 0.003 s^(-1),respectively.Based on the experimental results,the constitutive equation and hot processing maps are established,and the corresponding strain rate and temperature-sensitive index are analyzed.The results show that Al-9.3Zn-2.4Mg^(-1).1Cu alloy has a dynamic softening trend and high strain rate sensitivity during the isothermal compression process.The hot deformation behavior can be described by an Arrhenius-type equation after strain compensation.The temperature has a negligible effect on the hot processing properties,while a low strain rate is favorable for the hot working of alloy.The processing maps and microstructure show that the optimal processing conditions were in the temperature range of 400-450℃and strain rate range of 0.003-0.005 s^(-1).

Deformation banding in β working of two-phase TA15 titanium alloy

To study deformation banding inβworking of TA15titanium alloy,hot simulation compression experiments were carried out on a Gleeble3500thermal simulator,and the microstructure was investigated by optical microscopy(OM)and electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD).It is found that inβworking of TA15titanium alloy,deformation banding is still an important grain refinement mechanism up to temperature as high as0.7Tm(Tm is the melting temperature).Boundaries of deformation bands(DBBs)may be sharp or diffusive.Sharp DBBs retard discontinuous dynamic recrystallization(DDRX)by prohibiting nucleation,while the diffusive ones are sources of continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX).Deformation banding is more significant at high strain rate and large initial grain size.The average width of grain subdivisions is sensitive to strain rate but less affected by temperature and initial grain size.Multi-directional forging which produces crossing DDBs is potential to refine microstructure of small-size forgings.

Deformation mechanisms and differential work hardening behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy during biaxial deformation

Magnesium alloys are frequently subjected to biaxial stress during manufacturing process,however,the work hardening behavior under such circumstance are not well understood.In this study,the deformation mechanisms and differential work hardening behavior of rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets under biaxial loading are investigated.The change of plastic work contours with increasing plastic strain indicates the differential work hardening behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy under biaxial stress state,resulting in higher macroscopic work hardening rates of biaxial loading than uniaxial loading,with the elastic-plastic transition part of work hardening extended and stage Ⅲ hardly emerged.Electron backscatter diffraction and Schmid factor analysis confirm the low activation of non-basalslip during biaxial loading tests.While the thickness strain is primarily accommodated by pyramidal<c+a>slip at the initial stage of biaxial deformation,{10–11}contraction twinning is activated at larger plastic strain.The low activation of non-basalslip also retards the dynamic recovery and cross-slip of basal and prismaticslips,leading to the differential work hardening behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy under biaxial stress state.

Effect of B_(4)C on strength coefficient,cold deformation and work hardening exponent characteristics of Mg composites

The emphasis of this exploration was to examine the workability and work hardening performance of Mg(Magnesium)specimen and Mg-B_(4)C composites created via the powder metallurgy technique.The pure Mg and Mg-B_(4)C composites are made with distinct weight percentages(Mg-5%B_(4)C,Mg-10%B_(4)C,and Mg-15%B_(4)C)at the unit aspect ratio.The powders and composites characterization are executed by SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope),EDS(Energy Dispersive Spectrum)with an elemental map,and XRD(X-ray Diffraction)examination.It displays that,the B_(4)C particles were dispersed consistently with the Mg matrix.The workability and work hardening examination was conducted in triaxial stress conditions using the cold deformation process.The consequence of workability stress exponent factor(β_(σ)),distinct stress proportion factors(σ_(m)/σ_(eff)and σ_(θ)/σ_(eff)),instantaneous work hardening exponent(n_(1)),work hardening exponent(n),coefficient of strength(k)and instantaneous coefficient of strength(k_(1))are recognized.The outcome displays that Mg-15%B_(4)C specimen has greater workability and work hardening parameter,initial relative density,and triaxial stresses compared with the Mg specimen and Mg-(5–10%)B_(4)C composites.

Hot deformation behavior of Mg-7.22Gd-4.84Y-1.26Nd-0.58Zr magnesium alloy

The behavior evolvement of Mg-7.22Gd-4.84Y-1.26Nd-0.58Zr（GWN751K） magnesium alloy during the hot deformation process was discussed.The flow stress behavior of the magnesium alloy over the strain rate range of 0.002 to 2.000 s^-1 and in the temperature range of 623 to 773 K was studied on a Gleeble-1500D hot simulator under the maximum deformation degree of 60%.The experimental results showed that the relationship between stress and strain was obviously affected by strain rate and deformation temperature.The flow stress of GWN751K magnesium alloy during high temperature deformation could be represented by the Zener-Hollomon parameter in the hyperbolic Arrhenius-type equation.The stress exponent n and deformation activation energy Q were evaluated by linear regression analysis.The stress exponent n was fitted to be 3.16.The hot deformation activation energy of the alloy during hot deformation was 230.03 kJ/mol.The microstructures of hot deformation were also influenced by strain rate and compression temperature strongly.It was found that the alloy could be extruded at 723 K with the mechanical properties of σ0.2 = 260 MPa,σb = 320 MPa,and δ = 18%.

HOT DEFORMATION AND MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION BEHAVIORS OF Fe-32%Ni ALLOY

The Hot deformation and martensitic transformation behaviors of Fe-32%Ni alloy was investigated by measurements of electrical resistance and X-ray diffraction. With the increase in strain, the austenite goes through from the work-hardened to the partial dynamcally re-crystallized and then to the completed dynamically re-crystallized. The martensitic transformation characteristics depend on the austenite states. The work-hardening in small strain is helpful to martensitic transformation due to the low dislocation density and little lattice distortion, while the high dislocation density and severe lattice distortion by the increase in strain will hinder the martensitic nucleation. Once dynamic re-crystallization （ DRX ） takes place, the martensitic transformation will be enhanced again, which is related to the heterogeneous dynamic substructures. The growing DRX grain can enhance the martensitic nucleation due to the low dislocation density near its grain boundary.

Influence of stress path change on the resistance to plastic deformation of cold rolled sheets

Flat workpieces have been tested in order to investigate the influence of stress path change （loading mode） while keeping strain path unchanged. These investigations are pertinent to the testing of cold rolled strips and to subsequent forming. The workpieces which first compressed by plane strain compression in thickness direction were then tested in perpendicular direction in order to measure the influence of strain and stress path. The tension workpieces came from flat die compression test at different deformation histories. Two different materials were investigated： 18/8 Ti stainless steel and AW-1050 aluminium. The results show that the plastic flow by tension in lengthwise direction after pre-strain by compression in thickness direction will begin at an appreciably lower stress than that of the workpieces unloaded after pre-compression. Comparing with two materials, it can be seen that both 18/8 Ti stainless steel and AW-1050 aluminium behave similarly. The drop in yield stress is lower for AW-1050 aluminium than that for 18/8 Ti stainless steel. However, reloading in different directions than in the precious step results in significantly higher strain hardening.

Mechanical stress and deformation analyses of pressurized cylindrical shells based on a higher-order modeling

In this research,mechanical stress,static strain and deformation analyses of a cylindrical pressure vessel subjected to mechanical loads are presented.The kinematic relations are developed based on higherorder sinusoidal shear deformation theory.Thickness stretching formulation is accounted for more accurate analysis.The total transverse deflection is divided into bending,shear and thickness stretching parts in which the third term is responsible for change of deflection along the thickness direction.The axisymmetric formulations are derived through principle of virtual work.A parametric study is presented to investigate variation of stress and strain components along the thickness and longitudinal directions.To explore effect of thickness stretching model on the static results,a comparison between the present results with the available results of literature is presented.As an important output,effect of micro-scale parameter is studied on the static stress and strain distribution.

基于LS-dyna和HyperWorks的大客车正面碰撞仿真分析

以某企业提供的6120型客车为研究对象,使用Hypermesh建立大客车的有限元模型。使用LS-dyna进行仿真计算,模拟出大客车在碰撞过程中的变形和加速度随时间的变化情况。根据仿真发现的问题,提出改进措施,并进行验证。结果证明:局部的结构改善能提高客车的防撞性能,但要彻底的改善大客车的防撞性能,需要在客车整体结构上有较大改动。

ANISOTROPY OF WORK HARDENING IN 5456 ALUMINUM ALLOY

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ELASTIC－PLASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODELS BASED ON THE MULTIPLICATION PROCESSES OF DEFORMED GRAINS

According to the characteristics of micro-deformation of polycrystalline metal,the author divides grains intothree kinds and proposes a new conceplion of deformed grains.multiplication,from which some explicit elastic-Plastic constitutive equations can be deduced and some experimental results can be explained quantitativelv,It shows that the macro-yield,rate-correlativity work hardening and other phenomena are all closely related to the kinetic process of grains deformation.

18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢的热压缩变形行为及显微组织演变

采用热模拟方法研究了18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢在变形温度900~1150℃、应变速率0.01~5 s-1条件下的热压缩变形行为;建立了基于Arrhenius模型的全应变本构方程,采用该方程对流变应力曲线进行预测;根据动态材料模型绘制热加工图,并结合热加工图系统地研究显微组织演变特征。结果表明:试验钢的峰值应力随应变速率的增加或变形温度的降低而增大,动态回复和动态再结晶是热变形过程中的主要软化机制;采用建立的全应变本构方程预测得到流变应力曲线与试验结果基本吻合,预测真应力与试验结果的相对误差小于4.715%,说明该模型可以精确地模拟18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢的热压缩变形行为。试验钢的适合热加工工艺参数为变形温度1050~1150℃、应变速率0.1~1 s^(-1),此时组织为均匀细小的再结晶晶粒,晶粒尺寸在5~15μm。随着变形温度的升高或应变速率的降低,原始奥氏体晶粒不断被动态再结晶晶粒取代,且动态再结晶程度和再结晶晶粒尺寸增大。

非饱和土的有效应力探讨

由于非饱和土强度季节性变化,缺失统一的非饱和土有效应力公式而无法准确预警预防,导致非饱和土堆土、边坡出现滑坡、塌陷等诸多问题,基于Terzaghi的有效应力理论和土力学三相介质原理,推导得到非饱和土土颗粒之间的相互作用力,建立了非饱和土的有效应力公式.在此基础上,分别考虑应变功与能量守恒原理、非饱和土气水运移和受力平衡等不同情形,进一步论证了该非饱和土有效应力公式的科学性,同时利用不同的非饱和土剪切强度试验数据对这一有效应力公式进行计算验证,证明了其正确性和有效性.研究结果表明,所建立的非饱和土有效应力公式可适用于饱和土和非饱和土,并便于相关工程的设计和灾变防治应用.

四工作辊轧机轧制304不锈钢板件截面塑性变形分析

针对四工作辊轧机轧制304不锈钢板件存在变形量大、尺寸不稳定的问题,利用Solidworks软件建立四工作辊轧制系统有限元模型,采用Deform软件对304不锈钢板件在不同轧辊直径、轧辊转速和轧辊压下量下进行轧制仿真,分析其对轧件截面高度和等效应力分布的影响,根据轧制仿真分析结果设计制造了四工作辊轧机,并对不同压下量下仿真和生产的轧件截面高度进行对比分析。结果表明,轧件截面塑性变形可分为相互作用Ⅰ区、过渡Ⅱ区和变形Ⅲ区,等效应力、等效应变和截面高度在Ⅰ区最大,在Ⅲ区最小且变化平稳,Ⅱ区值位于两者之间并呈U型分布。

Zr-2.5Nb合金高温流变行为及热加工图研究

在应变速率0.01~10 s^(-1),变形温度750~880℃(中高(α+β)相区)的条件下,对Zr-2.5Nb合金进行了热变形行为研究,以掌握高温流变行为及热加工稳定性,为Zr-2.5Nb合金锻造和挤压提供依据。

变形量对冷拉拔低碳镀锌钢丝力学性能的影响

冷拉拔低碳镀锌钢丝以良好的耐蚀性能、焊接性能、与力学性能协同匹配的良好综合性能和低廉的价格广泛应用于轻工业及建筑行业,其中变形量是影响其力学性能、生产成本及良品率的关键因素。通过显微组织分析、力学性能测定、断口观察,研究了Q235冷拉拔低碳镀锌钢丝不同变形量下的加工硬化过程,并分析了断丝及钢丝表面出现箭头状裂纹的原因。结果表明:真应变从0增加到2.41的过程中,抗拉强度、横纵截面硬度随应变量增加呈抛物线状增加,抗拉强度从586.8 MPa增加到1157.1 MPa,横截面硬度比纵截面增加了5.8 HV。塑性变形初期,加工硬化率最大,为364.7 MPa。真应变从0增加到1.91过程中,加工硬化率从364.7 MPa降低到162.2 MPa,真应变从1.91增加到2.41的过程中,加工硬化率又增加到了172.0 MPa。钢丝中存在CaO夹杂物是导致钢丝出现断丝和表面箭头状裂纹的主要原因。

基于D-InSAR技术的杨伙盘矿区地表形变监测与分析

【目的】煤炭资源的开采引发一系列的生态环境问题,地面塌陷问题尤为严重,而地表形变监测是修复生态环境问题的首要工作。【方法】InSAR技术作为一种面监测技术,已成功应用到煤矿地面塌陷监测中,本研究利用雷达差分干涉测量(D-InSAR)技术,计算2020年8月至2022年10月间共31景Sentinel-1A数据。【结果】在监测期内,开采工作面的地表共形成3个形变中心,分别位于301和303盘区的工作面,地表在煤矿开采后进入快速形变期,之后开始缓慢形变,直至趋于稳定状态。【结论】D-InSAR技术对于此类地面塌陷问题,相较于点监测技术,具有先天的优势,能够快速、准确地获取整个工作面的形变情况,对煤矿生态环境问题的改善起到了指导作用。

水温变化对藻酸盐印模材料精度及凝固时间的影响

目的探究水温变化对藻酸盐印模材料流动性、工作时间、凝固时间和形变量的影响。方法分别将液剂控制在4种不同水温(8℃、14℃、23℃和32℃)下用全自动印模调拌机调拌藻酸盐粉体,通过比较4组藻酸盐印模材料在玻璃板上的流动性,观测测量工作时间、凝固时间;利用模具套件制取印模,再观察印模形变量。采用SPSS 24.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析,比较各组之间的差异。结果4种不同温度液剂调制的藻酸盐印模材料的流动性从大到小依次为8℃组>14℃组>23℃组>32℃组,且不同组别间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。工作时间及凝固时间从短到长依次为32℃组<23℃组<14℃组<8℃组,各组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),32℃组的工作时间(29.3±1.0)s和凝固时间(41.0±1.4)s以及8℃组的凝固时间(133.2±3.8)s均不符合临床使用要求。各组形变量之间存在差异,但不具有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在一定范围内,水温变化和藻酸盐印模材料的流动性、工作时间及凝固时间呈负相关,临床使用时以14℃~25℃的水温较合适。

基于贝叶斯神经网络的相位梯度计算方法

应变重构是相衬光学相干层析力学性能表征中的关键步骤,其需要准确计算出差分包裹相位的梯度分布。为了能够解决强噪声干扰下的相位梯度重构信噪比低的难题,提出了一种基于贝叶斯神经网络的相位梯度计算方法。首先,通过计算机模拟不同散斑噪声等级下的包裹相位图,并生成相应的理想相位梯度,以构建网络的训练集。其次,基于网络训练集采用贝叶斯推断理论学习强噪声环境下的包裹相位与相位梯度的“端到端”映射关系。最后,将相衬光学相干层析测量的差分包裹相位结果送入贝叶斯神经网络进行处理,实现高信噪比相位梯度预测。此外,通过借助贝叶斯神经网络的统计特性,以模型不确定度来定量评估相位梯度预测结果的可靠性。通过数值实验和三点弯曲力学加载实验对比分析了本文方法和主流矢量方法的性能。实验结果表明:在噪声较小的条件下,本文方法重构的相位梯度信噪比可提升8%;在噪声较强条件下,本文方法能成功恢复因相位条纹难以分辨而无法计算的相位梯度。此外,模型不确定度能够定量分析网络的相位梯度预测误差。可以预见,在样品形变复杂且先验信息未知的条件下,本工作为相衬光学相干层析提供了一种有效的应变重构方法,从而能实现高质量和高可靠的内部力学性能表征。