Synthesis and evaluation of an oil-soluble viscosity reducer for heavy oil

To reduce the viscosity of highly-viscous oil of the Tahe oilfield （Xinjiang,China）,an oilsoluble polybasic copolymer viscosity reducer for heavy oil was synthesized using the orthogonal method.The optimum reaction conditions are obtained as follows：under the protection of nitrogen,a reaction time of 9 h,monomer mole ratio of reaction materials of 3：2：2 （The monomers are 2-propenoic acid,docosyl ester,maleic anhydride and styrene,respectively）,initiator amount of 0.8% （mass percent of the sum of all the monomers） and reaction temperature of 80 oC.This synthesized viscosity reducer is more effective than commercial viscosity reducers.The rate of viscosity reduction reached 95.5% at 50 oC.Infrared spectra （IR） and interfacial tensions of heavy oil with and without viscosity reducer were investigated to understand the viscosity reduction mechanism.When viscosity reducer is added,the molecules of the viscosity reducer are inserted amongst the molecules of crude oil,altering the original intermolecular structure of crude oil and weakening its ability to form hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl or carboxyl groups,so the viscosity of crude oil is reduced.Field tests of the newly developed oil-soluble viscosity reducer was carried out in the Tahe Oilfield,and the results showed that 44.5% less light oil was needed to dilute the heavy oil to achieve the needed viscosity.

Study on Viscosity Reducing and Oil Displacement Agent for Water-Flooding Heavy Oil Reservoir

In the process of water-flooding development of heavy oil reservoir,due to the high viscosity and oil-water mobility ratio of heavy oil,there are some problems such as poor fluidity,high residual oil saturation and low recovery efficiency,which seriously restrict the efficient development of heavy oil.The molecular structure characteristics of asphaltenes and resins in heavy oil were analyzed.Based on the three most concerned properties of chemical agents,including the emulsification performance,the interface performance and the oil washing performance,three chemical oil displacement agents for heavy oil reservoirs were developed,and the structure of the chemical agents were characterized by high resolution mass spectrometry.The performance evaluation of chemical agents and core displacement experiments show that there is no obvious correlation between the properties of chemical agents,including interfacial tension,emulsifying ability and oil washing ability.For heavy oil reservoirs,the emulsification and viscosity reduction performance of chemical agents was more important than the oil washing capacity,and the oil washing capacity was more important than the interface performance.Viscosity reduction performance was the key parameter of oil displacement agent suitable for heavy oil reservoir.The composite binary system consisting of the viscosity reducer and the polymer had better oil recovery than using viscosity reducer alone.

Effect of Continuous Phase Viscosity on Membrane Emulsification

Oil-in-water(o/w) emulsions were produced with a membrane emulsification system. The effect of the continuous phase viscosity on the emulsification was studied. The theoretical analyses show that the continuous phase viscosity influences not only the flow field of the continuous phase but also the interfacial tension. The droplet size distribution and disperse phase flux for different continuous phase viscosity were investigated experimentally at constant wall shear stress and constant volume flow rate of the continuous phase respectively.

Measurement of Viscosity Alteration for Emulsion and Numerical Simulation on Bitumen Production by SAGD Considering In-situ Emulsification

A thermal steam stimulation process, such as steam-assisted gravity drainage （SAGD）, induces water-in-oil emulsion of heavy oil or bitumen throughout the production. The present study investigated the effects of in-situ emulsification in the oil sands reservoir for SAGD process. The viscosities of water-in-oil emulsions produced were measured with respect to water-oil ratio （W/O）, shear rates, pressures and temperatures. The results therefore were employed to develop the numerical model of viscosity alteration. Numerical simulations of the SAGD bitumen production considering viscosity alteration were also carried out to investigate distribution characteristics of emulsion, water, and bitumen at steam chamber boundary and effects of in-situ emulsification on bitumen production behavior. With a model named SAGD-Emulsion Model, it was found that the net recovery factor of bitumen for this model is 5 to 10% higher than that of conventional SAGD simulation. Ultimately, it was found that the recovery factor of bitumen increased with W/O of emulsion generated in the reservoir since higher water content would invariably allow bitumen to flow at higher relative permeability, while the increase in viscosity merely delayed bitumen production.

The Viscosity-reducing Mechanism of Organic Wax Additive on CRMA

CRMA was prepared by mixing PG 64-22 asphalt with crumb rubber powder of 40 mesh size and 18% by weight of the asphalt. Sasobit, a typical organic wax additive, was selected and added into CRMA. A series of tests, namely, brookfield viscosity, environmental scanning electron microscope（ESEM）, component test, differential scanning calorimeter（DSC）, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） and nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） were conducted on CRMA with and without organic wax additive, and microcosmic appearance, component content and molecular structure of various asphalt binders were obtained. The test results indicate that the addition of Sasobit~ into CRMA can effectively change the contents of components： the content of asphaltenes increases relatively, while saturates decreases. In addition, the interaction between various components of CRMA is weakened, and the state of equilibrium between the dispersant and dispersed phase is changed at the same time. That is why the viscosity decreases after the organic wax additive is added into CRMA.

Analysis of the rates of emulsification in intraocular silicone oil tamponades of differing viscosities

AIM:To investigate the rates of emulsification in silicone oil(SO)tamponades of differing viscosities used during pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)in the treatment of complicated vitreoretinal diseases.METHODS:This study was a prospective randomized clinical trial.Totally 290 cases with greater likelihoods of secondary detachment were included and randomly grouped into either Siluron 2000(n=143)or Siluron 5000(n=147)SO tamponades with 23-gauge PPV.Patient followups and data analyses were conducted 1,3,6,and 12 mo post-surgery.RESULTS:The time of the SO emulsification ranged from 1 to 17 mo,with a mean of 7.3±4.2 mo.The Siluron 5000 group showed a slower emulsification rate in comparison to the Siluron 2000 group.The Siluron 2000 group took a shorter time to show signs of emulsification,necessitating earlier SO removal.However,there were no significant differences in the occurrence of complications,including secondary retinal detachment,cataract,corneal abnormality,high intraocular pressure and hypotony.CONCLUSION:The Siluron 2000 SO tamponade shows a faster rate of emulsification than the Siluron 5000 SO,necessitating earlier removal.Both groups show similar results in terms of anatomical success and visual acuity outcome,and there is no significant difference between the SOs regarding the occurrence of complications.

稠油化学复合冷采技术研究与应用

我国稠油储量可观,其中60%的是深层稠油,而主流的蒸汽吞吐等热采技术采收率不足20%;稠油资源开发潜力极大,积极探索新的开采方式以提高采收率是石油领域高质量发展的必然选择。本文着重阐述稠油化学复合冷采技术体系构建及其现场应用,为中深层稠油的新型绿色低成本接替技术发展提供有效方案。在分析稠油组分的基础上,细致剖析稠油结构致黏机理,包括化学降黏机理、降低启动压力梯度机理、提高驱油效果机理在内的提高采收率机理,以丰富理论认识。面向工程应用亟需,从水溶性降黏剂分子设计与合成、自组装调堵剂研发两方面出发,突破稠油绿色化学驱油体系。基于发展的稠油化学复合冷采技术,完成了3个稠油油田示范工程应用,在提高产油量、控制含水率方面取得了良好成效。进一步梳理了分子采油理论与技术、渗流理论与数值模拟技术等方面的后续发展要点,以为深层稠油的绿色高效开发接替技术研究、稠油化学复合冷采技术推广应用研究等提供启发和参考。

分离多环芳烃用于超稠油掺稀降黏的研究

针对炼油厂催化裂化柴油大量过剩和芳烃含量过高等问题,结合稠油掺稀降黏开采掺稀比高、稀油资源紧缺的现状,从催化裂化柴油中萃取分离多环芳烃,用于超稠油掺稀降黏研究。对多环芳烃萃取进行正交试验,在筛选出的最佳操作条件(萃取温度为45℃、萃取时间为5 min、相分离时间为5.5 min和剂油体积比为1.4)下,多环芳烃产品收率为29.87%、芳烃质量分数高达99.07%。在掺稀比均为0.10时,多环芳烃和塔河稀油的掺稀降黏量率分别为94.20%和68.58%。拟合计算结果表明,多环芳烃用量仅为塔河稀油的16.32%时,即可达到塔河油田稠油掺稀降黏要求。以塔河油田稠油自喷井为例,当稠油含水率分别为0,30%和50%时,掺入多环芳烃相对掺入稀油的单井日产油增长率分别达到115.90%,84.57%,62.20%。

克拉玛依油砂沥青油溶性降黏剂的制备及性能评价

以甲基丙烯酸十八酯、N-苄基马来酰亚胺和丙烯酰胺为原料合成了针对于克拉玛依油砂沥青的新型油溶性共聚降粘剂。对单体配比、引发剂用量、反应温度等影响条件进行了优化,探究了降黏剂用量和温度等因素对降黏效果的影响。确定了该降黏剂的聚合反应条件为:聚合单体摩尔比为10∶4∶3,引发剂用量为单体总质量的1.0%,反应温度为85℃。在降黏剂添加量1000 mg·kg^(-1),反应温度50℃,反应时间60 min时降黏效果最好,在此条件下的降黏率为35.7%。

油溶性降黏剂SVM的合成及降黏机理探究

以甲基丙烯酸十八烷基酯(SMA)、4-乙烯基苯甲酸(VBA)和顺丁烯二酸酐(MA)为单体,合成一种能有效降低新疆克拉玛依稠油黏度的油溶性降黏剂(SVM)。通过单因素实验得到SVM降黏率最高为60.55%,红外和核磁分析结果证明了SVM的成功合成。通过对加入降黏剂前后的稠油体系进行分子动力学模拟发现,降黏剂主要分散了稠油中沥青质组分;进一步通过SEM、EDS和AFM探究SVM对沥青质分散情况发现,SVM降黏剂能有效破坏沥青质致密的堆叠结构,抑制沥青质聚集。稠油体系模拟得到的氢键数目从98个/帧增长到143个/帧。实验和模拟结果表明,氢键数目变化协同苯环共轭能力的增强能有效破坏沥青质的聚集,降低稠油黏度。

热复合驱中热、降黏剂、气体对原油黏度的影响

为了研究热、降黏剂、气体单独对原油黏度影响,以黏度、降黏率为指标,通过高温高压流变仪研究了复合驱中热、降黏剂、气体对原油黏度的影响规律。结果表明,升高温度是降低原油黏度的最有效方式,在一定压力范围内,N2对降低原油黏度起负作用,CO_(2)对降低原油黏度起正作用,降黏剂与CO_(2)可协同作用降低原油黏度。

抗220℃高温两性离子聚合物降黏剂的制备与性能

针对当前高温高密度水基钻井液流变性调控难题,基于分子结构优化设计和单体优选,制备了新型抗高温两性离子聚合物降黏剂HP-THIN。通过正交实验与单因素实验相结合的方法,对HP-THIN的制备条件进行了优化。采用红外光谱仪、乌氏黏度计和热重分析仪等分别对HP-THIN的分子结构、热稳定性以及相对分子质量进行表征和测定,研究了HP-THIN在220℃超高温条件下对淡水浆、盐水浆、含钙浆和高密度复合盐水浆等不同类型钻井液基浆的降黏性能。在室温下,测试了HP-THIN对基浆黏土颗粒吸附能力、Zeta电位和粒径的影响,并与国内外同类产品(Polythin和xy-27)进行了对比。结果表明,合成降黏剂HP-THIN的反应温度为60℃,反应时间为3 h,引发剂用量和链转移剂用量均为反应单体总量的1%,单体总质量分数为30%;单体AM、AA、AMPS、PTM物质的量比为1.9∶7.5∶2.1∶1。该聚合物的分子结构中含有设计官能团,其黏均相对分子质量约为8211,且具有较好的热稳定性。220℃老化后,HP-THIN在最优加量(0.3%)下对淡水基浆、盐水基浆、含钙基浆和高密度复合盐水基浆的降黏率分别达86%、72%、73%和51%,HP-THIN对不同类型钻井液基浆的高温降黏效果均优于国内外同类产品,相对于xy-27和Polythin,降黏剂HP-THIN对基浆黏土吸附能力强、Zeta电位绝对值大、黏土颗粒尺寸小,可以更好地消除黏土颗粒间网状结构,降低钻井液黏度,具有良好的应用前景。

纳米N-A降黏剂的制备及性能评价

针对普通纳米降黏剂对特稠油降黏效果差、洗油效率低等问题,制备了纳米N-A降黏剂,采用FTIR,TEM等方法表征了降黏剂的微观结构,考察了降黏剂的降黏效果、界面张力以及洗油效率。实验结果表明,纳米N-A降黏剂组成为:50%(w)纳米二氧化硅溶胶+40%(w)分散剂EB-1+4.2%(w)表面修饰剂+5.8%(w)增效剂。该降黏剂分散性能良好,粒径分布在20~60 nm之间,在降黏剂含量为1%(w)、油水质量比为7∶3、200℃,矿化度为0,8829.26 mg/L条件下老化48 h,特稠油降黏后黏度分别为6280,7213 mPa·s,降黏率分别达到83.77%,81.36%,降黏性能保持率分别为96.80%,95.39%。50℃下静置90 d后降黏性能保持率大于90%,可降低油水界面张力至0.076 mN/m,乳化液滴最大粒径9.5μm,洗油效率为30.9%,相对普通降黏剂,驱油效率提高22.3百分点。

生物柴油基减阻剂研制及滑溜水压裂液体系构建

为了解决常规白油基滑溜水体系在运输过程中容易分层以及减阻剂溶解太慢、对环境污染大等问题,首先通过测试不同相对分子质量及水解度的减阻剂F1~F6的溶解性和增黏性能优选了减阻剂F4;通过对稠化剂、分散剂及固液比筛选,研制了配方为34.0%生物柴油+3.0%稠化剂F-120+3.0%分散剂S-85+60.0%减阻剂F4的生物柴油基悬浮减阻剂,并将生物柴油基悬浮减阻剂与助排剂、防膨剂构建变黏滑溜水压裂液体系。实验结果表明,减阻剂F4在180℃下恒温剪切2 h后的表观黏度保留率为33.0%,热稳定性较好;变黏滑溜水压裂液具有良好的抗剪切能力和抗温性能,在剪切速率为170 s^(-1)下长期剪切后,常温下黏度保留率均可达90%以上,90℃下黏度保留率均达50%以上,其中高黏滑溜水压裂液黏度保留率可高达70%以上,低黏滑溜水压裂液的减阻率可达70%以上;高黏滑溜水压裂液的携砂性能比低、中黏滑溜水压裂液的高,且沉降速率最低,为0.005272 m/min。变黏滑溜水压裂液破胶后表面张力均小于27 m N/m,与煤油间的界面张力均小于2.0 mN/m,破胶液黏度均小于5.0mPa·s,且残渣含量均小于50 mg/L,满足标准要求。

黏重黑土条件下马铃薯收获机挖掘装置设计与试验

针对东北地区黏重黑土条件下马铃薯收获机工作阻力大、挖掘铲寿命短、挖掘质量难以保证等问题,将双行升运链式马铃薯收获机挖掘装置改进并设计一种分离式防堵马铃薯挖掘装置。采用理论分析研究方法,解析马铃薯收获机关键部件挖掘铲挖掘过程,探明影响马铃薯收获机挖掘铲工作阻力的主要影响因素;结合黏重黑土条件下马铃薯收获的农艺要求,以行驶速度、铲面铲宽和铲面倾斜角度为试验因素,以挖掘铲最大工作阻力和土壤最大压缩力为试验指标,进行多因素正交仿真试验,设计得出,挖掘铲在保证良好碎土效果且不造成马铃薯损伤的最佳参数,即行驶速度1.11 m·s^(-1),铲面铲宽150 mm,铲面倾斜角度30°时,挖掘铲最大工作阻力为566 N,土壤最大压缩力为152 N。田间验证试验表明,各项指标达到要求且均优于改进前整片式挖掘铲马铃薯收获机。

疏水缔合聚合物乳化性能及分相特征

配制了不同的疏水缔合聚合物(HAP),分析了HAP含量、疏水单体含量和油相含量对于聚合物乳化性能的影响,探讨了连续相中疏水缔合结构与油滴的相互作用规律。实验结果表明,HAP乳化时,油滴与连续相中的缔合结构相互作用,形成新的分子链间网络节点,构成了新的三维网络结构,使乳状液增黏。HAP的乳化增黏幅度由连续相与分散相的性质共同决定,其中,HP-1乳状液表观黏度最高增幅为36%。随着HAP中疏水单体含量的增加,乳化增黏幅度逐渐上升;HAP含量一定时,随油相含量增大,HAP乳状液乳化增黏幅度先增大后稳定、稳定性增强,但富集相体积存在最大值。HAP乳化性能及分相特征取决于连续相中的疏水缔合结构与油滴相互作用。

稠油化学降黏剂研究进展与发展趋势

在双碳背景下,以热采为主的稠油开采技术如何经济、高效、绿色地提高稠油采收率是研究者关注的重点问题。实现稠油油藏的商业开采,其本质是降低稠油黏度,提高流动能力。文章系统分析了稠油的致黏机理以及各类降黏剂的降黏机理,总结了乳化降黏剂、油溶性降黏剂、纳米降黏剂的合成工艺,评价了不同降黏剂的优势与不足。并对降黏剂发展趋势进行讨论与展望。对现有化学降黏剂的梳理有助于新型降黏剂体系的开发,提高稠油油藏开采效率。

深层稠油油藏降黏泡沫驱驱油特征及机理研究

降黏泡沫驱结合了降黏剂乳化降黏和泡沫选择性封堵的优势,可进一步提高开发后期深层稠油油藏的采收率。通过室内实验,根据降黏泡沫剂的降黏效果、起泡性能、泡沫稳定性,优选出合适的降黏泡沫剂浓度;通过单岩心驱替实验对比不同驱替方式下降黏泡沫驱驱油特征以及开采效果,通过并联岩心实验研究不同渗透率级差下降黏泡沫的分流能力,明确降黏泡沫驱提高采收率机理。结果表明:降黏泡沫驱过程中,降黏剂可以促进稠油乳化降黏,泡沫可以有效封堵大孔喉,同时抑制氮气窜流。二者结合有效提高波及系数和洗油效率,提高驱替压差,降低含水率。降黏泡沫驱可以在降黏泡沫剂驱的基础上进一步提高13%的采收率。非均质条件下,降黏泡沫驱可以有效降低高渗透岩心窜流,迫使流体转向进入低渗透岩心发挥乳化降黏作用,扩大波及范围的同时提高了洗油效率。降黏泡沫驱技术能显著提高深层低渗透稠油油藏的采收率,其优化了油流分布,增强乳化与减少稠油黏度,为深层稠油高效开发提供了有效策略。

石油酸含量对稠油流体性质影响实验

石油酸是稠油体系中的强极性组分,为研究石油酸对稠油流体类型、黏度及乳化特征的影响,以新疆风城油田SAGD井组超稠油油样为研究对象,采用高能质谱仪分析石油酸分子结构特征。通过实验研究石油酸含量对稠油黏温特性及剪切流变性的影响规律,分析含水率在不同石油酸含量条件下对稠油表观黏度的影响特征以及其相应的油水乳化特性。研究表明:超稠油样品酸值(以KOH计)为5.46 mg/g,样品中石油酸含量约为1.71%,以2~3环一元酸为主,碳数主要分布在15~35;稠油黏度随石油酸含量增加而降低;石油酸含量从0增至50%时,样品从牛顿流体转为非牛顿流体的拐点温度从120℃降至100℃;含水率升高时表观黏度先增加后降低,当石油酸含量从0增至50%时,反相点的含水率由30%~40%降至20%~30%,且不同含水率下的黏度均有大幅下降。该研究揭示了中国西部超稠油石油酸分子结构特征和石油酸含量对稠油流体性质的影响规律,可为降低稠油乳化、腐蚀程度,以及稠油资源高效开发提供借鉴。