Online and Offline Integrated Teaching of Histology and Embryology Based on Concept of "Golden Course"

Taking construction of the online and offline integrated first-class undergraduate curriculum teaching modes of Histology and Embryology in Guangxi as an opportunity,under the guidance of student-centered teaching concept,efforts were made to innovate online and offline integrated teaching mode to overcome the shortcomings and dilemma of traditional Histology and Embryology teaching,with attention paid to the competence education in students including schematic knowledge,professional techniques,analytical thinking,and ideological and political theories,which would be of great significance for the cultivation of high-quality professionals specialized in traditional Chinese medicine.

An Anatomical and Radiological Study of Origins of the Arteries Forming the Celiac Trunk: Clinical and Embryological Implications

The blood supply to the most of abdominal organs is provided by the branches of CT. The SMA supply caecum, ascends colon, all of the small bowels except the upper part of duodenum. Knowledge of variable anatomy of celiac axis and SMA may be useful in planning and executing radiological interventions such as celiacography and chemoembolization of hepatic and pancreatic tumors. In this study, the uncommon or low percentage cases of CT and SMA are presented in the light of clinical and embryological information. The celiac axises of a total of 30 adult corpses were examined. Dissections of abdominal region were performed in detail according to Cunningham’s manual. Angiographic images of 100 consecutive adult patients who underwent celiac MDCT angiography were evaluated. During autopsies, an incomplete celiac trunk or bifurcation of celiac trunk associated with the hepatomesenteric and gastrosplenic trunks (0.7%) and a celiacomesenteric trunk associated with high origin superior mesenteric artery and gastrosplenic trunk were detected (0.7%). During MDCT angiography, a case of total absence of celiac trunk associated with a hepatosplenomesenteric trunk (0.7%) and also a case of total absence of celiac trunk alone were observed (0.7%). The persistence or unusual development of ventral splanchnic arteries (VSAs) or ventral longitudinal anastomosis may result in variations or the unusual trunks related to celiac axis and SMA. The anomalous trunks of the CT may be result of either the persistence of some parts of the VSAs or ventral longitudinal anastomose that normally disappear or disappearance of parts that normally persist. The prevalence of unusual trunks of celiac axis and SMA in this study is quite low in literature. These abnormal vessels pose problems for surgeons and radiologists. Such vascular anomalies may cause clinical complications following surgical and radiological procedures such as resection of tumor of the pancreatic head, lymphadenectomy, coeliacography, aortic replacement with reimplantation of the trunk and coembolization of pancreatic and liver tumors.

Visible Light and Its Influence on the Embryonic Viability of the Cricket Acheta domesticus

During in vitro fertilization, human embryos are incubated without light, and these conditions do not ensure embryo survival. This study explored whether environmental conditions can influence the embryo viability rates of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. In particular, the experiment tested what colors of visible light provide the best incubation conditions to ensure cricket embryo viability. The concept was to use house cricket embryos to represent human embryos. Cricket embryos were chosen as their eggs have soft outer membrane casings and resemble human embryos during the first few days after fertilization. During the experiment, the adult crickets laid their eggs into one of six soil-filled boxes called substrates. Each substrate was placed into one of six storage containers filled with adult crickets and lit with a different colored visible light (red, yellow, green, blue, white, or no light). After two days of breeding, the egg-filled substrates were removed from the adult crickets and placed in another storage container of the same color light. After incubation under heat-emitting lamps and under one of six light colors, nymphs were counted after hatching to determine embryo viability. After three trials, the red light provided the significantly highest viability rate, with yellow and no light being comparable seconds. The green, blue, and white lights showed significantly lower viability rates than no visible light. My results raise the speculation that exposing fertilized mammal eggs to visible light colors might have the same effects during the in vitro fertilization process.

Cancer of the uncinate process of the pancreas:surgical anatomy and clinicopathological features

BACKGROUND:The clinicopathological features of uncinate process pancreatic cancer(UPPC) are poorly described.Furthermore the anatomy of the uncinate process and its division during surgery are central to pancreaticoduodenectomy for UPPC.We set out to describe the embryology and anatomy of the uncinate process and the clinicopathological features of UPPC.DATA SOURCES:All published case series of UPPC were reviewed and included in this review.RESULTS:The true incidence of UPPC is difficult to quantify,with the reported incidence ranging from 2.5% to 10.7% of pancreatic cancer.There are 5 published series of UPPC including 117 patients,72 males and 45 females,aged from 45-53 years to 61-84 years.The median survival was 5 or 5.5 months in 3 of the series,12.1 months in another based only on potentially resectable lesions and 17 months in another based only on resected cases.CONCLUSIONS:The number of reported series of UPPC is limited,with vague symptoms as the predominant presenting features of the disease.The prognosis is poor with synchronous venous resection demonstrating a survival advantage.

Accurate diagnosis of prenatal cleft lip/palate by understanding the embryology

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate(CP) is one of the most common congenital malformations. Ultrasonographers involved in the routine 20-wk ultrasound screening could encounter these malformations. The face and palate develop in a very characteristic way. For ultrasonographers involved in screening these patients it is crucial to have a thorough understanding of the embryology of the face. This could help them to make a more accurate diagnosis and save time during the ultrasound. Subsequently, the current postnatal classification will be discussed to facilitate the communication with the CP teams.

Principle of relative positioning of structures in the human body

The arrangement of various biological structures should generally ensure the safety of crucial structures and increase their working efficiency; however, other principles governing the relative positions of structures in humans have not been reported. The present study therefore investigated other principles using nerves and their companion vessels in the human body as an example. Nerves and blood vessels usually travel together and in the most direct way towards their targets. Human embryology, histology, and gross anatomy suggest that there are many possible positions for these structures during development. However, for mechanical reasons, tougher or stronger structures should take priority. Nerves are tougher than most other structures, followed by arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels. Nerves should therefore follow the most direct route, and be followed by the arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels. This general principle should be applicable to all living things.

第三十二指肠的部分的腺癌: 案例报告和文学的评论

We focus on the diagnostic and therapeutic problemsof duodenal adenocarcinoma,reporting a case and reviewing the literature.A 65-year old man with adenocarcinoma in the third duodenal portion was successfully treated with a segmental resection of the third part of the duodenum,avoiding a duodeno-cephalo-pancreatectomy.This tumor is very rare and frequently affects the Ⅲ and Ⅳduodenal portion.A precocious diagnosis and the exact localization of this neoplasia are crucial factors in order to decide the surgical strategy.Given a non-specificity of symptoms,endoscopy with biopsy is the diagnostic gold standard.Duodeno-ceph-alo-pancreatectomy(DCP) and segmental resection of the duodenum(SRD) are the two surgical options,with overlapping morbidity(27% vs 18%) and post operative mortality(3% vs 1%).The average incidence of postoperative long-term survival is 100%,73.3% and31.6% of cases after 1,3 and 5 years from surgery,respectively.Long-term survival is made worse by two factors:the presence of metastatic lymph nodes and tumor localization in the proximal duodenum.The two surgical options are radical:DCP should be used only for proximal localizations while SRD should be chosen for distal

Expression of Cx genes in liver and stomach of different embryonic stages

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Does cranial-medial mixed dominant approach have a unique advantage for laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with complete mesocolic excision?

BACKGROUND Complete mesocolic excision(CME)with central vascular ligation(CVL)was proposed by Hohenberger in 2009.The CME principle has gradually become the technical standard for colon cancer surgery.How to achieve CME with CVL in laparoscopic right hemicolectomy(LRH)is controversial,and a unified standard approach is not yet available.In recent years,the authors’team has integrated the theory of membrane anatomy,tried to combine the cephalic approach with the classic medial approach(MA)for technical optimization,and proposed a cranialmedial mixed dominant approach(CMA).AIM To explore the feasibility of operational approaches for LRH with CME.METHODS In this retrospective cohort study,the clinical data of 57 patients with right-sided colon cancer(TNM stage I,II,or III)who underwent LRH with CME from January 2016 to June 2020 were collected and summarized.There were 31 patients in the traditional MA group and 26 in the CMA group.RESULTS There were no significant differences in baseline data between the two groups.The operation was shorter and the number of lymph nodes dissected was higher in the CMA group than in the MA group,but there was no significant difference in the number of positive lymph nodes,intraoperative blood loss,postoperative exhaust time,feeding time,postoperative hospital stay or postoperative complication incidence.CONCLUSION Our study shows that the CMA is a safe and feasible procedure for LRH with CME and has a unique advantage.

Klippel-feil:A syndrome in the occipital-cervical spine field and its dentofacial manifestations

Klippel-Feil syndrome(KFS) is defined by congenital cervical vertebral spine fusion and is seen with a wide spectrum of dental manifestations and craniofacial profiles. Previous studies on lateral cephalograms have documented an association between fusion of the cervicalvertebrae and deviations in the craniofacial profile in non-syndromic patients with severe malocclusion. To our knowledge, no previous studies have described the craniofacial profile including the cranial base of KFS patients on lateral cephalograms. Therefore KFS and its craniofacial and dental manifestations were described according to existing literature and additionally the craniofacial profile and cranial base was analysed on lateral cephalograms of two patients with KFS. According to the literature the dental manifestations of KFS-patients included oligodontia, overjet, cross bite, open bite and deep bite. The craniofacial profile was clinically described as reduced lower facial height, midfacial hypoplasia, and mandibular prognathia. The analyses of the two lateral cephalograms showed increased mandibular inclination, increased vertical jaw-relationship, increased jaw angle and maxillary retrognathia. The cranial base was normal in both cases. The sagittal jaw relationship and mandibular prognathia varied between the two cases. The literature review and the analyses of the two lateral cephalograms have shown that deviations in the occipital and cervical spine field as KFS were associated with deviations in the teeth and craniofacial profile.

Embryology of Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn. and its systematic relationship

Iris sangumea Dorm ex Horn. is a perennial cold-tolerant herbs of the Iris genus of Iridaceae, which has a well-formed, bright color and adaptability. Through understanding the fl ower bud differentiation, Sporogenesis, gametogenesis, fertilization and embryogenesis of I. sangumea, we developed fl owering regulation and control breeding. I. sangumea fl ower bud differentiation was observed in April for 21 days; in this stage, the early differentiation process was slow, temperature was more than 5 °C, if the temperature is shorter than this, most fl ower bud will have no differentiation, and turn to vegetative growth; later differentiation is faster and required temperature is from 5 to 8 °C and gradually rose to 10-12 °C. The temperature in April plays the defi nitely role in the number of bud differentiation. Three stamina contain tetrasporangiate anthers and a glandular tapetum. The anther wall is composed of four cell layers inclduding the epidermis, the endothecium, one middle layer and the secretory tapetum. The type of anther wall development the dicotyledonous type. After pollen maturation, the anther wall forms a double-layer containing only epidermis and endothecium. Simultaneous cytokinesis is of the continuous type during meiosis of microspore mother cell results in a zygomorphous or tetragonal tetrad. Mature pollen grains are two-celled. I. sangumea ’s stylar canal is hollow, open type style, and the gynoecium has three carpels. The ovaries have axial placentas. The ovule is anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. The primary sporogenous cell differentiates directly as the megaspore. The megaspore tetrads are linear, T-shaped or juxtaposed. Generally, the fi rst of the tetrad megaspores at the chalaza becomes functional while the other three degenerate. A mature embryo sac with seven cells and eight nuclei embryo sac is of the polygonum type. For dichogamy, the male gametophyte matures about 2 days earlier than the female gametophyte. The pollen tube entered into the embryo sac for 22–24 h after pollination. The dormancy stage of fertilized ovules is 5-6 days, and the fusion of sperm and egg nucleus is of the premitotic type. The primary endosperm cell has shorter dormancy of 4-6 days, and endosperm formation is of the nuclear type.

Synthetic Human Embryo-Like Structure: A New Paradigm for Human Embryology

Early human embryonic development remains mysterious due to drastic species divergences between humans and othermammalian models and limited accessibility to human embryo samples. Recent studies from my laboratory and others haveshown that under suitable culture conditions human pluripotent stem cells ( hPSCs) can undergo intricate morphogenetic eventsand self-organize to form patterned human embryo-like structures in vitro. These synthetic human embryonic tissueshold great promises for advancing human embryology and reproductive medicine. In this talk,I will describe a hPSC-based,synthetic 3D model of human post-implantation development that recapitulates key developmental landmarks successively,including pro-amniotic cavity formation,amniotic ectoderm-epiblast patterning,primordial germ cell specification,and developmentof the primitive streak with controlled anteroposterior polarity ( Fig.1) . We further show that the amniotic ectoderm,as the first lineage that segregates from the epiblast upon implantation of the human embryo,functions as a signaling centerto trigger primitive streak development in the epiblast. Together,our research has developed a powerful synthetic embryologicalmodel and provided new understandings of previously inaccessible but critical embryogenic events in human development.

Topology in Biology: Singularities and Surgery Transformations in Metazoan Development and Evolution

The review presents a topological description and interpretation (analysis) of some events in metazoan development and evolution through the use of well-known mathematical concepts and theorems (using topological approach). It is the topological language that can provide strict and adequate description of various phenomena in developmental and evolutionary transformations. Topological singularities inevitably arising and transforming during early development destroy the preexisting pattern of symmetry. The symmetry breaking of preexisting spatial pattern plays a critical role in biological morphogenesis in development and evolution. Some events of early development are interpreted in terms of symmetry breakdown and related to well-known mathematical theorems. A topological inevitability of some developmental events through the use of classical topological concepts is discussed. The topological approach makes it possible to consider the succession of spherical surgeries, which change the topological genus of an animal body surface. We model the biological shape as a set of smooth, closed, oriented surfaces—membrane or epithelial layers. Membrane and epithelial surfaces are boundary layers, interfaces between a living structure and its environment, ensuring metabolism. Toroid forms as well as fractal structures in metazoans can be considered as functionally optimized biological design and attractors in biological morphogenesis. The epithelial surface is an interface between the internal medium of an organism and the outside environmental medium;topological and fractal transformations during metazoan evolution and development increase this interface, ensuring better adaptation of organism to the environment. Fractal structures as well as toroid forms can be considered as a functionally optimized design in Metazoa. Topological methodology reveals a certain set of topological rules constraining and directing biological morphogenesis during evolution and development.

The Usage of Ultrasound in Diagnosing Retrocaval Ureter

Introduction: Retrocaval ureter is a rare congenital anomaly concerning the inferior vena cava and the ureter, where the infra-renal segment of the vena cava is in front of the ureter embryologically normal. This anomaly is more frequent in the male sex. Its symptoms are dominated by right lumbar pain, which is managed surgically as dictated by its intensity. Observations: The cases involved three male patients aged 42 years, 38 years and 39 years respectively. These patients had consulted for intermittent right lumbar pain similar to that of renal colic. The patients’ general condition was satisfactory. Renal function was normal. Urinary tract ultrasound, IVU and scanning were the main imagery examinations used in diagnosing retrocaval ureter, confirmed by exploratory lumbotomy. Ureteral anastomosis in front of the vena cava was carried out in the 3 patients during simple surgical procedure that resulted in disappearance of the lumbar pain. Conclusion: Retrocaval ureter is a rare congenital malformation, often encountered in the male sex. Clinical symptoms are dominated by right lumbar pain similar to renal colic. Surgical treatment is dictated by the intensity of the pain.

Embryology of the nose:The evo-devo concept

Aim was to gather relevant knowledge in evolution and development to find a rational explanation for the intricate and elaborate anatomy of the nose. According to classic embryology, the philtrum of the upper lip, nasal dorsum, septum and primary palate develop from the intermaxillary process, and the lateral walls of the nasal pyramid from the lateral nasal processes. The palatal shelves, which are outgrowths of the maxillary processes, form the secondary palate. The median nasal septum develops inferiorly from the roof of the nasal cavity. These valuable embryologic data do not explain the complex intricacy of the many anatomical structures comprising the nose. The evo-devo theory offers a rational explanation to this complex anatomy. Phylogenically, the nose develops as an olfactory organ in fish before becoming respiratory in tetrapods. During development, infolding of the olfactory placodes occurs, bringing the medial olfactory processes to form the septolateral cartilage while the lateral olfactory processes form the alar cartilages. The olfactory fascia units these cartilages to the olfactory mucosa, that stays separated from brain by the cartilaginous olfactory capsule(the ethmoid bone forerunner). Phylogenically, the respiratory nose develops between mouth and olfactory nose by rearrangement of the dermal bones of the secondary palate, which appears in early tetrapods. During development, the palatal shelves develop into the palatine processes of the maxillary bones, and with the vomer, palatine, pterygoid and inferior turbinate bones form the walls of the nasal cavity after regression of the transverse lamina. Applying the evolutionary developmental biology(evo-devo) discipline on our present knowledge of development, anatomy and physiology of the nose, significantly expands and places this knowledge in proper perspective. The clinicopathologies of nasal polyposis, for example, occurs specifically in the ethmoid labyrinth or, woodworker's adenocarcinomas, occurring only in the olfactory cleft can now be explained by employing the evo-devo approach. A full understanding of the evo-devo discipline, as it pertains to head and neck anatomy, has profound implications to the otolaryngologist empowering his skills and abilities, and ultimately translating in improving surgical outcomes and maximizing patient care.

Ultrastructural Study of Limb Bud Development in Green Turtles Chelonia mydas

Morphological changes during the embryonic development of limbs of the green turtle,Chelonia mydas,were studied during the entire period of incubation,using transmission and scanning electron microscopy(TEM and SEM). Limb buds were first observed at Stage 2. At that stage,the tip was covered with an apical ectodermal ridge(AER) which began to regress at Stage 6. Associated with AER was the presence of the mesenchymal cells which,consequently,differentiated into muscles,cartilage and bones. The gross features of the skeletal development appeared as a condensation of the cartilaginous structures in the proximal distal region of the limbs. The primordial digits were gradually enclosed by hard keratinized webbed skin. The increase in rate of ossification and skin pigmentation was correlated with the growth of the limbs. The development of the limbs was closely related to the transitional appearance of mucus secretion from the epidermis.

Duodenal Atresia-Tandler’s “Epithelial Plug Stage” Revisited

Background: Duodenal atresia is the most common type of intestinal atresia. Pathogenesis of duodenal atresia can be explained by an embryological theory that involves persistent physiologic epithelial occlusion (“epithelial plug”), first published in 1900. Tandler’s developmental arrest theory has been accepted by the majority of recognized modern textbooks to date. The aim of the presented study is to re-evaluate the relevance of Tandler’s observations. Method: Tandler’s paper was reviewed retrospectively and discussed from the point of view of subsequent research. Results and Discussion: Local epithelial proliferation, vacuolization failure and mesenchyme ingrowth may continuously serve as a partly convincing but incomplete embryologic model to explain membranous duodenal atresia. Tandler’s theory has some weak points regarding the epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, the predisposition of the post-ampullary region, the association of duodenal atresia with other malformations and trisomy 21, and familial occurrence. Shrinkage artifacts, misinterpretation of a three-dimensional problem investigated with a two-dimensional tool (light microscope), animal studies, and the lack of apoptosis call the real existence of a solid stage in early duodenal embryology into question. Conclusion: More sophisticated morphologic, genetic and molecular-biological investigations revealed new insights regarding endoderm to mesoderm signaling as an important key to the pathogenesis of duodenal atresia.

Comprehensive Review of Thyroid Embryology,Anatomy,Histology,and Physiology for Surgeons

Emil Theodor Kocher and Theodor Billroth pioneered the surgical management of thyroid disease. Their surgical techniques, knowledge of thyroid anatomy, embryology, histology, physiology, and antisepsis practices transitioned a life-threatening operation to one with acceptable morbidity. The modern head and neck surgeon should have a meticulous surgical technique, combined with a thorough understanding of thyroid embryology and anatomy that is central to the understanding and treatment of the different disease processes of the thyroid gland and the consequences of thyroid gland surgery. In this manuscript we will be examining thyroid gland embryology, anatomy, histology, and physiology that is essential to the practicing thyroid surgeon.

Contribution of Tibetan Medicine To Embryology

Tibetan medicine has a history of some 2,000 years. It is a shining pearl in the cultural treasure house of the great motherland. In the prolonged process of combating disease, the Tibetans came to understand the parts of animals and plants, and the mineral ores which have medical effect for certain kinds of pain and suffering. With the deepening of understanding of nature, and with the development of production, they started to study the human body.