The driving force effect of trade embodied carbon emissions and embodied SO_(2) emissions transferred in resources-rich areas: A case study of Shanxi province

SDA (Structural Decomposition Analysis) model was applied to analyze the driving factors of embodied carbon and SO_(2) emissions transferred in Shanxi during 2007-2012 based on the input-output model from the perspectives of region and industry.The results showed that the change of embodied carbon emissions and embodied SO_(2) emissions of Shanxi and other regions were hindered by the carbon (sulfur) emissions strength effect,but promoted by the intermediate (final) demand scale effect,the intermediate (final) structure effect and the input-output structure effect.The carbon emissions strength effect had a significant contribution to reducing the embodied carbon emissions transferred from industries in Shanxi to other regions.The intermediate (final) demand scale effect was the driving factor to increase the embodied carbon emissions transferred from industries in Shanxi to other regions.The sulfur emissions strength effect was the only factor that reduced the embodied SO_(2) emissions transferred from Shanxi to other industries.The change of embodied carbon emissions from industries in other regions to Shanxi was hindered by the carbon emissions strength effect,but the input-output structure effect and final demand scale effect both increased the embodied carbon emissions from industries in other regions to Shanxi.The change of the embodied SO_(2) emissions transferred from industries in other regions to Shanxi was inhibited by the sulfur emissions strength effect,but the input-output structure effect,the intermediate demand structure effect and the final demand scale effect were both the driving force effect of increasing the embodied SO_(2) emissions transferred from industries in other regions to Shanxi.The corresponding suggestions and measures were put forward.

中国产业部门隐含碳生产率的驱动因素分解——基于LMDI-PDA模型的实证分析

提升隐含碳生产率是产业部门碳减排的关键。基于2002—2020投入产出数据与能源碳排放数据建立隐含碳生产率指标,利用LMDI-PDA综合分解法,系统梳理各效应、各细分产业部门对产业部门整体隐含碳生产率变动的影响。研究结论为:直接排放率效应对28个产业部门中的大部分产业部门的隐含碳生产率提升起到阻碍作用,排放能效效应以及能源资本替代效应则主要起积极作用;隐含碳生产率效应普遍推动三次产业隐含碳生产率上升,排放结构效应则阻碍第二产业与第三产业隐含碳生产率的增长,负向效应分别为-0.0166万元/吨、-0.0190万元/吨;对产业部门整体隐含碳生产率增长贡献最大的两个产业部门是其他服务业和建筑业。研究结论为加速推进产业低碳变革提供了理论与数据支撑。

基于EIO-LCA模型的江西省产业部门的隐含碳排放及碳减排潜力分析

低碳经济发展是实现可持续发展的重要途径之一。采用经济投入产出生命周期评估模型(EIO-LCA),运用42部门投入产出表及国际认可的IPCC法测算出江西省各产业部门直接碳排放量以及隐含碳排放量,并在此基础上构建碳减排潜力模型,来揭示因产业部门结构变动而引起的碳减排效应。研究结果表明:按产业部门分析,基础性工业部门的直接碳排放量都相对较高,其中位列前三的部门分别为电力、热力的生产和供应业、石油、炼焦产品和核燃料加工业与金属冶炼和压延加工品业;按整体产业结构分析,江西省直接碳排放量、隐含碳排放量和碳减排潜力较大的部门集中在重工业和能源产业。未来,江西省应当针对不同产业部门的特点实施差异化减排政策,同时优化产业结构,实现产业良性互动。

Carbon Embodied in International Trade of China and Its Emission Responsibility

Carbon emissions embodied in international trade of China during 1997-2007 are accounted by input-output method based on Chinese input-output table and global trade analysis project database.It is revealed that carbon emissions embodied in imports and exports both increased during 1997-2007,but carbon emissions embodied in exports are greater than those embodied in imports,China is a net export nation in embodied carbon.The net exports of embodied carbon account for about 10.82%of the total carbon emissions in 1997,dropped to 7.15%in 2002,increased to 13.13%in 2006,and slightly dropped to 12.64%in 2007.Low-end position of international industry division is an objective factor of being a net exporter of embodied carbon for China,and usage of a large amount of obsolete energy-using equipments wasted much energy and increased carbon emissions embodied in exports. Importers should take more responsibilities for carbon emissions embodied in trade,and China should take a certain responsibility for unreasonable energy dissipations too.

Fixed-Bed Column Adsorption Modeling of MnO4- Ions from Acidic Aqueous Solutions on Activated Carbons Prepared with the Biomass

Activated carbons calcined at 400˚C and 600˚C (AC-400 and AC-600), prepared using palm nuts, collected in the town of Franceville in Gabon, were used to study the dynamic adsorption of MnO4- ions in acidic media on fixed bed column and on the kinetic modeling of experimental data of breakthrough curves of MnO4- ions obtained. Results on the adsorption of MnO4- ions in fixed-bed dynamics obtained on AC-400 and AC-600 adsorbents beds indicated that the AC-400 bed appears to be the most efficient in removing MnO4- ions in acidic media. Indeed, the adsorbed amounts, the adsorbed capacities at saturation and the elimination percentage of MnO4- ions obtained with AC-400 (31.24 mg;52.06 mg·g-1 and 41.65% respectively) were higher compared to those obtained with AC-600 (9.87 mg;16.45 mg·g-1 and 17.79% respectively). The breakthrough curves kinetic modeling revealed that the Thomas model and the pseudo-first-order kinetic model were the most suitable models to describe the adsorption of MnO4- ions on adsorbents studied in our experimental conditions. The results of the intraparticle diffusion model showed that intraparticle diffusion was involved in the adsorption mechanism of MnO4- ions on investigated adsorbents and was not the limiting step and the only process controlling MnO4- ions adsorption. In contrast to AC-400, the intraparticle diffusion on AC-600 bed plays an important role in the adsorption mechanism of MnO4- ions.

Estimation of the embodied carbon in China's wood products trade using input–output methodology

This study calculates the embodied carbon in imports,exports,net exports,and the processing trade of China's wood product sector between 2001 and 2016 using a non-competitive input-output(I-O)model.The results demonstrate that embodied carbon showed a decreasing trend between 2001 and 2016.Embodied carbon was lowest in wood furniture imports and highest in paper and paperboard imports.The embodied carbon in sawnwood and veneer sheet exports was the lowest and paper and paperboard exports was the highest.The embodied carbon in the processing trade of paper and paperboard was the highest.To reduce the embodied carbon in China's wood products,the government should promote technological transformation and upgrading and encourage the implementation of green technology innovation.

Efficiency and convergence of China’s export trade embodied carbon emissions

Based on the input-output data from 2002 to 2017,this paper combined the three-stage DEA model with the non-competitive I-O model and measured the embodied carbon efficiency of export trade in China’s 26 product sectors,and further investigated its influencing factors and convergence issues.The results of the study showed that:①The embodied carbon efficiency of export trade in China’s overall product sector demonstrated a positive development trend from 2002 to 2017,and this positive trend was more obvious after the implementation of conservation culture construction in 2012.But the differences of embodied carbon emission efficiency level among the product sectors were still significant.②Measured by the K-means clustering analysis method,this study found that agriculture,other service industries,wholesale and retail industries,catering industry,construction industry and manufacturing industry with strong innovation ability were mostly concentrated at high and medium efficiency levels,while industrial sectors with resource dependence and high energy consumption,such as metal smelting and rolling processing industries,non metallic mineral products industry,and coal mining industry,were at a low efficiency level.③All product sectors hadσconvergence,absoluteβconvergence and conditionalβconvergence during 2002-2010 and 2010-2017,and the level of each product sector in 2010-2017 was higher than that in 2002-2010 according to the perspective of convergence speed and degree of convergence.④Technological progress had not fully played a role in suppressing energy consumption and improving the efficiency of embodied carbon efficiency,and it would also widen the gap between the embodied carbon emission efficiency levels of various product sectors.The expansion of trade scale could effectively improve carbon emission efficiency and narrow the gap between sectors.Environmental regulation could effectively promote the improvement of embodied carbon emission efficiency but would widen the level gap between sectors.These findings indicate that China needs to build a sound environmental regulation system for the development of low-carbon trade,continue to reasonably expand the scale of trade,eliminate backward industries with production capacity,vigorously develop low-carbon technologies such as new energy,strengthen the exchange of low carbon technologies and industrial cooperation among sectors,and promote coordinated development among industries.

Positive carbon isotope excursions:global correlation and genesis in the Middle-Upper Ordovician in the northern Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Stable carbon isotope ratio （δ13Ccarb） analysis has been widely applied to the study of the inter-conti- nental or global marine carbonate correlation. Large-scale Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate platforms were developed in the Tarim Basin. But research on fluctuation character- istics and global correlation of δ13Ccarb is still weak. Based on conodont biostratigraphy and whole-rock δ13Ccarb data in the Tahe oil-gas field of the northern Tarim Basin, the global correlation and genesis of positive carbon isotope excursions in the Darriwilian--Early Katian was exam- ined. Three positive excursions were identified in the Tahe oil-gas field including the middle Darriwilian carbon iso- tope excursion （MDICE）, the Guttenberg carbon isotope excursion （GICE）, and a positive excursion within the Pygodus anserinus conodont zone which is named the Early Sandbian carbon isotope excursion （ESICE） in this paper. Furthermore, these positive excursions had no direct relation with sea level fluctuations. MDICE and GICE could be globally correlated. The Middle-Upper Ordovi- cian Saergan Formation source rocks of the Kalpin outcrops were in accordance with the geological time of MDICE and ESICE. GICE had close relationship with the source rock of the Lianglitag Formation in the basin.Massive organic carbon burial was an important factor controlling the genesis of these positive excursions.

Newly Identified Silicate Carbon Stars from IRAS Low-Resolution Spectra

The discovery of silicate carbon star poses a challenge to the theory of stellar evolution in the late stage, hence it is important to look for more silicate carbon stars. To this end we have carried out cross-identifications between the new IRAS Low-Resolution Spectrum （LRS） database and the new carbon star catalog, CGCS3. We have found nine new silicate carbon stars with silicate features around 10μm and/or 18 μm. These newly identified stars are located in the Regions Ilia and VII in the IRAS two-color diagram, which means they indeed have typical far infrared colors of silicate carbon stars. The infrared properties of each of these sources are discussed.

隐含碳视角下中国-东盟生态贸易合作发展路径探索

随着温室气体排放成为世界热议话题,碳排放也成为区域合作的重要领域。为了更好地促进中国与东盟合作交流,双方在生态环境治理领域必须深挖潜力。笔者基于隐含碳视角,从中国-东盟国际贸易合作现状出发,基于货物贸易、服务贸易、双向投资及旅游服务贸易等领域,通过融入国家相关碳排放结构及总量,深入探讨了中国-东盟生态贸易合作的重点方向及未来合作的可能,进而提出了相关对策建议。

Research on carbon emissions in China's export trade based on input-output model

Becoming the world's largest emitter of carbon makes China the object of criticism;however,people may ignore the fact that when China exports low-carbon products,the carbon emissions have been left in the meanwhile,forming the so-called"embodied carbon".Using the input-output model,this paper analyzes the carbon emission intensity and amount of embodied carbon of various sectors in China's export trade in 2002 and 2007,and filters out high carbon emission sectors.In addition,this paper also points out the problem of carbon emissions'international transfer from developed countries to China through the analysis of national and regional flow of export carbon emissions and changing of the proportion of emissions for exports relative to total emissions,and explains the reason that caused carbon transfer to China by using the treadmill of production theory.Based on that,this paper proposes some measures for carbon reduction in China from the foreign trade perspective.

Carbon price impacts on sector cost:based on an input-output model of Beijing

Under the pressure of sustained growth in energy consumption in China,the implementation of a carbon pricing mechanism is an effective economic policy measure for promoting emission reduction,as well as a hotspot of research among scholars and policy makers.In this paper,the effects of carbon prices on Beijing's economy are analyzed using input-output tables.The carbon price costs are levied in accordance with the products'embodied carbon emission.By calculation,given the carbon price rate of 10 RMB/t-CO_2,the total carbon costs of Beijing account for approximately 0.22-0.40%of its gross revenue the same year.Among all industries,construction bears the largest carbon cost Among export sectors,the coal mining and washing industry has much higher export carbon price intensity than other industries.Apart from traditional energy-intensive industries,tertiary industry,which accounts for more than 70%of Beijing's economy,also bears a major carbon cost because of its large economic size.However,from 2007 to 2010,adjustment of the investment structure has reduced the emission intensity in investment sectors,contributing to the reduction of overall emissions and carbon price intensity.

Effect of ZnO on Oxidation Resistance of Low Carbon MgO-C Refractories

Al-containing low carbon MgO - C refractories were prepared using 70% （in mass, the same hereinafter） fused magnesia （ ≤3 mm）, 24% fused magnesia powder （ 〈0. 074 mm） , 3% flake graphite, 3% Al powder and 4% phenolic resin （extra-added） as the basic formulation. Influence of ZnO addhion on oxidation resistance of the materials was investigated by adding 1% ZnO to substitute fused magnesia powder. The relationship between in-situ formed spinel and ZnO in the matrix was discussed by comparing apparent porosity, cold crushing strength, and phase evolution of the materials matrix. The oxidation resistances of the two materials were compared by observing the formed dense MgO layer between the decarburized layer and the original layer. The result shows that adding ZnO in MgO - C refractories accelerates the in-situ formation of ZnAl204 spinel and the formation of dense MgO layer, thus improves the oxidation resistance of the low carbon MgO - C refractories.

PRODUCTION OF ULTRA-FINEα-AL_2O_3 PO WDERSFROM AMMONIUM A LUMINUM CARBONATE HY DROXIDE

Synthesis of a m m oniu m alu min u m carbonate hydroxide ( A A C H) w as investigated usinga m m oniu m alu min u m sulfate and a m moniu m hydro carbonate as the starting m aterials . Itw as found that A A C Hcan be synthesized by adding a m m oniu m alu m inu m sulfate solution torapidly stirred a m moniu m hydro - carbonate solution at a tem perature of 30 ℃. A A C Hcantransfor m to α Al2 O3 co m pletely by calcining at 1100 ℃ for 1 hour , and the obtained po w ders , with a particle size of 100 n m , can be sintered to 98 99 % relative density at 1500 ℃for 2 hours .

Multiple Ionization of Argon Induced by Carbon Ions at 20-500 keV/u Energies

We measure the multiple ionization cross-section ratios Rk1 of Ar impacted by Cw＋ （q= 1-3） ions in the energy range of 20-500 keV/u. The measured ratios Rkl increase with the projectile energy at lower energies, and reach the maximum at energies of 50-150 keV/u, then decrease for higher energies, We also use the classical over barrier ionization model to calculate the ratios Rk1, and the calculation results are in good agreement with the data, which suggest that the multiple ionization process is described by the sequential over-barrier ionization process,

Research on carbon emissions embodied in China-Russia trade under the background of the Belt and Road

Based on the latest China-Russia input-output data sets over the period from 2007 to 2015,this study quantified the flow of embodied carbon emissions in China-Russia trade using the emission embodied in bilateral trade(EEBT)approach.In addition,the structural decomposition analysis(SDA)was employed to identify the potential driving factors that affect embodied carbon in imports and exports.The results showed as follow.1)China was a net exporter of carbon emissions in bilateral trade between China and Russia during 2007–2015.Despite that the bilateral trade scale had expanded considerably,the net export volume of CO_(2)from China to Russia decreased from 13.21 Mt in 2007 to 4.45 Mt in 2015.2)From the perspective of different sectors,the metal manufacturing and the chemical sectors of China and Russia were the main sources of CO_(2)emissions.3)In terms of driving factors,it was found that the carbon emission coefficient was the main reason for contributing to embodied emission reduction.Moreover,the contribution rate of carbon emission coefficient to reduce the carbon emissions in imports reached to 95.26%,as well as 108.22%in exports.The bilateral trade scale was the main driver for the increase in embodied carbon emissions,and the contribution rate to embodied carbon emissions in imports and exports were 14.80%and 65.17%,respectively.4)This study argued that China and Russia should further optimize the energy structure and improve the energy efficiency and intermediate technology in the future.

河北省产业协同降碳与降碳潜力分析

核算生产侧和消费侧的直接和隐含碳排放、评价行业部门的协同降碳效应和降碳潜力对河北省产业低碳转型具有重要意义。该文以河北省28个行业为研究对象,基于EIO-LCA模型计算各行业直接和隐含碳排放量,构建隐含碳排放转移网络分析行业的协同降碳效应,建立降碳潜力模型评价各行业部门的碳减排潜力。结果表明:(1)金属冶炼及压延加工业、煤炭开采和洗选业、电力和热力的生产与供应业是直接碳排放最多的3个行业;(2)从生产链视角来看,金属冶炼及压延加工业、煤炭的开采和洗选业、电力和热力的生产与供应业产生最多的隐含碳排放量;(3)从消费需求视角来看,金属冶炼及压延加工业、煤炭的开采和洗选业产生的隐含碳排放最多;(4)部门之间基于投入产出关联形成碳排放转移网络结构,其他行业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、交通运输储运业和邮政业始终处于网络的枢纽地位,是产业协同降碳减排的关键部门;(5)煤炭、金属、电力等产业链上游和中游产业的降碳潜力最为明显。

考虑CBAM的中国外贸钢铁碳减排前景分析——基于隐含碳强度预测

欧盟碳边境调节机制(CBAM)正逐步实施,其高额碳关税无疑会加速中国出口钢铁行业碳减排进程,而与此同时,中国为实现“双碳”目标也出台了一系列减碳政策。为探究中国出口钢铁行业在复杂政策下的减排前景与关键因素,使用MRIO方法对隐含碳排放进行计算,构建了基于AO-ELM方法的隐含碳排放强度预测体系,模拟了不同政策情景下该行业的碳排放前景。研究发现,CBAM对该行业碳减排具有推动作用,但作用程度有限,提高中国国内政策的落实速度是更有效的途径;在同时考虑CBAM与国内政策如期落地的情景下,2034年该行业较基准情景可以降低8.35%的隐含碳排放。

中国出口贸易隐含碳的趋势预测及结构转移研究

基于特征选择的Lasso方法分别确定影响中国出口贸易隐含碳排放(CO_(2))总量和强度的核心指标,并由此构建BO-BiLSTM模型对总量变动和强度演进的趋势展开预测,同时采用Markov链进一步探讨中国出口贸易隐含碳排放的结构转移现象。结果表明:(1) 2021—2035年间中国出口贸易隐含碳排放总量呈现阶梯式减少的趋向,预计2030年达到1.98 Gt,在2035年降为1.83 Gt,出口贸易规模扩大和国际经贸形势改善是关键影响因素。(2) 2021—2035年间中国出口贸易隐含碳排放强度保持稳中有降的态势,预计2030年减至0.91 t/万元,相较于2005年减少67%,出口贸易结构变迁和环境规制强度提高是重要驱动因素。(3) 2021—2035年间中国出口贸易隐含碳排放结构仍偏重知识密集型制造业,其存在较大减排潜力,而资本密集型服务业和资本密集型制造业具有减排周期较长的特点。