Analysis of the regional spectral properties in northwestern South China Sea based on an empirical orthogonal function

This study presents an analysis of the spectral characteristics of remote sensing reflectance(Rrs)in northwestern South China Sea based on the in situ optical and water quality data for August 2018.Rrswas initially divided into four classes,classes A to D,using the max-classification algorithm,and the spectral properties of whole Rrs were characterized using the empirical orthogonal function(EOF)analysis.Subsequently,the dominant factors in each EOF mode were determined.The results indicated that more than 95%of the variances of Rrs are partly driven by the back-scattering characteristics of the suspended matter.The initial two EOF modes were well correlated with the total suspended matter and back-scattering coefficient.Furthermore,the first EOF modes of the four classes of Rrs(A-D Rrs-EOF1)significantly contributed to the total variances of each Rrs class.In addition,the correlation coefficients between the amplitude factors of class A-D Rrs-EOF1 and the variances of the relevant water quality and optical parameters were better than those of the unclassified ones.The spectral shape of class ARrs-EOF1 was governed by the absorption characteristic of chlorophyll a and colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM).The spectral shape of class B Rrs-EOF1 was governed by the absorption characteristic of CDOM since it exhibited a high correlation with the absorption coefficient of CDOM(ag(λ)),whereas the spectral shape of class C Rrs-EOF1 was governed by the back-scattering characteristics but not affected by the suspended matter.The spectral shape of class D Rrs-EOF1 exhibited a relatively good correlation with all the water quality parameters,which played a significant role in deciding its spectral shape.

A NEW ONE-STEP BAND-LIMITED EXTRAPOLATION PROCEDURE USING EMPIRICAL ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS

A one-step band-limited extrapolation procedure is systematically developed under an a priori assumption of bandwidth. The rationale of the proposed scheme is to expand the known signal segment based on a band-limited basis function set and then to generate a set of Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF’s) adaptively from the sample values of the band-limited function set. Simulation results indicate that, in addi- tion to the attractive adaptive feature, this scheme also appears to guarantee a smooth result for inexact data, thus suggesting the robustness of the proposed procedure.

ROTATED COMPLEX EMPIRICAL ORTHOGONAL FUNCTION(RCEOF)ANALYSIS:THEORY AND EXAMPLES—PART I

In this paper,a new diagnostic method,the rotated complex empirical orthogonal function (RCEOF)analysis is developed.The general principle and the mathematical foundation of RCEOF are discussed.

ROTATED COMPLEX EMPIRICAL ORTHOGONAL FUNCTION(RCEOF)ANALYSIS—PART Ⅱ:THEORY AND EXAMPLES

The numerical solving and the program designing of the rotated complex empirical orthogonal function(RCEOF)are discussed.Some examples of RCEOF are also presented.

基于REOF分析的山东省年降水区域特征及趋势分析

[目的]探究山东省不同气候分区年降水量的时空特征,为该地区气候分析、防灾减灾提供更加区域性的参考依据。[方法]根据山东省95个国家地面气象观测站1991—2020年降水年值数据,首先对山东省年降水场进行气候分区,然后通过相关统计方法分析各分区降水的时空变化特征。[结果](1)山东省各降水模态降水偏少的年份更多,降水偏多的年份降水强度更大,年代际变化均较为明显,但各模态降水偏多偏少的年份分布及强度变化有所不同。(2)山东省年降水量大致由东南向西北递减,年降水场划分为东南沿海区(Ⅰ区)、西北平原区(Ⅱ区)和中部山地区(Ⅲ区)3个区域,各降水分区年降水均呈不显著增加趋势,趋势率各不相同,突变均不明显。(3)山东省各降水分区年降水量均具有较为明显的周期性特征,东南沿海区年降水场存在2个较为明显的能量中心,中心尺度均为2~3 a,未来变化具有强持续性;西北平原区年降水场存在3个较为明显的能量中心,中心尺度分别为5~7 a, 3 a和2~3 a,未来变化具有持续性;中部山地区年降水场存在2个较为明显的能量中心,中心尺度分别为2~3 a, 6 a,未来变化具有强持续性。[结论]山东省降水偏少的年份更多,降水偏多的年份降水强度更大,年降水场大致可分为3个分区,各分区年降水量均呈不显著增加趋势,均具有较为明显的周期性特征,且未来变化均具有持续性。

Feature analysis of stratospheric wind and temperature fields over the Antigua site by rocket data

The wind and temperature fields at 20 to 55 km above the Antigua launch site(17°N,61°W)were analyzed by using sounding rocket data published by the research organization on Stratosphere-Troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate(SPARC).The results showed distinct variations in the wind and temperature fields at different heights from the 1960s to the 1990s.The overall zonal wind speed showed a significant increasing trend with the year,and the overall change in meridional wind speed showed a falling trend from 1976 to 1990,whereas the temperature field showed a significant cooling trend from 1964 to 1990.The times the trends mutated varied at different levels.By taking the altitudes at 20,35,and 50 km as representatives,we found that the zonal wind speed trend had mutated in 1988,1986,and 1986,respectively;that the meridional wind speed trend had mutated in 1990,1986,and 1990,respectively;and that the temperature trend had mutated separately in 1977,1973,and 1967,respectively.Characteristics of the periodic wind and temperature field variations at different heights were also analyzed,and obvious differences were found in time scale variations across the different layers.The zonal and meridional wind fields were basically characterized as having a significant periodic variation of 5 years across the three layers,and each level was characterized as having a periodic variation of less than 5 years.Temperature field variation at the three levels was basically characterized as occurring in 10-year and 5-year cycles.

Space-time objective decomposition of vortex equations and mechanism analysis of subtropical high abnormal activities

To analyze the dynamic mechanism of unusual activities of the subtropical high, the space-time varible separation of the partial differential vortex equations is carried out with Galerkin methods based on the heat force and the whirl movement dissipation effect. Aiming at the subjective and man-made conventional method of choice in the space basis functions, we propose to combine the empirical orthogonal function （EOF） analysis with the genetic algorithm to inverse the space basis functions from the actual sequence of fields. A group of trigonometric functions are chosen as a generalized space basis function. With the least-squares error of the basis function and EOF typical fields, and with the complete orthogonality of basis functions, we can get the dual-bound function. A genetic algorithm is then introduced to carry out surface fitting and coefficient optimization of the basis function. As a result, the objective and reasonable constant differential equation of the subtropical high is obtained by inversion. Finally, based on the obtained nonlinear dynamics model, the dynamic behavior and mechanism of the subtropical high is analyzed and discussed under the influence of heat force. We find that solar radiation and zonal differences in land and sea are important factors impacting the potential field and flow field changes of the subtropical areas. These factors lead to strength changes of the subtropical high and medium-term advance/retreat activities. The former is a gradual change, while the latter shows more break characteristics. Meaningful results are obtained in the analysis.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR-SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.

Statistical analysis of surface hydrography and circulation variations in northern South China Sea

To study the variations in surface hydrography and circulation in northern South China Sea (NSCS), rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) and extended associate pattern analysis (EAPA) are used with daily sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) datasets cover- ing 1 126 days from American Navy Experimental Real-Time East Asian Seas Ocean Nowcast System in this paper. Results show that in summer, the SCS Diluted Water Expansion (SDWE) is the most dominant factor con- trolling SSS variations in the NSCS. The remarkable SDWE usually begins in early July, reaches its maximum in middle August and weakens in late September. In summer flourishing period, its low saline core is just limited between 21°N and 22°N because of strong surface anomalous anticyclonic circulation in the NSCS. In early or late stage, the anomalous anticyclonic circulation becomes weak or turns into cyclonic one, thus the weak SCS diluted water can disperse. And its influence on the SSS variations has obviously decreased. The Kuroshio intrusion is the second controlling factor, and it has the almost opposite seasonal or intraseasonal oscillations and spatial charac- teristics to the SDWE. Winter Kuroshio Intrusion (WKI) begins in early November and lasts about three months. Intraseasonal Kuroshio Intrusion (IKI) takes place at any seasons. The westward Ekman transport produced by the north anomaly of East Asia Monsoon (EAM) pushes warmer and more saline seawater into the NSCS through the Bashi Strait and seems to decide the intensity of seasonal and intraseasonal Kuroshio intrusions.

Retrieval and analysis of sea surface air temperature and relative humidity

Air temperature and relative humidity have been the main parameters of meteorology study. In the past data could be obtained from in-situ observations, but the observations are local and sparse, especially over ocean. Now we can get them from satellites, yet it is hard to estimate them from sat- ellites directly so far. This paper presents a new method to retrieve monthly averaged sea air temper- ature （SAT） and relative humidity （RH） near sea surface from satellite data with artificial neural networks （ANN）. Compared with the observations in Pacific and Atlantic, the root mean square （RMS） and the correlation between the estimated SAT and the observations are about 0.91 ~C and 0.99, respectively. The RMS and the correlation of RH are about 3.73% and 0.65, respectively. Compared with the multiple regression method, the ANN methodology is more powerful in building nonlinear relations in this research. Thus the global monthly average SAT and RH are retrieved from the fixed ANN network from July 1987 to May 2004. In general the annual average SAT shows the increasing trend in recent 18 years. The abnormality of SAT is decomposed with the empirical or- thogonal function （EOF）. The leading three EOFs could explain 84% of the total variation. EOF1 （76.1%） presents the seasonal change of the SAT abnormality. EOF2 （4.6%） is mainly related with ENSO. EOF3 （3.3%） shows some new interesting phenomena appearing in the three main currents in Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Ocean.

云南区域性暴雨过程时空变化特征

针对中国气象局发布的《区域性重要过程(暴雨)监测和评价业务规定》确定了云南本地化区域性暴雨过程识别阈值,经灾害数据检验客观有效。进一步应用气候趋势分析、M-K检验、小波分析、EOF分析及REOF分析等方法研究了1961—2022年云南区域性暴雨过程的时空分布特征。结果表明:云南历次区域性暴雨过程综合强度波动较大,年平均综合强度呈减小趋势,但不显著,月平均综合强度呈波动分布,峰值出现在1月,雨季各旬平均综合强度变化较小。云南区域性暴雨过程年均4次,1977年以后呈减少趋势,但不显著,没有明显突变点,2008—2022年过程频次有6~8 a周期,但不稳定,云南区域性暴雨过程夏季最多,冬季最少,6月中旬至8月下旬过程数约占全年近7成。云南区域性暴雨过程呈南多北少分布,北部边缘虽然频次较少,但过程降水强度较大。云南区域性暴雨过程呈现全省大部一致型、东北-西南反向型及南北反向型等5个主要模态,进一步可分为5个典型区,即南区、西区、中东部区、北区及西北区,过去62 a,南区、西区和中东部区波动较大,变化趋势不明显,北区平稳少变,西北区前期以偏少为主,后期增加明显。

斯里兰卡极端降水时空演变特征及趋势预测

斯里兰卡是中国“一带一路”倡议的重要节点国家,极端降水对当地社会经济威胁较大,极易引发灾害。选取当地10个气象站2008—2020年的逐日降水资料,基于RClimDex模型计算斯里兰卡6个极端降水指标,利用经验正交函数分析、Morlet小波分析和重标极差法(R/S分析)等,分析极端降水事件的时空演变特征。结果表明:极端降水指数在时间分布上,除持续干旱指数(CDD)呈减少趋势外,其他各指数均为上升趋势;极端降水指数空间差异表现为北部沿海平原地带的极端降水强度高于南部沿海平原,拉特纳普勒市以西地区为斯里兰卡降水事件的多发区;极端降水指数周期性明显,绝大多数极端降水指数以6~7 a为第一主周期。R/S分析表明当地极端降水事件未来持续可能性较大。研究成果可为斯里兰卡极端气候预测、生态环境保护、防灾减灾工作等提供决策支持。

青海省多年地表感热通量的时空变化特征

选取青海省35个气象站观测数据,基于CHEN-WENG感热系数方案,计算了1980—2017年青海省地表感热通量。利用小波分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验和经验正交函数法(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF),对感热通量的时空变化特征及其影响因子进行分析。结果表明:(1)1980年以来,青海省全年和各季节感热通量总体上均呈上升趋势,并具有28 a的主周期和约18 a的副周期,冬季的周期变化较为复杂;(2)全年和各季节感热通量与地气温差存在显著相关性,2004—2017年受地气温差增大的影响上升;(3)全年、春季和秋季感热通量与风速存在显著相关性,1980—2004年受风速减小的影响感热通量下降;(4)夏季降水与感热通量呈显著负相关;(5)从空间上看,全年以及春季感热通量呈现出显著的东西分异,秋、冬季表现出一定程度的南北分异。

基于相对湿润指数的浙江省茶叶气象干旱特征分析

【目的】研究浙江省茶叶气象干旱的演变规律,为茶叶安全生产优化布局提供科学依据。【方法】利用浙江省68个地面气象观测站50 a(1971—2020年)的逐日气温、降水量、日照时数等数据,基于相对湿润指数、正交经验函数和小波分析法等分析浙江省茶叶气象干旱的时空分布规律。【结果】浙江省茶叶生产夏季干旱的强度和发生频率高于秋季,且均呈现西高东低的分布,中西部尤其金衢盆地的干旱强度和频率为全省最强,浙北地区次之,沿海地区最小。茶叶夏季干旱站次比呈逐年下降的趋势,秋季则呈现先升后降的趋势,2000年以后夏秋两季出现极端大范围茶叶气象干旱的年份增多。茶叶夏季和秋季干旱强度的正交经验函数第一模态表现为全省变化一致性,第二模态中沿海局部地区和内陆呈反相位变化,夏秋两季干旱强度的主模态时间序列分别存在2-6、2-4、6-10 a的振荡周期。【结论】浙江省在夏季和秋季出现茶叶气象干旱的频率在下降,但出现极端干旱的概率在增加,应重点加强茶叶主产区干旱监测预警能力建设,提升防旱抗旱能力。

浅水声速剖面用经验正交函数(EOF)表示的可行性研究

本文研究利用经验正交函数（ＥＯＦ）及少量参数以近似表示实测浅水声速剖面的方法，研究了 样本数，不同浅水域的样本和算法的关系，并得出结论：一定区域的浅水声速剖面，以经验正交函数 （ＥＯＦ）近似表示，仍可以达到较好的精度。这对于声场层析及被动定位问题有着很重要的意义。

EOF/PCA诊断气象变量场问题的新探讨

进一步论证了经验正交函数 /主分量分析 (EOF PCA)在气象变量场诊断中的物理内涵 ,证明基于EOF PCA的R型和Q型展开 ,可描述为气象变量场主要振荡型分解和主要空间分布型分解两种方案。前者表明 ,气象变量场的准周期振荡可分解为各主分量的周期振荡 ,它们各自等价于不同网格点 (或站点 )以其载荷为权重的迭加周期振荡 ,因此 ,气象变量场准周期振荡可视为来自不同周期源 (网格点或站点 )的准周期振荡逐层叠加的结果 ;后者表明 ,气象变量场的水平空间分布可视为各种主要空间分布型的叠加 ,而Q型展开才是对各种主要空间分布型的正交分解。由此深化了EOF PCA气象变量场诊断的物理内涵。

东、黄海海表面温度季节内变化特征的EOF分析

基于1998—2004年的TRMM/TMI卫星遥感海面温度(SST)数据,在初步分析东、黄海SST的季节分布特征的基础上,采用EOF方法分析了SST的季节内变化特征,进而对SST季节内变化的可能机制进行了探讨。EOF分析获得的前4个模态的累积方差贡献率为57.07%,其结果基本反映了东、黄海SST变化的主要物理过程。其中,EOF的第一模态的方差贡献率占30.17%,其空间模态揭示了以东海北部为中心的、整个海域SST变化趋于一致的特征,这一模态的显著变化周期为6.3周;第二模态的方差贡献率占14.36%,其空间模态呈现东南海域与西北海域SST的反相变化趋势,显著变化周期为8.7周和10.6周;第三模态的方差贡献率占7.02%,其空间SST变率最大的区域位于黄海海域,显著变化周期为6.8,8.7,10.2周等;第四模态的方差贡献率占5.52%,其空间SST变率最大的区域位于东、黄海近海,显著变化周期为6.8周。东、黄海SST季节内变化与此海区大气中的季节内振荡是紧密相关的。

台湾以东海域声速剖面序列的EOF分析

利用了4 a的Argo剖面序列,通过经验正交函数（EOF）分析,得出了台湾以东海域声速垂直结构的时空变化特征。EOF拟合声速剖面的精度与选取的模态数有关,合成剖面时包含的模态数越多,精度越高;前3-6个模态反映了海区声速结构的主要变化,累积方差贡献率可达89.4%-96.6%。第1模态描述了声速在垂直方向上的同相变化,具有年周期,峰值和谷值分别出现在夏季和冬季;第2模态描述了声速在近表层与次表层和主跃层的反相变化。第1、2模态的共同作用是声速垂直结构差异的主导因素,使近表层声速的季节性变化较大,而主跃层的变化相对较小;而第3模态及更高阶的模态对声速剖面的调制作用在物理意义上并不明显。

利用EOF相空间分析东亚梅雨旱涝长期过程的初步研究

利用非线性动力学中的相空间概念，分析了梅雨旱涝３～５年循环的长期过程。对全球热带 ８５０ ｈＰａ的纬向风场距平所作的 ＥＯＦ，第 １特征向量显示Ｔ Ｗａｌｋｅｒ环流异常在赤道球圈上的分布；第２特征向量主要显示热带一副热带之间的环流异常的经向分布。在第１时间系数和第２时间系数所定义的二维相空间中，由相轨线分析，得到梅雨涝年主要集中于第２象限，而旱年则相对多在第４象限。说明梅雨旱涝年际变异的主导模态和热带大气环流的主要特征向量有着密切的关联。它们显示了以３～５年时间尺度的大气环流演变的长期特征性过程。

一次暴雨过程的EOF分析

在用21层η坐标细网格模式对1998年7月21-22日发生在武汉地区的一次持续性特大暴雨过程数值模拟的基础上，利用较高时空分辨的模式输出结果对暴雨过程做经验正交函数分解（EOF分析）尝试。结果表明：EOF第1主分量的空间分布代表典型的暴雨环境背景场的低值系统；EOF第2主分量的空间分布与人字形切变线（西部为冷式切变，东部为暖式切变）相联系，是影响这次暴雨的重要形势场；利用相轨线分析方法发现，暴雨过程中EOF第1主分量和EOF第2主分量的时间系数在暴雨临近阶段，两者正相关，激发暴雨，在暴雨后期两者负相关，促使这次暴雨趋于减弱结束。