Expression of Ethylene Biosynthetic Genes Regulated by Pollination associated Factors in Doritaenopsis hybrida Flowers

Pollination of flowers initiates postpollination development in orchid (Doritaenopsis hybrida Hort.) flowers, including perianth senescence, stigma closure, and ovary development. Because ethylene is thought to play a key role in coordinating these developmental changes, the authors studied the temporal and spatial patterns of expression of genes encoding 1 aminocyclopropane 1 carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase following pollination associated factor treatments in orchid flowers. Both ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNA accumulation in the various parts of the flowers is induced by auxin, and ethylene, but not by emasculation. The patterns of both ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNA accumulation are similar in all floral organs following auxin and ethylene treatments. Further, in situ hybridization analysis indicates that the ACC oxidase mRNA is localized in epidermal and parenchyma cells of the stigma after auxin and ethylene treatments. The putative roles of auxin, ethylene and emasculation are discussed in terms of the regulation of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase gene expression in flowers.

Molecular Characterization of CMS Lines and Standardization of Hybrid Seed Production Technique in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

The study has been initiated with an aim to utilize cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) associated gene fragment marker to understand the marker flow in segregating population and nature of dominance of the marker. And further it was aimed to understand the best pollination time for the maximum fruit set and to economise the chilli hybrid seed production based on CMS lines. Hence, two CMS based high yielding hybrids, which were found to be much more potential than that of the non CMS based hybrids, have been identified. The CMS gene was dissected from one of the high yielding hybrid. The marker was successfully amplified in A line, F1 and F2 population with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of 600 bp. The seedlings were transplanted at the ratio of 2:1, 2:2 and 3:2 sterile:fertile for natural pollination and 2:1 sterile:fertile for artificial pollination. The percent of fruit set was calculated without emasculation (CMS line) and pollination, and with emasculation and pollination, respectively. The maximum fruit set of 95.24% per plant was recorded when artificial crossing attempted between 10:00 am and 11:00 am using male sterile lines. While, 40% fruit set was observed in emasculation and pollination system. The maximum numbers of fruit set (351 and 75) were registered in JNA1 and ACA1 male sterile lines, respectively, thorough artificial pollination. However, the maximum numbers of fruit set (20.24 and 14.74) were recorded in JNA1 and ACA1, respectively, by natural pollination. Pollinating more number of flowers and fruit set success was recorded using male sterile lines than that of the bisexual plant in chilli.

nfertility, impotence, and emasculation - psychosocia ：ontexts for abandoning reproduction

From a Darwinian perspective we live to reproduce, but in various situations genetic males elect not to reproduce by choosing medical treatments leading to infertility, impotence, and, in the extreme, emasculation. For many men, infertility can be psychologically distressing. However, for certain genetic males, being infertile may improve their quality of life. Examples include （1） men who seek vasectomy, （2） individuals with Gender Dysphoria （e.g., transwomen, and modern day voluntary eunuchs）, （3） most gay men, and （4） men treated for testicular and prostate cancer. Men who desire vasectomy typically have a Darwinian fitness W 〉1 at the time of their vasectomies; i.e., after they have their desired number of offspring or consider themselves past an age for parenting newborns. In contrast, prostate and testicular cancer patients, along with individuals with extreme Gender Dysphoria, do not necessarily seek to be sterile, but accept it as an unavoidable consequence of the treatment for their condition undertaken for survival （in case of cancer patients） or to achieve a better quality of life （for those with Gender Dysphoria）. Most gay men do not father children, but they may play an avuncular role, providing for their siblings＇ offspring＇s welfare, thus improving their inclusive fitness through kin selection. In a strictly Darwinian model, the primary motivation for all individuals is to reproduce, but there are many situations for men to remove themselves from the breeding populations because they have achieved a fitness W 〉1, or have stronger medical or psychological needs that preclude remaining fertile.