Legislative Protection for Women's Rights and Interests after the Founding of the People's Republic of China

The process of legislative protection for women’s rights and interests of the new China can be divided into two phases: The first phase is from the establishment of the People’s Republic of China to the adoption of the policy of reform and opening up to the outside

Initial Analysis on the Legal Protection of Consumers＇ Rights and Interests in Network Transaction

With the development of network technology and information technology, electronic commerce as a new business model wiht itsnew trading ideas-＋, In changing the traditional business structure,but also gradually changing people’s shopping patterns and consumptionpatterns,Online shopping has become the preferred way of shopping.Changes in consumption patterns will inevitably lead to new problems inthe process of consumption,and the development speed of the problem in sync with the development speed of network economy,as far as therenewal speed of laws and regulations is concerned,this asymmetric development is bound to bring great inconvenience to the consumer rights innetwork transactions.In this paper, from the angle of legal protection,the protection of consumer rights and interests in network transactions areexpounded,analysis of the current situation and reasons of the consumers’ rights and interests are infringed upon in the network transaction,learnfrom the experience of foreign consumer rights and interests protection,In order to put forward effective suggestions on the system constructionof the protection of consumer rights and interests.

Improvement of Legislation System of Protecting Women’s Rights and Interests in China——Taking the Amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests as an Opportunity

The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests has been amended twice since it was promulgated 1992,and it has formed a relatively complete legislation system together with relevant laws and regulations,accumulating experience of judicial application in practice.In the current proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests,the main issues that should be considered are:First,the legislative purpose of this law should be reviewed to clarify the three legislative positions of the Law on Women’s Rights and interests,in terms of protection,practice and foundation.Second,it is necessary to grasp whether the text content is appropriate and rectify any defects in the existing text.Third,it should explore how to reform and implement specific systems from the micro perspective to improve the specific systems of women’s personal,property,and social rights and interests.Fourth,it should strengthen the systematic interaction with other norms at different levels and implement the principle of gender equality stipulated in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.Fifth,attention should be paid to the necessity of invoking the Law in judicial practice,the possibility of operation and the effectiveness of enforcement.The proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests should also sum up the experience of local legislation and judicial decisions and improve the quality of judicial application of the law so that is truly responds to the practical needs and challenges of the protection of women’s rights and interests and the implementation of gender equality in the new era.

China Keen to Protect Women’s Rights, Interests——An interview with Zhao Shaohua, vice-chairwoman of the All-China Women’s Federation

EDITOR＇S NOTE： Slated for September 2008, the Tenth National Congress of the Chinese Women will review the achievements the country has made over the past five years in promoting women＇s rights and interests and formulate the targets for the protection endeavor over the next five years. The five years since the Ninth National Congress of the Chinese Women have witnessed a constant improvement in the status of the Chinese women and in their human rights conditions. Following is a transcript of an interview given our staff reporters by Zhao Shaohua, vice-chairperson of the All-China Women＇s Federation （ACWF） and member of the ACWF Secretariat, on how women＇s rights and interests are protected in China.

Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests in Macao

1. Introduction With China＇s reform and opening up, great achievements have been witnessed by all of us in the protection of human rights, the basic pursuit of which is gen- der equality. Remarkable achievements have also been accomplished in the pro- tection of women＇s rights and interests. It has been 12 years since Macao＇s mann to its motherland. Over these years, Macao, under the framework of the ＂Basic Law＂ has successfully practiced the great concept of ＂one country, two systems,

Seeking a Common Platform for Safeguarding Women’s Rights and Interests

＂Women＇s rights and interests are human rights＂ is now a concept accepted by all. The power of the law now safeguards the rights and interests of women. Recalling efforts in recent years to safeguard women＇s rights and interests, we cannot but feel gratified to know that we have made great progress.

Creating an Institutional Environment for Protecting the Rights and Interests of China’s Dispatched Labor

Employment is fundamental in improving the livelihood of the people and social security is the source ofhuman happiness. This is how the international community protects and improves basic human rights. It is also the policy China has adopted to achieve sustainable economic and social development. Furthermore, it is clear evidence of China＇s respect and protection of human rights.

Broad-based Network for Protecting the Rights and Interests of Women and Children——A story about the Women's Federation of Qinhuangdao City

The room is in utter chaos, with chairs piling up in a comer and the cable TV not connected to the power source. But one thing is put in place： a slogan on the wall ＂Creating an outstanding WFQ team for the benefit of all women and children.＂

A Judicial Empirical Study on the Principle of “the Best Interests of the Child”——From the Principles of National Conventions to the Building of Adjudication Norms

“The best interests of the child”is an essential principle of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.Due to the abstractness and ambiguity of this principle,its application is inevitably subject to the judge’s personality.Through empirical analysis,we can find that the judicial documents invoking the principle of“the best interests of the child”by Chinese courts show a significant increase in the number of disputes,types of disputes,and pronounced regional characteristics.The application of this principle by the courts is highly consistent with the judicial interpretative documents issued by the Supreme People’s Court.The invocation of this principle plays the role of interpreting the provisions of the law,the value basis for discretion,and the value orientation for shaping new rules in adjudication.At the same time,it is plagued by a lack of guidelines for the application of principles,invocations that serve the will of judges,and imperfect thinking in weighing the various factors involved.The application of this principle should be improved by setting normative standards for the principle of“the best interests of the child”,increasing case guidance for invoking the principle,and enhancing the professionalism of judges.

美国雇主与雇员发明奖酬制度的平衡——在shop right视角下

美国雇员发明制度是在判例基础上建立起来的雇主与雇员之间利益平衡制度。shop right是雇主对雇员发明专利的默示许可使用权,是默示许可原则、禁止反悔原则和公平原则推演出来的利益平衡机制。shop right是美国专利法一项抗衡机制,提升了雇员获取奖酬的谈判地位。雇主与雇员发明创造预约协议具有权利保障性,平衡了雇主利益又保护了雇员合法权益,推动了美国的科技进步和社会发展。厚雇员主义价值导向、构建多元利益平衡机制、尊重市场自由和意义自治,为中国职务发明奖酬机制设置提供了借鉴。

高校“非升即走”制度下教师权益保障困境及破解路径

随着“非升即走”成为我国高等学校教师聘任的主流制度,高校教师的权益保障问题在人事制度改革和相关立法中的重要性和紧迫性日益凸显。结合理论研究和司法实践来看,我国高校教师面临的权益保障困境主要表现为“学术青椒”的尴尬:在“非升即走”聘用合同签订前,高校教师的法律身份模糊;在签订合同时,高校教师的主体性尤其是平等参与权缺失;在履行合同中,高校教师权利救济渠道不畅。这些问题的主要原因在于“学术锦标赛”的异化:高校人事管理的相关法律内容模糊、高校办学自主权边界不清和“非升即走”制度的价值偏离。破解“非升即走”制度下高校教师权益保障的现实困境的关键在于学术生态的优化:国家层面应明确“非升即走”聘用合同是“具有行政要素的劳动合同”的法律属性,重构高校教师“兼具公权与私权性质的特殊劳动者”的法律身份,完善高校教师聘任的相关法律体系;高校层面应重塑“非升即走”的制度价值,充分发挥制度的激励和促进作用,完善“非升即走”制度内容及配套措施,健全教师权益保障机制。

家庭农场农业雇工劳动权益保障对其主观幸福感的影响:社会公平感的中介作用

家庭农场发展过程中,非家庭成员的农业雇工成为该新型经营组织的重要劳动力。基于雅安市3区(县)12村109名家庭农场农业雇工实地调研数据,探究家庭农场农业雇工劳动权益保障及其对主观幸福感的影响。研究结果表明,家庭农场农业雇工劳动权益保障平均水平整体偏高,但存在性别和年龄差异。家庭农场农业雇工劳动权益保障正向预测其主观幸福感。社会公平感在家庭农场农业雇工劳动权益保障和主观幸福感之间的中介作用显著。在此基础上,提出立法、普法、劳动行政监督、加强内部管理四方面建议,以保障家庭农场农业雇工劳动权益,进而提升其主观幸福感。

国有股东能促进参股民营企业人力资本结构升级吗?

以我国沪深A股2011—2021年民营上市公司为对象,考察了国有股东对参股民营企业人力资本结构的影响及机制。研究发现:国有股东能够促进参股民营企业人力资本结构升级;机制与路径分析表明,提升社会地位、加强员工权益保护、增强研发意愿是国有股东改善参股企业人力资本结构的作用机制;国有股东通过挤出低学历及生产人员而优化参股民营企业的人力资本结构;这一影响具有异质性,低政府干预、要素市场发育程度能够正向调节国有参股股东的人力资本效应;经济后果检验发现,国有股东对人力资本结构的积极影响不仅在经营业绩上“做大蛋糕”,而且在要素收入分配中“分好蛋糕”而提升劳动收入份额。研究结论既丰富了混合所有制改革与人力资本升级方面的文献,又为民营企业利用国有资本优化人力资源配置提供借鉴。

Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women

ContentsChapter Ⅰ General ProvisionsChapter Ⅱ Political RightsChaptet Ⅲ Rights and Interests Relating to Culture and EducationChapter Ⅳ Rights and Interests Relating to WorkChapter Ⅴ Rights and Interests Relating to PropertyChapter Ⅵ Rights Relating to the PersonChapter Ⅶ Rights and Interests Relating to Marriage and FamilyChapter Ⅷ Legal ResponsibilityChaptet Ⅸ Supplementary

超龄劳动者劳动权益保护法律适用研究

超龄劳动者劳动权益保护纠纷是劳动人事争议中的重要案件类型,妥善解决与否直接关系到积极应对人口老龄化国家战略的落实。审判实践中,存在超龄劳动者用工关系性质认定不一、工伤认定难、缴纳社会保险难等问题。面对实践中的疑难问题,超龄劳动者劳动权益保护纠纷裁判规则可作出如下调整:首先,此类劳动者在劳动报酬、工作时间、休息休假、劳动安全卫生、工伤保险待遇等方面适用劳动基准。其次,《劳动合同法》第44条规定的“开始依法享受基本养老保险待遇”仅指职工基本养老保险待遇。最后,用人单位在劳动者享受基本养老保险待遇、达到退休年龄的情况下终止劳动合同,不承担支付赔偿金的责任,应否支付经济补偿可视其是否存在《劳动合同法》第38条规定情形进行类型化的分析和裁量。

SA8000标准与《中华人民共和国劳动法》比较分析

SA8000作为一个以保护劳工权益为内容的社会责任管理体系,从童工、强迫性劳动、健康与安全、 自由结社与集体谈判、平等就业、惩罚性措施、工作时间、工资薪酬、管理系统等九个方面给予企业规范性要 求。而《中华人民共和国劳动法》作为中国市场经济条件下保护劳动者权益的法律,对此也有明确规定。中国企 业应当按照《中华人民共和国劳动法》指引,完善企业劳动制度,才能应对SA8000标准的推行。

新就业形态女性劳动者权益保障研究

新就业形态在增加女性劳动者工作机会的同时,也带来了女性劳动者权益保障的新挑战。我国已初步建立了新就业形态劳动者权益保障的法律体系,但存在性别视角不足、对女性群体聚焦有限的问题。总的来看,新就业形态女性劳动者权益保障的挑战包括:算法技术化监管主要基于男性数据,对女性身体特征的保障缺乏相应考虑,平台未基于女性在家庭角色中的地位给予相应保障,平台化劳动模式会对女性劳动者的联合性产生负面影响。可以从以下几个方面加强新就业形态女性劳动者权益保障,即探索算法中的性别平等,增加算法中的女性化设置;探索家务劳动报酬化的可能性,以平衡女性家庭责任和经济收入;在远程工作的规范中关注女性劳动者的特殊性,平衡远程工作与家庭照护劳动;重塑新就业形态女性假期政策,以推进生育友好型社会的构建;积极发挥工会的“联合”作用,消除新就业形态女性劳动者可能出现的孤立感和“原子化”。

我国家庭教育政策的变迁及其动因探析

新中国成立以来,基于儿童的健康成长需要,家庭教育政策随着政治经济社会和教育事业的发展而呈现出改造家庭教育、要求家长尽责教育、提高家庭教育指导服务水平、建立家庭教育政策体系等四个阶段性的变化,体现出针对我国不同阶段教育发展中主要问题而展开的特征,反映出家庭教育政策中儿童权益保护的不断强化和儿童成长内涵的日臻完善。未来需进一步清晰责任主体,使家庭教育指导服务体系和家校社协同机制更加完善。

工伤认定中工作场所的理解与适用——由最高人民法院第40号指导案例引发的思考

在工伤认定中,与“工作”相关的三大要素,即工作原因、工作时间、工作场所,是认定是否为工伤的关键。其中,作为补充要素之一的工作场所最容易被忽略。最高人民法院第40号指导案例——孙立兴诉天津新技术产业园区劳动人事局工伤认定案,特别将其作为争议焦点之一予以阐明。作为工伤认定的必要条件,工作场所的认定首先需要明确其“工作”的性质,而非其他场所;其次需要在出现多个工作场所之时,应当对所涉及的其他区域进行定性。而工作岗位与工作场所究竟拥有什么样的关联,对职工合法权益的保护也具有一定影响。