Methodical Analysis of Western-Caucasian and East-Asian Basic Facial Expressions of Emotions Based on Specific Facial Regions

Facial expressions are the straight link for showing human emotions. Psychologists have established the universality of six prototypic basic facial expressions of emotions which they believe are consistent among cultures and races. However, some recent cross-cultural studies have questioned and to some degree refuted this cultural universality. Therefore, in order to contribute to the theory of cultural specificity of basic expressions, from a composite viewpoint of psychology and HCI (Human Computer Interaction), this paper presents a methodical analysis of Western-Caucasian and East-Asian prototypic expressions focused on four facial regions: forehead, eyes-eyebrows, mouth and nose. Our analysis is based on facial expression recognition and visual analysis of facial expression images of two datasets composed by four standard databases CK+, JAFFE, TFEID and JACFEE. A hybrid feature extraction method based on Fourier coefficients is proposed for the recognition analysis. In addition, we present a cross-cultural human study applied to 40 subjects as a baseline, as well as one comparison of facial expression recognition performance between the previous cross-cultural tests from the literature. With this work, it is possible to clarify the prior considerations for working with multicultural facial expression recognition and contribute to identifying the specific facial expression differences between Western-Caucasian and East-Asian basic expressions of emotions.

Emotions and performance in rugby

Purpose:This study investigated emotion-performance relationships in rugby union.We identified which emotions rugby players experienced and the extent to which these emotions were associated with performance,considering how emotions unfold over the course of a game,and whether the game was played at home or away.Methods:Data were gathered from 22 professional male rugby union players using auto-confrontation interviews to help identify situations within games when players experienced intense emotions.We assessed the intensity of emotions experienced before each discrete performance and therefore could assess the emotion-performance relationship within a competition.Results:Players identified experiencing intense emotions at 189 time-points.Experts in rugby union rated the quality of each performance at these 189 time-points on a visual analog scale.A Linear Mixed Effects model to investigate emotion-performance relationships found additive effects of game location,game time,and emotions on individual performance.Conclusion:Results showed 7 different pre-performance emotions,with high anxiety and anger associating with poor performance.Future research should continue to investigate emotion-performance relationships during performance using video-assisted recall and use a measure of performance that has face validity for players and coaches alike.

Narrative nursing for negative emotions in patients with acute pancreatitis:Based on model construction and application

BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis(AP),as a common acute abdomen disease,has a high incidence rate worldwide and is often accompanied by severe complications.Negative emotions lead to increased secretion of stress hormones,elevated blood sugar levels,and enhanced insulin resistance,which in turn increases the risk of AP and significantly affects the patient's quality of life.Therefore,exploring the intervention effects of narrative nursing programs on the negative emotions of patients with AP is not only helpful in alleviating psychological stress and improving quality of life but also has significant implications for improving disease outcomes and prognosis.AIM To construct a narrative nursing model for negative emotions in patients with AP and verify its efficacy in application.METHODS Through Delphi expert consultation,a narrative nursing model for negative emotions in patients with AP was constructed.A non-randomized quasi-experimental study design was used in this study.A total of 92 patients with AP with negative emotions admitted to a tertiary hospital in Nantong City of Jiangsu Province,China from September 2022 to August 2023 were recruited by convenience sampling,among whom 46 patients admitted from September 2022 to February 2023 were included in the observation group,and 46 patients from March to August 2023 were selected as control group.The observation group received narrative nursing plan,while the control group was given with routine nursing.Self-rating anxiety scale(SAS),self-rating depression scale(SDS),positive and negative affect scale(PANAS),caring behavior scale,patient satisfaction scale and 36-item short form health survey questionnaire(SF-36)were used to evaluate their emotions,satisfaction and caring behaviors in the two groups on the day of discharge,1-and 3-month following discharge.RESULTS According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,a total of 45 cases in the intervention group and 44 cases in the control group eventually recruited and completed in the study.On the day of discharge,the intervention group showed significantly lower scores of SAS,SDS and negative emotion(28.57±4.52 vs 17.4±4.44,P<0.001),whereas evidently higher outcomes in the positive emotion score,Caring behavior scale score and satisfaction score compared to the control group(P<0.05).Repeated measurement analysis of variance showed that significant between-group differences were found in time effect,inter-group effect and interaction effect of SAS and PANAS scores as well as in time effect and inter-group effect of SF-36 scores(P<0.05);the SF-36 scores of two groups at 3 months after discharge were higher than those at 1 month after discharge(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The application of narrative nursing protocols has demonstrated significant effectiveness in alleviating anxiety,ameliorating negative emotions,and enhancing satisfaction among patients with AP.

Impact of web-based positive psychological intervention on emotions,psychological capital,and quality of life in gastric cancer patients on chemotherapy

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is a malignant digestive tract tumor that originates from the epithelium of the gastric mucosa and occurs in the gastric antrum,particularly in the lower curvature of the stomach.AIM To evaluate the impact of a positive web-based psychological intervention on emotions,psychological capital,and quality of survival in gastric cancer patients on chemotherapy.METHODS From January 2020 to October 2023,121 cases of gastric cancer patients on chemotherapy admitted to our hospital were collected and divided into a control group(n=60)and an observation group(n=61)according to the admission order.They were given either conventional nursing care alone and conventional nursing care combined with web-based positive psychological interventions,respectively.The two groups were compared in terms of negative emotions,psychological capital,degree of cancer-caused fatigue,and quality of survival.RESULTS After intervention,the number of patients in the observation group who had negative feelings toward chemotherapy treatment was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05);the Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire score was considerably higher than that of the control group(P<0.05);the degree of cancer-caused fatigue was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05);and the Quality of Life Scale for Cancer Patients(QLQ-30)score was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Implementing a web-based positive psychological intervention for gastric cancer chemotherapy patients can effectively improve negative emotions,enhance psychological capital,and improve the quality of survival.

Personalized and continuous care intervention affects rehabilitation,living quality,and negative emotions of patients with breast cancer

BACKGROUND Breast cancer is among the most common malignancies worldwide.With progress in treatment methods and levels,the overall survival period has been prolonged,and the demand for quality care has increased.AIM To investigate the effect of individualized and continuous care intervention in patients with breast cancer.METHODS Two hundred patients with breast cancer who received systemic therapy at The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University(January 2021 to July 2023)were retrospectively selected as research participants.Among them,134 received routine care intervention(routing group)and 66 received personalized and continuous care(intervention group).Self-rating anxiety scale(SAS),self-rating depression scale(SDS),and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast(FACT-B)scores,including limb shoulder joint activity,complication rate,and care satisfaction,were compared between both groups after care.RESULTS SAS and SDS scores were lower in the intervention group than in the routing group at one and three months after care.The total FACT-B scores and five dimensions in the intervention group were higher than those in the routing group at three months of care.The range of motion of shoulder anteflexion,posterior extension,abduction,internal rotation,and external rotation in the intervention group was higher than that in the routing group one month after care.The incidence of postoperative complications was 18.18%lower in the intervention group than in the routing group(34.33%;P<0.05).Satisfaction with care was 90.91% higher in the intervention group than in the routing group(78.36%;P<0.05).CONCLUSION Personalized and continuous care can alleviate negative emotions in patients with breast cancer,quicken rehabilitation of limb function,decrease the incidence of complications,and improve living quality and care satisfaction.

Rational and Continuous Measurement of Emotional-Fingerprint, Emotional-Quotient and Categorical vs Proportional Recognition of Facial Emotions with M.A.R.I.E., Second Half

Context: The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) requires modeling prior to its implementation in algorithms for most human skills. This observation requires us to have a detailed and precise understanding of the interfaces of verbal and emotional communications. The progress of AI is significant on the verbal level but modest in terms of the recognition of facial emotions even if this functionality is one of the oldest in humans and is omnipresent in our daily lives. Dysfunction in the ability for facial emotional expressions is present in many brain pathologies encountered by psychiatrists, neurologists, psychotherapists, mental health professionals including social workers. It cannot be objectively verified and measured due to a lack of reliable tools that are valid and consistently sensitive. Indeed, the articles in the scientific literature dealing with Visual-Facial-Emotions-Recognition (ViFaEmRe), suffer from the absence of 1) consensual and rational tools for continuous quantified measurement, 2) operational concepts. We have invented a software that can use computer-morphing attempting to respond to these two obstacles. It is identified as the Method of Analysis and Research of the Integration of Emotions (M.A.R.I.E.). Our primary goal is to use M.A.R.I.E. to understand the physiology of ViFaEmRe in normal healthy subjects by standardizing the measurements. Then, it will allow us to focus on subjects manifesting abnormalities in this ability. Our second goal is to make our contribution to the progress of AI hoping to add the dimension of recognition of facial emotional expressions. Objective: To study: 1) categorical vs dimensional aspects of recognition of ViFaEmRe, 2) universality vs idiosyncrasy, 3) immediate vs ambivalent Emotional-Decision-Making, 4) the Emotional-Fingerprint of a face and 5) creation of population references data. Methods: M.A.R.I.E. enables the rational, quantified measurement of Emotional Visual Acuity (EVA) in an individual observer and a population aged 20 to 70 years. Meanwhile, it can measure the range and intensity of expressed emotions through three Face- Tests, quantify the performance of a sample of 204 observers with hypernormal measures of cognition, “thymia” (defined elsewhere), and low levels of anxiety, and perform analysis of the six primary emotions. Results: We have individualized the following continuous parameters: 1) “Emotional-Visual- Acuity”, 2) “Visual-Emotional-Feeling”, 3) “Emotional-Quotient”, 4) “Emotional-Decision-Making”, 5) “Emotional-Decision-Making Graph” or “Individual-Gun-Trigger”, 6) “Emotional-Fingerprint” or “Key-graph”, 7) “Emotional-Fingerprint-Graph”, 8) detecting “misunderstanding” and 9) detecting “error”. This allowed us a taxonomy with coding of the face-emotion pair. Each face has specific measurements and graphics. The EVA improves from ages of 20 to 55 years, then decreases. It does not depend on the sex of the observer, nor the face studied. In addition, 1% of people endowed with normal intelligence do not recognize emotions. The categorical dimension is a variable for everyone. The range and intensity of ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic and not universally uniform. The recognition of emotions is purely categorical for a single individual. It is dimensional for a population sample. Conclusions: Firstly, M.A.R.I.E. has made possible to bring out new concepts and new continuous measurements variables. The comparison between healthy and abnormal individuals makes it possible to take into consideration the significance of this line of study. From now on, these new functional parameters will allow us to identify and name “emotional” disorders or illnesses which can give additional dimension to behavioral disorders in all pathologies that affect the brain. Secondly, the ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic, categorical, and a function of the identity of the observer and of the observed face. These findings stack up against Artificial Intelligence, which cannot have a globalist or regionalist algorithm that can be programmed into a robot, nor can AI compete with human abilities and judgment in this domain. *Here “Emotional disorders” refers to disorders of emotional expressions and recognition.

Genes, emotions and gut microbiota:The next frontier for the gastroenterologist

Most medical specialties including the field of gastroenterology are mainly aimed at treating diseases rather than preventing them. Genomic medicine studies the health/disease process based on the interaction of the human genes with the environment. The gastrointestinal(GI) system is an ideal model to analyze the interaction between our genes, emotions and the gut microbiota. Based on the current knowledge, this mini-review aims to provide an integrated synopsis of this interaction to achieve a better understanding of the GI disorders related to bad eating habits and stress-related disease. Since human beings are the result of an evolutionary process, many biological processes such as instincts, emotions and behavior are interconnected to guarantee survival. Nourishment is a physiological need triggered by the instinct of survival to satisfy the body's energy demands. The brain-gut axis comprises a tightly connected neuralneuroendocrine circuitry between the hunger-satiety center, the dopaminergic reward system involved in the pleasure of eating and the gut microbiota that regulates which food we eat and emotions. However, genetic variations and the consumption of high-sugar and high-fat diets have overridden this energy/pleasure neurocircuitry to the point of addiction of several foodstuffs. Consequently, a gut dysbiosis generates inflammation and a negative emotional state may lead to chronic diseases. Balancing this altered processes to regain health may involve personalized-medicine and genome-based strategies. Thus, an integrated approach based on the understanding of the gene-emotions-gut microbiota interaction is the next frontier that awaits the gastroenterologist to prevent and treat GI disorders associated with obesity and negative emotions.

Emotions States Recognition Based on Physiological Parameters by Employing of Fuzzy-Adaptive Resonance Theory

This paper is an investigation on negative emotions states recognition by employing of Fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Theory (Fuzzy-ART) considering the changes in activities of autonomic nervous system (ANS). Specific psychological experiments were designed to induce appropriate physiological responses on individuals in order to acquire a suitable database for training, validating and testing the proposed procedure. In this research, the three physiological applied signals are Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), Heart Rate (HR) and Respiration Rate (RR). The first experiment which is named Shock was designed to determine a criterion for the change of physiological signals of each individual. In the second one, a combination of two sets of questions has been asked from the subjects to induce their emotions. Finally, Physiological responses were analyzed by Fuzzy-ART to recognize which question excites the negative emotions. Detecting negative emotions from neutral is obtained with total accuracy of 94%.

Effects of psychological intervention on negative emotions and psychological resilience in breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy

Breast cancer(BC)is the most common malignant tumor in women,and the treatment process not only results in physical pain but also significant psychological distress in patients.Psychological intervention(PI)has been recognized as an important approach in treating postoperative psychological disorders in BC patients.It has been proven that PI has a significant therapeutic effect on postoperative psychological disorders,improving patients'negative emotions,enhancing their psychological resilience,and effectively enhancing their quality of life and treatment compliance.

Amygdala-Inspired Affective Computing: to Realize Personalized Intracranial Emotions with Accurately Observed External Emotions

Artificial intelligence technology has revolutionized every industry and trade in recent years. However, its own development is encountering bottlenecks that it is unable to implement empathy with human emotions. So affective computing is getting more attention from researchers. In this paper, we propose an amygdala-inspired affective computing framework to realize the recognition of all kinds of human personalized emotions. Similar to the amygdala, the instantaneous emergency emotion is first computed more quickly in a low-redundancy convolutional neural network compressed by pruning and weight sharing with hashing trick. Then, the real-time process emotion is identified more accurately by the memory level neural networks, which is good at handling time-related signals. Finally, the intracranial emotion is recognized in personalized hidden Markov models. We demonstrate on Facial Expression of Emotion Dataset and the recognition accuracy of external emotions(including the emergency emotion and the process emotion) reached 85.72%. And the experimental results proved that the personalized affective model can generate desired intracranial emotions as expected.

Exploration of the Integration of Positive Emotions and Flow Experience in STEAM Education

STEAM(science,technology,engineering,arts,and mathematics)education aims to cultivate innovative talents with multidimensional literacy through interdisciplinary integration and innovative practice.However,lack of student motivation has emerged as a key factor hindering its effectiveness.This study explores the integrated application of positive emotions and flow experience in STEAM education from the perspective of positive psychology.It systematically explains how these factors enhance learning motivation and promote knowledge internalization,proposing feasible pathways for instructional design,resource provision,environment creation,and team building.The study provides theoretical insights and practical guidance for transforming STEAM education in the new era.

Relationships Between Achievement Emotions, Motivation and Language Learning Strategies of High, Mid and Low English Language Achievers

Overseas research has shown that achievement emotions have direct relationships with ＂achievement outcome＂ and＂achievement activities＂. The purpose of the present study aimed to compare the relationships betweenachievement emotions, motivation, and language learning strategies of high, mid and low achievers in Englishlanguage learning at an international university in a southern province in China. Quantitative data were collectedthrough a questionnaire survey of 74 （16 males, 58 females） TESL major students. Results indicated that studentsin general experienced more positive than negative achievement emotions; more intrinsically rather thanextrinsically motivated to learn English; and quite frequently used a variety of learning strategies to overcome theirlearning difficulties. However, Year Four low-achievers experienced more negative achievement emotions. Theyseldom used metacognitive, affective and social learning strategies, and they had lower degrees of intrinsicmotivation. Implications for institutional support for at risk students are discussed.

Mediating effect of interpersonal relations on negative emotions and dysmenorrhea in female adolescents

Background Good interpersonal relationships can improve the negative mood and, to a certain extent, may help relieve dysmenorrhea symptoms. However, there has been no study examining the role of interpersonal relationships in dysmenorrhea and how they may interact with negative emotions. Aims To investigate the connection between negative affect and dysmenorrhea, and the role of interpersonal relationships plays in this relationship. Methods The Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale (CMSS), short-form of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Interpersonal Comprehensive Diagnostic Scale and UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale were applied to 855 adolescent nursing students to collect information on severity and frequency of dysmenorrheal symptoms, negative emotions (including depression, anxiety and stress), interpersonal problems and subjective experience of loneliness among them, and the relationship among these variables was examined. Results (1) Both the severity and frequency of dysmenorrhea were positively correlated with negative emotions, loneliness experience and interpersonal problems, while negatively correlated with age at menarche.(2) The negative emotions, romantic relationship and menarche age, but not loneliness and interpersonal problems, significantly contributed to both the severity and frequency of dysmenorrhea.(3) Mediation analysis revealed that the effects of loneliness and interpersonal problems on dysmenorrhea were totally mediated by negative emotions. Conclusions This investigation indicates that the relationship between interpersonal relationships and dysmenorrhea is mediated by negative emotions.

Individual Classification of Emotions Using EEG

Many studies suggest that EEG signals provide enough information for the detection of human emotions with feature based classification methods. However, very few studies have reported a classification method that reliably works for individual participants (classification accuracy well over 90%). Further, a necessary condition for real life applications is a method that allows, irrespective of the immense individual difference among participants, to have minimal variance over the individual classification accuracy. We conducted offline computer aided emotion classification experiments using strict experimental controls. We analyzed EEG data collected from nine participants using validated film clips to induce four different emotional states (amused, disgusted, sad and neutral). The classification rate was evaluated using both unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms (in total seven “state of the art” algorithms were tested). The largest classification accuracy was computed by means of Support Vector Machine. Accuracy rate was on average 97.2%. The experimental protocol effectiveness was further supported by very small variance among individual participants’ classification accuracy (within interval: 96.7%, 98.3%). Classification accuracy evaluated on reduced number of electrodes suggested, consistently with psychological constructionist approaches, that we were able to classify emotions considering cortical activity from areas involved in emotion representation. The experimental protocol therefore appeared to be a key factor to improve the classification outcome by means of data quality improvements.

Biological mechanisms underlying the liver's regulation of emotions in women: A study using the Trier Social Stress Test

Objective:Research on the biological mechanisms by which the liver controls dispersion and regulates emotion usually focuses on psychological stress.This study investigated the biological mechanisms underlying the liver's regulation of emotion using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST).Differences in subjective stress,subjective emotion,and physiological responses were examined between healthy women (Group A) and depressed women with liver qi stagnation syndrome (Group B).Method:Subjects were 72 women who met the inclusion criteria after physical examination.The EPQ-RSC,BAI,and BDI-21 were used to assess personality and emotion.Subjects completed a 5-point scale to measure subjective stress.Heart rate and heart rate variability were measured.To measure changes in activity of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LCNE)/autonomic nervous system and the HPA axis,saliva samples were collected at the end of the rest and preparation periods,and 5 time pionts after the TSST task.The PAD Emotion Scale was completed at 4 time points before and after the TSST task.Saliva cortisol was tested.These indexes were compared between the two groups.Results:There were 33 subjects in Group A and 39 subjects in Group B.Subjects in Group B had lower levels of stress,pleasure,and dominance,but higher arousal (after the task:P <.05).They also had higher saliva cortisol levels,slower heart rate,higher BVP,and more stable RMSSD and SDNN.Conclusion:In relation to mood,the liver's regulation of emotion mainly affects negative emotional experience and the sense of control Regarding the biological mechanisms underlying the liver's regulation of emotion,the activity of the LC-NE/autonomic nervous system in women is more obvious in response to psychological stress when the dispersion of the liver is normal.The activity of the HPA axis in women is more obvious in response to psychological stress when the dispersion of the liver is abnormal.

Decoding of Basic Emotions from Dynamic Visual Displays in Dementia: A Sign of Loss of Positivity Bias in Emotional Processing in Cognitively Unhealthy Aging?

Difficulties in recognizing emotional signals might have serious implications for social interactions. Neurodegenerative diseases that affect neural networks involved in emotional displays processing might thus be connected with a disproportionate impairment in social life. This study aimed at examining the ability to decode basic emotions from dynamic visual displays in mild to moderate dementia. Thirty old adults diagnosed as demented, and 30 gender-matched healthy controls were administered a measure of emotion evaluation. The groups did not differ significantly in age and educational level. The emotion evaluation test was designed to examine a person’s ability to visually identify basic emotions and discriminate these from neutral expressions, when they were expressed as dynamic, subtle, day-to-day expressions. Results showed that demented participants had a great difficulty in recognizing the positively valenced emotions of happiness and pleasant surprise, while sadness, anger, and anxiety were the easiest emotions to recognize. Healthy controls were almost excellent on happiness recognition, while discrimination of non-emotional displays was the most difficult condition often mislabeled as anxiety or pleasant surprise. Results were mainly discussed in terms of socio-emotional selectivity theory positing that only older adults capable of exerting cognitive controlled favor emotional over non-emotional and positive over negative information.

Empathetic nursing with mindful cognitive therapy for fatigue,depression,and negative emotions in leukemia patients undergoing long-term chemotherapy

BACKGROUND Leukemia is a broad term for blood cell cancer.Leukemia is divided into acute or chronic,depending on cell differentiation.Leukemia patients are prone to adverse reactions during chemotherapy,such as anxiety,depression,and even suicide,affecting prognosis.As a nursing model developed by three well-known cognitive psychologists,empathetic nursing with mindfulness cognitive therapy(ENMCT)can effectively reduce anxiety and depression and improve the quality of life in patients with chronic disease.AIM To explore the effect of ENMCT on cancer-induced fatigue,hope level,and negative emotions in patients with long-term leukemia chemotherapy.METHODS A total of 103 patients with long-term leukemia chemotherapy diagnosed and treated in our hospital from July 2017 to October 2019 were enrolled and randomly assigned to observation and control groups using the random number table approach.Fifty-one patients in the control group received routine nursing,while 52 patients in the observation group received empathic nursing with mindfulness cognitive therapy.After three months of nursing care,cancerinduced fatigue was measured with the Piper Fatigue Scale(PFS),hope level with the Herth Hope Index(HHI),and negative emotion with the Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAMA)/Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD).Self-management(Chinese Strategies Used by People to Promote Health)was also recorded.RESULTS The observation group’s total scores in behavior,cognition,emotion,feeling,and PFS were lower than the control group after the intervention(P<0.05).Keeping close contact with others,the attitude of taking positive actions,the attitude toward reality and future,and the total HHI score were higher in the observation group than the control group(P<0.05).The observation group’s HAMA and HAMD scores were lower than the control group(P<0.05).The observation group’s positive attitude,self-decision,and self-relief scores were greater than the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Empathetic nursing with cognitive mindfulness therapy is beneficial in improving cancer-related fatigue,negative emotions,expectation level,and self-management ability in patients with longterm leukemia chemotherapy.

Mood assessment via animated characters: An instrument to access and evaluate emotions in young children

Objective: Mood Assessment via Animated Characters (MAAC) is a novel, computer-based instrument to improve assessment and communication about feelings in young children with internalizing distress. Well-validated assessment instruments are lacking for those under age eight years. Method: Children ages 4 - 10 years with primary diagnosis of anxiety disorder (n = 74;33 boys, 41 girls) or no diagnosis (n = 83;40 boys, 43 girls) completed MAAC for 16 feelings. Those 8 - 10 years also completed standardized measures of internalizing symptoms. Results: MAAC’s emotions clustered into positive, negative, fearful, and calm/neutral factors. Clinical children rated themselves less positive (difference score -3.18;p = 0.002) and less calm/neutral (difference score -2.06;p = 0.04), and explored fewer emotions spontaneously (difference score = -2.37;p = 0.02) than nonanxious controls. Older children’s responses correlated with scores on several standardized measures. Conclusions: MAAC appears to be highly engaging, with clinical utility in the assessment of young anxious children. Applications in other populations are considered for future study.

Analysis of the Effect of Outpatient Nursing Intervention on Hypoglycemic Treatment Effect and Psychological Emotions of Diabetic Patients

Objective:To explore the effect of outpatient nursing interventions on the hypoglycemic treatment and psychological emotions of diabetic patients.Methods:148 patients who came to our hospital for outpatient treatment from February 2022 to October 2023 were selected and divided into a control group and an observation group,with 74 cases per group,according to the random number table method.The control group received routine nursing intervention,and the observation group received outpatient nursing intervention based on the control group.The two groups were observed for their effects of hypoglycemic treatment and psychological and emotional improvement before and after outpatient nursing intervention.Results:The health behavior scores of the control group were lower than that of the observation group;the post-intervention fasting blood glucose,2h postprandial blood glucose,anxiety self-rating scale(SAS),and the depression self-rating scale(SDS)of the control group were significantly higher than that of the observation group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).Conclusion:Outpatient nursing intervention encouraged patients to comply with healthy behaviors and helped control blood sugar levels.Patients’anxiety,depression,and other adverse psychological states were also improved hence the outpatient nursing intervention is worthy of further promotion.

Relationship between negative emotions and perceived support among parents of hospitalized,critically ill children

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to describe relationships between negative emotions and perceived emotional support in parents of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU).Methods:This cross-sectional descriptive study conducted face-to-face interviews between January 2019 and January 2020.Study variables included depression(PHQ-9 Scale),anxiety(Emotional Distress-Anxiety-Short Form 8a),anger(Emotional Distress-Anger-Short Form 5a),fear(Fear-Affect Computerized Adaptive Test),somatic fear(Fear-Somatic Arousal-Fixed Form),loneliness(Revised 20-item UCLA Loneliness Scale),and perceived emotional support(Emotional Support-Fixed Form).Results:Eighty parents reported symptoms of depression 8.00(4.00,13.75),anxiety(23.43±7.80),anger(13.40±5.46),fear(72.81±27.26),somatic fear 9.00(6.00,12.75),loneliness(39.35±12.00),and low perceived emotional support(32.14±8.06).Parents who were young,single,low-income,and with limited-post secondary education reported greater loneliness and lower perceived emotional support.Fear correlated with depression(r=0.737,P<0.01)and anxiety(r=0.900,P<0.01).Inverse relationships were discovered between perceived emotional support and loneliness(r=-0.767,P<0.01),anger(r=-0.401,P<0.01),and depression(r=-0.334,P<0.01).Conclusions:The cluster of negative emotions identified will serve as potential targets for future interventions designed to enhance support for parents of critically ill children.