An analysis of China's CO_2 emission peaking target and pathways

China has set the goal for its CO2 emissions to peak around 2030, which is not only a strategic decision coordinating domestic sustainable development and global climate change mitigation but also an overarching target and a key point of action for China＇s resource conservation, environmental protection, shift in economic development patterns, and CO2 emission reduction to avoid climate change. The development stage where China maps out the CO2 emission peak target is earlier than that of the developed countries. It is a necessity that the non-fossil energy supplies be able to meet all the increased energy demand for achieving CO2 emission peaking. Given that China＇s potential GDP annual increasing rate will be more than 4%, and China＇s total energy demand will continue to increase by approximately 1.0%--1.5% annually around 2030, new and renewable energies will need to increase by 6%-8% annually to meet the desired CO2 emission peak. The share of new and renewable energies in China＇s total primary energy supply will be approximately 20% by 2030. At that time, the energy consumption elasticity will decrease to around 0.3, and the annual decrease in the rate of CO2 intensity will also be higher than 4% to ensure the sustained growth of GDE To achieve the CO2 emission peaking target and substantially promote the low-carbon deve!opment transformation, China needs to actively promote an energy production and consumption revolution, the innovation of advanced energy technologies, the reform of the energy regulatory system and pricing mechanism, and especially the construction of a national carbon emission cap and trade system.

Azimuthal Asymmetry of Pion-Meson Emission around the Projectile and Target Sides in Au+Au Collision at 1A GeV

The ratio of the number of emitted pions from the target side to that from the projectile side at target rapidity within the reaction plane is investigated for the study of the pion dynamics with an isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamic model. The results show that high-energy pions are emitted preferentially towards the target side and, therefore, they are freezed out at the early stage of the collision. By contrast, low-energy pions are emitted predominantly in the opposite direction, which means that they are emitted in a later stage. This argument is based on the shadowing effect caused by the interaction of pions with the spectator matter in peripheral collisions at target or projectile rapidities. This phenomenon disappears in the central collision or at midrapidity due to the weaker shadowing effect. The calculated ratios are also compared with the experimental data.

A hefty target of reducing the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions

At the end of January, China formally handed over the report on pollution reduction targets to the United Nations.

The flue dust emission of the coal fired power plants in Zhejiang Province attains target

According to statistics, the average dust collection efficiency of flue gas emission in the large and medium- sized power plants in Zhejiang Province at present has attained higher than 97% which surpasses the 95% standard as stipulated by the Ministry of Electric Power. The dust collection efficiency of the Beilungang Power Plant has already attained 99.92%. In recent years, Zhejiang Electric Power Corporation has stipulated that all the newly constructed generating units shall be equipped with high efficiency electrostatic precipitator (ESP) while the existing power plants shall speed up their renovation work for their dust collectors. In combination with the fourth stage project of the Taizhou Power Plant, the improvement work of the dust

Performance Development Target Setting of Passenger Car Diesel Engine

Setting engine emission targets to meet diesel car requirements is particularly important in engine performance development phase. Many researches are focused on associating vehicle performance with engine targets, but most work is done by testing, which is time and cost consuming, furthermore, the relationship of vehicle and engine will change when either engine or vehicle changes. A GT-Drive model to simulate New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) for passenger car is developed and calibrated by testing data, model precision is controlled within 5%. Time distribution of engine operating conditions when car running NEDC cycle has been analyzed, 10 critical major engine operating points are summarized according to running time proportion. Emission of NOx and smoke control regions containing these 10 points for target engine are set. Vehicle emissions are simulated and evaluated during engine development after engine performance test data are got, and engine combustion system layout and calibration are adjusted until vehicle targets are met. Vehicle is tested in chassis dynamometer finally, the testing results show a good agreement with the simulated results with an error of less than 5%, which proves that the emission value exchange of vehicle and engine is reliable. Performance target decomposition method for passenger car diesel presented can greatly shorten the development cycle and save costs.

Reducing Carbon Emissions Resulting from Livestock Production Using Ruminants: A Review

Greenhouse gas emissions are increas- ing every year and their effect on the environment is becoming increasingly serious. In 2009, the concen- tration of carbon dioxide in the earth＇s atmosphere reached 387 μL/L, the highest level in recorded histo- ry. This paper summarizes the global carbon emission situation, sources of greenhouse gases, and the con-tribution of agriculture to the accumutauon ot green- house gases. Several scientific measures are proposed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions resulting from ru- minant production such as improving animal perform- ance, regulating the rumen environment, and reduc- ing the amount of greenhouse gases emitted from live- stock manure.

China's Voluntary Mitigation Target and Road of Low-carbon Development

China is going through a rapid development stage of industrialization and urbanization.Although tremendous achievements have been made in the aspects of energy conservation,improvement of energy effectiveness and development of new and renewable energies,because of the rapid development of economy,it is difficult to change the huge total amount and fast increase of CO2 emission in the near future.China has to confront the tough challenge to address global climate change.China plans to reduce carbon intensity,that is,CO2 emissions per unit GDP,by 40 to 45% by 2020 compared with the 2005 level.It is a strategic option to coordinate domestic sustainable development with coping with global climate change on the basis of China's national circumstances,representing the core content and key measures for transforming development pattern and realizing low-carbon development.To achieve the target,more capital and technology inputs are required for energy conservation and low-carbon development during the twelfth and Thirteenth Five Year Plan period than in the Eleventh Five Year Plan period.In addition,energy conservation achieved by structural adjustment,industrial upgrading and product value-added improvement is also expected to play a greater role.Therefore,China should strengthen technological innovation,make greater efforts to transform the development pattern,take advantage of the synergistic effect of policies and measures while coping with global climate change and building a domestic tow-oriented society.China should also establish an industrial system characterized by low-carbon emission.Then China will ultimately achieve a win-win situation in both domestic sustainable development and coping with global climate change.

The viability of using gasoline-integrated biodiesel-diesel mixtures in engines as a solution to greenhouse gas emissions:a review

The implementation of alternative fuels,such as biodiesel,in engines has been shown to be a feasible strategy to control greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.The blending of biodiesel with diesel can reduce emissions of carbon monoxide(CO)and carbon dioxide and reduce soot formation.Nonetheless,biodiesel combustion comes with low thermal efficiency,elevated emissions of nitrogen oxides(NOx)and carbon deposition issues.Recently,the addition of gasoline to diesel-biodiesel blends has been proposed to compensate for the downsides of biodiesel combustion.In the current review,the viability of using this ternary fuel blend in engines is thoroughly reviewed.The review first assesses the environmental and health issues caused by conventional fuels,mitigation schemes to control GHG emissions and alternative fuels as a decarbonizing technology.The combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel-bio-diesel-gasoline mixtures are discussed in detail.Finally,the status,challenges and prospects of applying the alternative fuel mixture in engines are appraised.This work has revealed that the mixing of gasoline with diesel-biodiesel blends brings about elongated ignition delay,increased heat release rate and in-cylinder pressure at high loads.Additionally,by adding gasoline,the combustion duration is shortened and soot,CO and unburned hydrocarbon emissions are suppressed,while NOx emissions are slightly increased.Combustion stability is found to be partially disrupted in the presence of gasoline whereas fuel economy(at medium and high loads)is improved by the addition of gasoline.To support the wider deployment and commercialization of this fuelling strategy in the transportation sector,favourable legislation and/or fiscal incentives are needed in countries around the world.This would encourage researchers,fuel producers and engine manufacturers alike to solve challenges such as biodiesel feedstock costs,fuel quality,fuel storage management and engine warranty issues.

Ready-to-implement low-carbon retrofit of coal-fired power plants in China:Optimal scenarios selection based on sludge and photovoltaic utilization

Currently the flexible demand for high proportion penetration of renewable energy depends on coal-fired units(CFUs),and the large-scale phase-out of CFUs in a short time is not realistic in China.Due to urban expansion,approximately 458 Chinese coal-fired power plants(CFPPs)are now located in cities.Limited by space,urban CFUs face difficulty in becoming equipped with carbon capture and storage systems.This presents a sizeable challenge for the low-carbon transition of urban CFPPs and carbon neutral processes.Here,we present a ready-to-implement method to reduce the carbon emission of CFPPs in limited space:roof photovoltaic-assisted power generation combined with sludge cocombustion for coal-fired power generation systems(PVSCs).We also consider nonurban CFPPs with the method of roof photovoltaic-assisted power generation(PVs)only.Based on remaining life cycle analysis,we find that the PVSCs could save 28.47 Mt of coal,reduce CO_(2)emissions by 69.76 Mt,treat 125.70 Mt of sludge,and also generate 12.08 billion RMB worth of electricity revenue per year.In addition,our scenario analysis shows that PVSCs are more profitable when choosing an urban CFU with a remaining life of more than 12 years and while the sludge treatment subsidy is set at 100 RMB t
1.Under strict and lenient CFU decommissioning policies,CFUs with a remaining life of between 19 and 30 years and between 13 and 24 years should be selected for PVs,respectively.Thus,we conclude that PVSCs can not only generate economic benefits but also facilitate carbon reduction and solid waste treatment.

AIEgen based light-up probes for live cell imaging

Fluorescent light-up probes comprising a tetraphenylethene unit with aggregation-induced emission(AIE)characteristics and a water-soluble peptide have been designed and synthesized which provide cell membrane and nuclear permeability to live cells.This strategy has offered new opportunities for the development of probes with light-up ability and good signal-to-noise ratio.The selectivity or targeting specificity is determined by the peptide sequence,i.e.a nuclear localization signal that leads to nucleus imaging and a cell biomarker targeting peptide that offers specific light-up imaging of HT-29 cells.

Carbon capture and storage(CCS):development path based on carbon neutrality and economic policy

In order to limit global warming to 2°C,countries have adopted carbon capture and storage(CCS)technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emission.However,it is currently facing challenges such as controversial investment costs,unclear policies,and reduction of new energy power generation costs.In particular,some CCS projects are at a standstill.To promote the development of CCS projects in different countries,this paper reviews and compares energy conservation and emission reduction policies and different national goals.From a policy perspective,CCS-driven policies are analyzed.Based on this,corresponding policy recommendations are put forward,in order to promote the healthy development of global CCS technology and deal with climate issues more effectively.With less than 10 years away from the short-term goal,promoting the development and application of CCS projects requires scientific research from universities,enterprises and governments in order to attain zero or negative CO_(2)emission.On the basis of focusing on the development of CCS technology,according to the actual situation of each country,the appropriate application of CCS engineering should focus on the development of science and technology,rather than a unified requirement around the world.