Pretreatment of emulational manual acupuncture versus electroacupuncture against visceral traction pain in rats

BACKGROUND： Acupuncture and moxibustion against visceral noxious stimulation present different mechanisms in the peripheral and central nervous systems, involving release of neurotransmitter substance P, acetylcholine esterase, leucine-enkephalin, and c-Fos protein expression. However, there are few reports addressing changes in neurotransmitter expression following manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture against visceral traction pain.OBJECTIVE： To explore changes in neurotransmitter expression in the ileum and protein expression in the medullary visceral zone of visceral traction pain rats undergoing pretreatment of emulational manual acupuncture, and to investigate the differences between emulational manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The randomized, controlled study was performed at the Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China from August 2008 to July 2009.MATERIALS： G6805 electroacupuncture apparatus （Shanghai Medical Electronic Machine Factory, China） and ZSF-I acupuncture manipulation simulation therapeutic system （Chinese Medical Engineering Room, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai China） were used in the present study.METHODS： A total of 40 male Sprague Dawley rats were equally and randomly assigned to sham surgery, model, emulational manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture groups. In the emulational manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture groups, emulational manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture were applied at bilateral Zusanli （ST 36） acupoints for 30 minutes, and models of visceral traction pain were established immediately.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Substance P expression, c-Fos and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression were measured using immunohistochemistry. Acetylcholine esterase activity was examined utilizing a colorimetric method. Leucine-enkephalin content was detected using a radioimmune assay. Degree of pain in rats was assessed by pain score.RESULTS： Pain score, substance P expression in the ileum, acetylcholine esterase activity, expression of c-Fos protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the medullary visceral zone were significantly decreased following pretreatment of emulational manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture in rats with visceral traction pain （P〈0.05）. Compared with the electroacupuncture group, the leucine-enkephalin content was significantly increased, and pain score was significantly diminished in the emulational manual acupuncture group （P〈0.05）.CONCLUSION： Emulational manual acupuncture pretreatment decreases acetylcholine esterase activity, increases leucine-enkephalin release, downregulates expression of c-Fos protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein and ultimately inhibits visceral traction pain by reducing substance P release. The effectiveness in inhibiting visceral traction pain is greater when using emulational manual acupuncture compared with electroacupuncture. This is because emulational manual acupuncture effectively increases leucine-enkephalin release.

Magnetic Field Emulations of Small Inhibitor RNA: Effects on Implanted GL261 Tumors in C57BL/6 Immune Competent Mice

EMulate Therapeutics has developed a system for emulating the effects of solvated molecules via their magnetic field recordings. Recordings of magnetic field emissions of select small inhibitor RNAs (siRNAs;murine targeting CTLA-4 and murine targeting PD-1) were tested on C57Bl/6 mice implanted subcutaneously with the GL261 murine tumor cell line. A signal composed of concatenated recordings of siRNA molecules targeting the murine CTLA-4 and PD-1 receptors (labeled A2) was used in immune competent C57Bl/6 mice. The mice were flank implanted with the murine glioblastoma cell line GL261. Mice were exposed to the signal continuously (24 hours a day) until tumor volumes reached the designated volume limit. Tumors were excised and analyzed via PAGE/Western blot for the expression of CTLA-4, PD-1, Ki67, Caspase 3, CD4 and CD8. Terminal blood draws were used for CBCs. We report the down regulation of the checkpoint inhibitors CTLA-4 in the exposed mice. Significant tumor volume reduction was observed in mice exposed to the siRNA signal compared to control mice;no adverse events were recorded. Cell blood counts (CBC) and protein expression patterns were observed to correlate with the expected function of protein expression inhibition of the targets.

基于动态仿真的分拣机行李系统分析及优化

本文描述了基于分拣机的行李自动分拣系统的典型处理流程,建立了Emulate3D仿真模型,动态模拟了行李系统关键点流量、系统内时间和早到行李量等主要数据指标,并通过对不同模拟运营场景的迭代仿真,提出一种寻求航班开放装载时长和早到行李量之间的最佳平衡点的方法,为行李系统设计优化及运营提供思路和参考。

Detecting Vulnerability on IoT Device Firmware: A Survey

Internet of things (IoT) devices make up 30%of all network-connected endpoints,introducing vulnerabilities and novel attacks that make many companies as primary targets for cybercriminals.To address this increasing threat surface,every organization deploying IoT devices needs to consider security risks to ensure those devices are secure and trusted.Among all the solutions for security risks,firmware security analysis is essential to fix software bugs,patch vulnerabilities,or add new security features to protect users of those vulnerable devices.However,firmware security analysis has never been an easy job due to the diversity of the execution environment and the close source of firmware.These two distinct features complicate the operations to unpack firmware samples for detailed analysis.They also make it difficult to create visual environments to emulate the running of device firmware.Although researchers have developed many novel methods to overcome various challenges in the past decade,critical barriers impede firmware security analysis in practice.Therefore,this survey is motivated to systematically review and analyze the research challenges and their solutions,considering both breadth and depth.Specifically,based on the analysis perspectives,various methods that perform security analysis on IoT devices are introduced and classified into four categories.The challenges in each category are discussed in detail,and potential solutions are proposed subsequently.We then discuss the flaws of these solutions and provide future directions for this research field.This survey can be utilized by a broad range of readers,including software developers,cyber security researchers,and software security engineers,to better understand firmware security analysis.

On Dynamic Channel Emulation in Sector MPAC for Over-the-Air Testing of Beamformed Massive MIMO Devices

In this article,novel emulation strategies for the sectored multiple probe anechoic chamber(SMPAC)are proposed to enable the reliable evaluation of the massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)device operating at beamforming mode,which requires a realistic non-stationary channel environment.For the dynamic propagation emulation,an efficient closed-form probe weighting strategy minimizing the power angular spectrum(PAS)emulation errors is derived,substantially reducing the associated computational complexity.On the other hand,a novel probe selection algorithm is proposed to reproduce a more accurate fading environment.Various standard channel models and setup configurations are comprehensively simulated to validate the capacity of the proposed methods.The simulation results show that more competent active probes are selected with the proposed method compared to the conventional algorithms.Furthermore,the derived closedform probe weighting strategy offers identical accuracy to that obtained with complicated numerical optimization.Moreover,a realistic dynamic channel measured in an indoor environment is reconstructed with the developed methodologies,and 95.6%PAS similarity can be achieved with 6 active probes.The satisfactory results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are suitable for arbitrary channel emulation.

基于动态仿真的独立ICS小车行李系统设计

本文将动态仿真引入独立ICS小车行李系统的设计过程,通过仿真控制策略分析优化行李系统布局;通过建立基于Emulate3D的仿真模型,动态仿真独立ICS小车行李系统关键点流量、系统内时间、早到行李量以及不同状态托盘的实时分布等数据特性;验证了行李系统设计的合理性;解决了静态计算分析难以处理的,诸如基于航班波次的行李系统性能评估及不同故障模式下行李系统保障能力评估等难题。

Adaptive Emulation Framework for Multi-Architecture IoT Firmware Testing

Internet of things(IoT)devices are being increasingly used in numerous areas.However,the low priority on security and various IoT types have made these devices vulnerable to attacks.To prevent this,recent studies have analyzed firmware in an emulation environment that does not require actual devices and is efficient for repeated experiments.However,these studies focused only on major firmware architectures and rarely considered exotic firmware.In addition,because of the diversity of firmware,the emulation success rate is not high in terms of large-scale analyses.In this study,we propose the adaptive emulation framework for multi-architecture(AEMA).In the field of automated emulation frameworks for IoT firmware testing,AEMA considers the following issues:(1)limited compatibility for exotic firmware architectures,(2)emulation instability when configuring an automated environment,and(3)shallow testing range resulting from structured inputs.To tackle these problems,AEMAcan emulate not onlymajor firmware architectures but also exotic firmware architectures not previously considered,such as Xtensa,ColdFire,and reduced instruction set computer(RISC)version five,by implementing a minority emulator.Moreover,we applied the emulation arbitration technique and input keyword extraction technique for emulation stability and efficient test case generation.We compared AEMA with other existing frameworks in terms of emulation success rates and fuzz testing.As a result,AEMA succeeded in emulating 864 out of 1,083 overall experimental firmware and detected vulnerabilities at least twice as fast as the experimental group.Furthermore,AEMAfound a 0-day vulnerability in realworld IoT devices within 24 h.

Performance Evaluation of Topologies for Multi-Domain Software-Defined Networking

Software-defined networking(SDN)is widely used in multiple types of data center networks,and these distributed data center networks can be integrated into a multi-domain SDN by utilizing multiple controllers.However,the network topology of each control domain of SDN will affect the performance of the multidomain network,so performance evaluation is required before the deployment of the multi-domain SDN.Besides,there is a high cost to build real multi-domain SDN networks with different topologies,so it is necessary to use simulation testing methods to evaluate the topological performance of the multi-domain SDN network.As there is a lack of existing methods to construct a multi-domain SDN simulation network for the tool to evaluate the topological performance automatically,this paper proposes an automated multi-domain SDN topology performance evaluation framework,which supports multiple types of SDN network topologies in cooperating to construct a multi-domain SDN network.The framework integrates existing single-domain SDN simulation tools with network performance testing tools to realize automated performance evaluation of multidomain SDN network topologies.We designed and implemented a Mininet-based simulation tool that can connect multiple controllers and run user-specified topologies in multiple SDN control domains to build and test multi-domain SDN networks faster.Then,we used the tool to perform performance tests on various data center network topologies in single-domain and multi-domain SDN simulation environments.Test results show that Space Shuffle has the most stable performance in a single-domain environment,and Fat-tree has the best performance in a multi-domain environment.Also,this tool has the characteristics of simplicity and stability,which can meet the needs of multi-domain SDN topology performance evaluation.

Simulation of microstructures in solidification of aluminum twin-roll casting

Based on the research on the solidification of twin-roll continuous casting aluminum thin strip, the analytical model of heterogeneous nucleation, the growth kinetics of tip （KGT） and columnar dendrite transformation to equiaxed dendrite （CET） of twin-roll continuous casting aluminum thin strip solidification was established by means of the principle of metal solidification and modem computer emulational technology. Meantime, based on the cellular automaton, the emulational model of twin-roll continuous casting aluminum thin strip, solidification was established. The foundation for the emulational simulation of twin-roll casting thin strip solidification structure was laid. Meanwhile, the mathematical simulation feasibility was confirmed by using the solidification process of twin-roll continuous casting aluminum thin strip.

eMule系统的协议分析

eMule是建立在点对点(peer to peer)技术上,以eDonkey协议为基础的文件共享软件。eMule的集中程度是混合性的,并非是完全无中心服务器。文章从协议的角度论述了eMule是如何实现文件共享,分析了客户端到服务器端、客户端到客户端之间的TCP通讯、UDP通讯的原理及相关的信息序列图。

eMule协议的安全性研究

研究eMule协议在安全性设计方面所存在的缺陷和不足,指出eMule软件在用户隐私泄露、用户积分欺诈和恶意代码攻击3个方面对用户造成的风险,给出改进方案。针对eMule协议在Ed2k链接格式上的2个漏洞提出一种新的攻击方式,设计攻击流程,并进行模拟攻击实验,实验结果表明该攻击方式的成功率达到100%。

基于P2P思想改进Emule技术实现视频点播的技术研究

分析了使用Emule实现视频点播系统的可行性。提出了在利用原有的Emule技术基础上,通过改进几个适合VOD系统的方法,尤其对关键的片段选择法进行了详细阐述,使流媒体文件未下载完就可以播放,设计上不改动Emule协议,可以兼容现有的Emule环境,从而以较小的代价实现视频点播功能。

eMule网络最佳节点标识

eMule网络是近年来越来越流行的文件共享对等网络.一直以来,文件源的准确定位是文件共享对等网络的一个关键步骤;此外,不健康内容的肆意传播也使网络监管成为必需.这些都导致准确确定eMule网络中节点的需求,同时促使eMule网络最佳节点标识问题的提出.然而,eMule网络中广泛使用的节点标识Kad ID因可被eMule用户任意更改,存在Kad ID别名,即单个节点对应多个Kad ID的情况,以及Kad ID重复,即多个节点对应同一个Kad ID的情况,从而使用传统Kad ID很难准确确定节点.为解决这一问题,首先定义候选节点标识的稳定因子用以评价候选标识;然后设计并实现一个证明可收敛且时空复杂度不高的eMule网络节点信息采集器——Rainbow,以获得实际eMule网络中节点的多个候选标识之间的对应关系信息.实验结果表明,{userID}的稳定因子最大,是节点标识集合2{Kad ID,userID,IP}?{Φ}中的最佳节点标识;之后,为了量化Kad ID别名问题的程度,对{userID}与{Kad ID}的关系进行探讨;最后对最佳节点标识的应用有效性进行分析,说明采用{userID}作为节点标识能够更准确地确定节点.总之,所确定的最佳节点标识为eMule网络的研究奠定了基础,Rainbow也为真实eMule网络测量提供了良好的工具.

基于Emulate的锅炉负荷协调控制系统仿真实训

基于罗克韦尔RSLogix5000软件和RSLogix Emulate5000仿真控制器,实现了锅炉负荷协调控制系统组态,利用RSView32开发了监控界面,利用RSLinx软件实现了各部分的数据通信,完成了锅炉协调控制系统的仿真实训项目开发。通过实训项目开发流程,按照整体架构、控制系统设计与仿真和监控界面三大任务,培养高校工科学生的工程意识、工程素质和工程实践能力。

基于UART Emulation技术的MVB网卡设计与组网研究

提出一种MVB网卡设计方案,在主机与MVB控制器的架构上结合UART Emulation技术,较为完善地实现了MVB设备的过程数据、消息数据、用户编程等功能。利用所设计的网卡与其他MVB网络设备进行MVB组网研究,依据单调比率算法进行周期扫描表的设计,在所搭建的网络平台上进行基本的通信测试,验证了设计的正确性和可行性。该网卡尺寸符合标准3U大小,便于与其他网络设备集成于工控机箱之中。

巧用eMule实现大文件传输

共享数据资源可以促进人们相互交流,达到充分利用信息资源的目的。Internet上提供了许多文件传输的方法,但大多都有一些缺点:只能传输小型文件;文件传输过程不够稳定,可靠性不高;传输速度慢;设置过程复杂等等。本文主要针对以上问题,结合eMule客户端的特点,介绍了使用eMule软件实现大文件传输的方法。

SoC软硬件协同验证技术的应用研究

介绍了软硬件协同验证的原理,给出了笔者在实际SoC开发中采用的四种软硬件协同验证方案。根据软硬件协同仿真原理提出CFM方案。对几种方案进行比较,并提出在实际SoC设计中选取软硬件协同验证方案的建议。

eMule系统中的非均匀性分布

eMule是一款流行的P2P软件,它拥有大量的用户。通过eMule中的KAD覆盖网络开发了一个爬虫,抓取了eMule系统中的节点信息。发现eMule系统中资源分布得非常不均匀,如节点所处的地区分布不均匀,IP分布不均匀,文件的副本数分布不均匀,用户共享的文件数分布也不均匀。文件的副本数分布和用户共享的文件数分布基本符合Zipf分布,但是这两个分布并不完全符合Zipf,有着自己独特的特性。

Smart-blacklisting:P2P文件共享系统假块污染攻击对抗方法

在当前十分流行的P2P文件共享网络中,假块污染攻击严重地干扰了正常的文件下载过程。提出了基于概率统计及多轮筛选的对抗假块污染攻击策略——Smart-blacklisting,从理论上证明了该策略的有效性。仿真实验结果表明,该策略可以保证目标文件成功下载并降低假块污染攻击对下载时间及带宽消耗的影响。当攻击强度为0.2时,下载时间仅为eMule系统黑名单方法的13%,在带宽消耗方面也仅为其50%。