The Role of Countermeasures in Mitigating the Radiological Consequences of Nuclear Power Plant Accidents

The countermeasures are the actions that should be taken, after the occurrence of a nuclear accident to protect the public against the associated risks. These actions may be represented by sheltering, evacuation, distribution of stable iodine tablets and/or relocation. This study represents a comprehensive probabilistic study to investigate the role of the adoption of the countermeasures in case of a hypothetical accident of type LOCA for nuclear power plant of PWR （1000 Mw）. The effective doses in different organs, short and long health effects, and the associated risks are calculated with and without countermeasures. In addition, the overall costs of the accident and the costs of countermeasures are estimated which represent our first trials to know how much the proposed accident cost. The results showed that, the area around the site requires early and late countermeasures action after the accident especially in the downwind sectors. For late countermeasures, the duration time of relocation ranged from about two to 10 years. The adoption of the countermeasures increases the costs of emergency plan by 40% but reduces the risk associated the accident.

Standardized Management Outlined in Future Response to Emergency Plan

The General Office of the State Council released the 13th Five-Year Plan for China's National Emergency System Construction(Plan for short).According to the Plan,China's emergency management laws and regulations and standards system need to be further improved and the basic capabilities of emergency management should continue to be enhanced.

Risk Communication and External Emergency Plan in Angra dos Reis, Brazil

The presence of a potentially hazardous facility in a community demands several safety procedures. Bringing risk communication among those actions may help the population that lives near the facility feel more confident and have the required knowledge on how to behave in an emergency situation. A research performed in Angra dos Reis, RJ, Brazil, where a nuclear power plant is located, shows that there is a lack of information and awareness about the emergency plan.

Effective Development of Enterprise Emergency Management under the New Policy of Safety Production

In recent years,China has formed a more perfect emergency management system,and has achieved more significant results.The form of safety production has maintained a continuous good development trend,showing the characteristics of"two declines,one being basically flat,and one zero occurrence".In order to further strengthen the implementation of production safety responsibilities and resolutely prevent and contain extremely major accidents,the recent national production safety teleconference deployed 15 measures to pay close attention to the implementation,seriously pursue accountability,adhere to the red line,and immediately carry out in-depth and solid production safety inspections across the country.In such a high pressure situation,the ways to effectively carry out the security management of enterprises were briefly described in this paper.

COVID-19疫情期间急诊手术应急预案制定与应用研究

目的探讨COVID-19疫情期间急诊手术应急预案制定与应用。方法以新冠肺炎诊疗、防控及个人防护相关规章制度及操作规范为依据,针对手术室为新冠肺炎交叉感染高风险区域的特点,结合本院实际情况,制定实施COVID-19疫情期间急诊手术应急预案,启动演练。结果2019年12月27日―2020年3月9日应急预案管理期间,成功实施手术1824例,其中,急诊手术340例,启动应急管理预案成功实施新冠肺炎疑似患者急诊手术1例;手术室全体医务人员以及同期1823例手术患者中无交叉感染病例出现。结论应急管理预案在急诊手术中的建立及应用,能够显著提升医护人员新冠肺炎疫情的危机应对、快速反应和应急防控能力,有效阻断新冠肺炎院内交叉感染,保障患者的医疗安全以及医务人员的生命健康。

Enlightenment on Classification of Environmental Pollution Events of Oil Spills at Sea

At present, China continues to increase domestic oil and gas exploration and development efforts, vigorously increases investment in scientific research, and unswervingly promotes the increase of oil and gas reserves and production, which will also bring new challenges to marine ecological environmental protection and pollution incidents. It is particularly important to thoroughly implement China’s Marine Environmental Protection Law, establish and improve the emergency response mechanism for oil spill pollution environmental incidents, and scientifically and reasonably delineate the level of oil spill pollution incidents. In response to this problem, the standard of the minimum pollution incident was analyzed and explained in this paper.

An Overview of Power System Emergency Management in China

The emergency management of power systems in China is reviewed in this paper.The current situation of emergency management is given firstly,then the organization system,warning and plan,emergency headquarter,and emergency power supply are separately discussed in theory and in practice.The advantages and disadvantages in the emergency management are also analyzed.

Concurrent Reconfiguration of Resource-Oriented Emergency TT&C Mission Planning for Space Information Networks

The scale expansion of the space information networks(SINs)makes the demands for tacking,telemetry and command(TT&C)missions increase dramatically.An increasing number of missions and a sharp conflict of resources make it much more challenging to schedule missions reasonably.In order to ensure both the mission completion rate of the high concurrent emergency missions and the performance of regular missions,a conflict degree scheduling algorithm based on transfer strategy(CDSA-TS)is proposed concurrently reconfiguring multi-dimensional resources reasonably.Furthermore,we design an emergency mission planning algorithm based on simulated annealing algorithm(EMPA-SA)to increase the probability of jumping out of the trap through the iterative neighborhood searching strategy and destabilization.Finally,we design a simulation system to verify the network performance in terms of the integrated weights of completed missions and the time consumption of the proposed algorithms.We also investigate the impact of the scheduling strategy for emergency missions on regular missions to improve the overall network performance,which provides guidance for emergency mission planning in the future for the large scale constellation oriented SINs.

Evaluation of Earthquake Emergency Plan Based on SD Model

Based on the system dynamics(SD) model, this paper puts forward a quantitative method to evaluate the earthquake emergency plan in China. Firstly, we analyze the disaster system structure and the content of plan. Using the analysis results, we establish a system dynamics(SD) model and then carry out its simulation. According to the simulation results, the rescue effect using the plan of 2012 is better than that of 2006. From the policy level, in order to reduce loss, government should maintain communication smoothly, improve the ability of self and mutual help, strengthen the management of public opinion, and pay more attention to secondary disasters.

Evaluating Land Use and Emergency Management Plans for Natural Hazards as a Function of Good Governance:A Case Study from New Zealand

Plan evaluation is of utmost importance as a function of good governance. It provides a means to improve the institutional basis for implementing land use controls, provides an important opportunity to improve future plans to reduce risk, and improves the vision for sustainable development and management. This article provides an overview of the methods and findings of a plan evaluation project undertaken in New Zealand. The project analyzed 99 operative plans, provided in-depth analysis of ten plans, and included a capability and capacity study of councils. This is the first time all operative plans in New Zealand have had their natural hazard provisions assessed in this manner. The information provides an important baseline for future policy improvements, and a basis for future research and policy directions. The project found that, while New Zealand land use plans appear to be improving over time, there are still opportunities for improvement. These include improving linkages between objectives, policies, and rules within land use plans; and strengthening the linkages between land use and emergency management plans. The largest challenge is the accessibility, understanding of, and updating of hazard information.

Assessing the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction strategies on the regional recovery of critical infrastructure systems

Communities depend on critical infrastructure systems to support their regular operations and future develop-ment.Destructive events,such as natural disasters,threaten to disrupt service to these systems and the commu-nities they support.Strategies designed to reduce the impacts from disasters and other events are therefore an important consideration for community planning.At a regional level,coordination between communities sup-ports the efficient use of resources for implementing disaster risk reduction(DRR)measures and completing post-disaster repairs to meet the needs of all residents.Coordination is challenging,however,due to the complex-ity of regional systems and competing stakeholder interests.This work presents a case study model of regional water,wastewater,and power systems,and demonstrates the effect of seismic hardening and increased resource availability on post-earthquake repair requirements and critical infrastructure recovery.Model results indicate that implementing DRR strategies can reduce required repair costs by over 40 percent and outage severity by approximately 50 percent for the studied sectors.Not all strategies are effective for all sectors and locations,how-ever,so this work discusses the importance of comprehensive,coordinated,and accessible emergency planning activities to ensure that the needs of all residents are considered.

The ‘Development Plan of National Strategic Emerging Industries Promotes Breakthrough Development of High-end Equipment and New Material Industry

The State Council recently printed and distributed the Notice on the‘Development Plan of National Strategic Emerging Industries for the'Thirteenth Five Year Plan'’(The Plan),which made overall deployment and arrangement for development target,key tasks,

Children in Disaster Risk Reduction in Portugal: Policies,Education,and (Non) Participation

International agencies and scientific research have been calling for the inclusion of children in disaster preparedness and risk reduction, to hear their voices in order to address their specific needs and vulnerabilities and harness their capabilities in terms of building community resilience. This article assesses the roles ascribed to children in policy and education for disaster risk reduction in Portugal. The approach is based on a scoping methodology that encompasses document analysis and interviews with national and local stakeholders and policymakers in the disaster risk reduction field. The research is carried out within the scope of a European funded project, CUIDAR Cultures of Disaster Resilience among Children and Young People. More specifically, the article provides an overview of the discourses on the roles ascribed to children in urban disaster risk reduction(DRR). The authors maintain that although children are often taken as a target group in urban disaster prevention and management, they are seldom considered in terms of active participation in disaster risk reduction programs in the Portuguese context. Nevertheless, our analysis shows that there is a growing awareness of the relevance of active participation by children in order to create successful DRR.

Discussion on Emergency Prevention and Control Management Scheme of Radiology Department During Novel Coronavirus Epidemic

Since December 2019,epidemic cases of Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) infection have continued to occur in many provinces and cities in China.The radiology department is the first-line department for primary image screening and auxiliary diagnosis,and theemergency prevention and control is particularly essential.This article summarizes and discusses our department’s emergency prevention and control plan in response to the novel coronavirus epidemic.It is intended to provide references and guides for the management work of the radiology department against severe infectious diseases.

A Prediction Framework for Turning Period Structures in COVID-19 Epidemic and Its Application to Practical Emergency Risk Management

The aim of this paper is first to establish a general prediction framework for turning(period)term structures in COVID-19 epidemic related to the implementation of emergency risk management in the practice,which allows us to conduct the reliable estimation for the peak period based on the new concept of“Turning Period”(instead of the traditional one with the focus on“Turning Point”)for infectious disease spreading such as the COVID-19 epidemic appeared early in year 2020.By a fact that emergency risk management is necessarily to implement emergency plans quickly,the identification of the Turning Period is a key element to emergency planning as it needs to provide a time line for effective actions and solutions to combat a pandemic by reducing as much unexpected risk as soon as possible.As applications,the paper also discusses how this“Turning Term(Period)Structure”is used to predict the peak phase for COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan from January/2020 to early March/2020.Our study shows that the predication framework established in this paper is capable to provide the trajectory of COVID-19 cases dynamics for a few weeks starting from Feb.10/2020 to early March/2020,from which we successfully predicted that the turning period of COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan would arrive within one week after Feb.14/2020,as verified by the true observation in the practice.The method established in this paper for the prediction of“Turning Term(Period)Structures”by applying COVID-19 epidemic in China happened early 2020 seems timely and accurate,providing adequate time for the government,hospitals,essential industry sectors and services to meet peak demands and to prepare aftermath planning,and associated criteria for the Turning Term Structure of COVID-19 epidemic is expected to be a useful and powerful tool to implement the so-called“dynamic zero-COVID-19 policy”ongoing basis in the practice.

Influence and Challenge of COVID-19 in Forensic Identification

During the COVID-19 epidemic,the professionals in the field of forensic pathology,forensic sciences in general,and clinical forensic medicine have been performing medicolegal investigation in their communities.The forensic medical personnel who carry out such investigation/identification are facing a great risk of potential infection.Therefore,forensic institutions and forensic examiners should improve their awareness of infection risk and take universal precautions to prevent infection and spread of coronavirus.In addition,forensic experts should abide by the laws when they deal with social unrest and also strengthen research on COVID-19-related medical issues.