High-Performance All-Printed Flexible Micro-Supercapacitors with Hierarchical Encapsulation

Printed micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)have shown broad prospect in flexible and wearable electronics.Most of previous studies focused on printing the electrochemically active materials paying less attention to other key components like current collectors and electrolytes.This study presents an allprinting strategy to fabricate in-plane flexible and substrate-free MSCs with hierarchical encapsulation.This new type of“all-in-one”MSC is constructed by encapsulating the in-plane interdigital current collectors and electrodes within the polyvinyl-alcohol-based hydrogel electrolyte via sequential printing.The bottom electrolyte layer of this fully printed MSCs helps protect the device from the limitation of conventional substrate,showing excellent flexibility.The MSCs maintain a high capacitance retention of 96.84%even in a completely folded state.An optimal electrochemical performance can be achieved by providing ample and shorter transport paths for ions.The MSCs using commercial activated carbon as the active material are endowed with a high specific areal capacitance of 1892.90 mF cm^(-2)at a current density of 0.3 mA cm^(-2),and an outstanding volumetric energy density of 9.20 mWh cm^(-3)at a volumetric power density of 6.89 mW cm^(-3).For demonstration,a thermo-hygrometer is stably powered by five MSCs which are connected in series and wrapped onto a glass rod.This low-cost and versatile all-printing strategy is believed to diversify the application fields of MSCs with high capacitance and excellent flexibility.

Research on the Encapsulation Device for Lunar Samples

The encapsulation of lunar samples is a core research area in the third phase of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program.The seal assembly,opening and closing mechanism(OCM),and locking mechanism are the core components of the encapsulation device of the lunar samples,and the requirements of a tight seal,lightweight,and low power make the design of these core components difficult.In this study,a combined sealing assembly,OCM,and locking mechanism were investigated for the device.The sealing architecture consists of rubber and an Ag-In alloy,and a theory was built to analyze the seal.Experiments of the electroplate Au coating on the knife-edge revealed that the hermetic seal can be significantly improved.The driving principle for coaxial double-helical pairs was investigated and used to design the OCM.Moreover,a locking mechanism was created using an electric initiating explosive device with orifice damping.By optimizing the design,the output parameters were adjusted to meet the requirements of the lunar explorer.The experimental results showed that the helium leak rate of the test pieces were not more than 5×10^(-11) Pa·m^(3)·s^(-1),the minimum power of the OCM was 0.3 W,and the total weight of the principle prototype was 2.9 kg.The explosive driven locking mechanism has low impact.This investigation solved the difficulties in achieving tight seal,light weight,and low power for the lunar explorer,and the results can also be used to explore other extraterrestrial objects in the future.

Atomic layer deposition in advanced display technologies:from photoluminescence to encapsulation

Driven by the growing demand for next-generation displays,the development of advanced luminescent materials with exceptional photoelectric properties is rapidly accelerating,with such materials including quantum dots and phosphors,etc.Nevertheless,the primary challenge preventing the practical application of these luminescent materials lies in meeting the required durability standards.Atomic layer deposition(ALD)has,therefore,been employed to stabilize luminescent materials,and as a result,flexible display devices have been fabricated through material modification,surface and interface engineering,encapsulation,cross-scale manufacturing,and simulations.In addition,the appropriate equipment has been developed for both spatial ALD and fluidized ALD to satisfy the low-cost,high-efficiency,and high-reliability manufacturing requirements.This strategic approach establishes the groundwork for the development of ultra-stable luminescent materials,highly efficient light-emitting diodes(LEDs),and thin-film packaging.Ultimately,this significantly enhances their potential applicability in LED illumination and backlighted displays,marking a notable advancement in the display industry.

Gas encapsulation technology for large volume press

For samples in the gaseous state at room temperature and ambient pressure,mature technology has been developed to encapsulate them in a diamond anvil cell(DAC).However,the large volume press(LVP)can only treat samples with starting materials in solid or liquid form.We have achieved stable encapsulation and reaction treatment of carbon dioxide in a centimeter sized sample chamber for a long time(over 10 min)under conditions of temperature higher than 1200C and pressure over 5 GPa through the use of integrated low-temperature freezing and rapid compression sealing method for LVP cell assemblies.This technology can also be applied to the packaging of other gaseous or liquid samples,such as ammonia,sulfur dioxide,water,etc.in LVP devices.

Research advances on encapsulation of probiotics with nanomaterials and their repair mechanisms on intestinal barriers

Probiotics participate in various physiological activities and contribute to body health.However,their viability and bioefficacy are adversely affected by gastrointestinal harsh conditions,such as gastric acid,bile salts and various enzymes.Fortunately,encapsulation based on various nanomaterials shows tremendous potential to protect probiotics.In this review,we introduced some novel encapsulation technologies involving nanomaterials in view of predesigned stability and viability,selective adhesion,smart release and colonization,and efficacy exertion of encapsulated probiotics.Furthermore,the interactions between encapsulated probiotics and the gastrointestinal tract were summarized and analyzed,with highlighting the regulatory mechanisms of encapsulated probiotics on intestinal mechanical barrier,chemical barrier,biological barrier and immune barrier.This review would benefit the food and pharmaceutical industries in preparation and utilization of multifunctional encapsulated probiotics.

Coupled bio-chemo-hydro-mechanical modeling of microbially induced calcite precipitation process considering biomass encapsulation using a micro-scale relationship

Geomaterials with inferior hydraulic and strength characteristics often need improvement to enhance their engineering behaviors.Traditional ground improvement techniques require enormous mechanical effort or synthetic chemicals.Sustainable stabilization technique such as microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP)utilizes bacterial metabolic processes to precipitate cementitious calcium carbonate.The reactive transport of biochemical species in the soil mass initiates the precipitation of biocement during the MICP process.The precipitated biocement alters the hydro-mechanical performance of the soil mass.Usually,the flow,deformation,and transport phenomena regulate the biocementation technique via coupled bio-chemo-hydro-mechanical(BCHM)processes.Among all,one crucial phenomenon controlling the precipitation mechanism is the encapsulation of biomass by calcium carbonate.Biomass encapsulation can potentially reduce the biochemical reaction rate and decelerate biocementation.Laboratory examination of the encapsulation process demands a thorough analysis of associated coupled effects.Despite this,a numerical model can assist in capturing the coupled processes influencing encapsulation during the MICP treatment.However,most numerical models did not consider biochemical reaction rate kinetics accounting for the influence of bacterial encapsulation.Given this,the current study developed a coupled BCHM model to evaluate the effect of encapsulation on the precipitated calcite content using a micro-scale semiempirical relationship.Firstly,the developed BCHM model was verified and validated using numerical and experimental observations of soil column tests.Later,the encapsulation phenomenon was investigated in the soil columns of variable maximum calcite crystal sizes.The results depict altered reaction rates due to the encapsulation phenomenon and an observable change in the precipitated calcite content for each maximum crystal size.Furthermore,the permeability and deformation of the soil mass were affected by the simultaneous precipitation of calcium carbonate.Overall,the present study comprehended the influence of the encapsulation of bacteria on cement morphology-induced permeability,biocement-induced stresses and displacements.

High-silica faujasite zeolite-tailored metal encapsulation for the low-temperature production of pentanoic biofuels

Zeolite-encapsulated metal nanoclusters are at the heart of bifunctional catalysts,which hold great potential for petrochemical conversion and the emerging sustainable biorefineries.Nevertheless,efficient encapsulation of metal nanoclusters into a high-silica zeolite Y in particular with good structural integrity still remains a significant challenge.Herein,we have constructed Ru nanoclusters(~1 nm)encapsulated inside a high-silica zeolite Y(SY)with a SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) ratio(SAR)of 10 via a cooperative strategy for direct zeolite synthesis and a consecutive impregnation for metal encapsulation.Compared with the benchmark Ru/H-USY and other analogues,the as-prepared Ru/H-SY markedly boosts the yields of pentanoic biofuels and stability in the direct hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived levulinate even at a mild temperature of 180℃,which are attributed to the notable stabilization of transition states by the enhanced acid accessibility and properly sized constraints of zeolite cavities owing to the good structural integrity.

Effect of Experimental Parameters on the Encapsulation of Insulin-loaded Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles Prepared by a Double Emulsion Method

Insulin-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (INS-PLGA-NPs) were prepared by a double emulsion method (w/o/w), using ethyl acetate as organic solvent and poloxamer188 as emulsifier. Experimental parameters such as the emulsifier and PLGA concentrations, the pH and concentration of the insulin solution, the solvent evaporation method and PVA in the internal phase were investigated for the encapsulation efficiency. The results indicated that higher emulsifier concentration, relatively less amount of PLGA and lower insulin concentration would increase the entrapment of insulin. Furthermore, pH of insulin solution approaching to pI (5.3), adding some PVA to the internal phase and a shorter evaporation time helped to enhance the incorporation efficiency of insulin. Optimized preparation parameters led to nanoparticles with well-defined characteristics such as an average size around 149.6 nm, a polydispersity lower than 0.1 and high encapsulation efficiency up to 42.8%.

Congenital peritoneal encapsulation: A review and novel classification system

Congenital peritoneal encapsulation(CPE) is a very rare, congenital condition characterised by the presence of an accessory peritoneal membrane which encases a variable extent of the small bowel. It is unclear how CPE develops,however it is currently understood to be a result of an aberrant adhesion in the peritoneal lining of the physiological hernia in foetal mid-gut development. The condition was first described in 1868, and subsequently there have been only 45 case reports of the phenomenon. No formal, systematised review of CPE has yet been performed, meaning the condition remains poorly understood,underdiagnosed and mismanaged. Diagnosis of CPE remains clinical with important adjuncts provided by imaging and diagnostic laparoscopy. Two thirds of patients present with abdominal pain, likely secondary to sub-acute bowel obstruction. A fixed, asymmetrical distension of the abdomen and differential consistency on abdominal palpation are more specific clinical features present in approximately 10% of cases. CPE is virtually undetectable on plain imaging, and is only detected on 40% of patients with computed tomography scan. Most patients will undergo diagnostic laparotomy to confirm the diagnosis.Management of CPE includes both medical management of the critically-unstable patient and surgical laparotomy, partial peritonectomy and adhesiolysis.Prognosis following prompt surgical treatment is excellent, with a majority of patients being symptom free at follow up. This review summarises the current literature on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease. We also introduce a novel classification system for encapsulating bowel diseases, which may distinguish CPE from the commoner, more morbid conditions of abdominal cocoon and encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis.

Run by Run Control of Time-pressure Dispensing for Electronics Encapsulation

To alleviate the influence of gas compressibility on the process performance of time-pressure dispensing for electronics encapsulation,a predictive model is developed based on power-law fluid to estimate the encapsulant amount dispensed.Based on the simple and effective model,a run by run (RbR) supervisory control scheme is delivered to compensate the variation resulting from gas volume change in the syringe.Both simulation and experiment have shown that the dispensing consistency has been greatly improved with the model-based RbR control strategy developed in this paper.

Improving the stability and bioavailability of tea polyphenols by encapsulations:a review

Tea polyphenols(TPPs)have attracted significant research interest due to their health benefits.However,TPPs are sensitive to certain environmental and gastrointestinal conditions and their oral bioavailability was found to be very low.Delivery systems made of food-grade materials have been reported to improve the shelf-life,bioavailability and bioefficacy of TPPs.This review discusses the chemistry of TPPs;the setbacks of TPPs for application;and the strategies to counteract application limitations by rationally designing delivery systems.An overview of different formulations used to encapsulate TPPs is provided in this study,such as emulsion-based systems(liposome,nanoemulsion,double emulsion,and Pickering emulsion)and nano/microparticles-based systems(protein-based,carbohydrate-based,and bi-polymer based).In addition,the stability,bioavailability and bioactivities of encapsulated TPPs are evaluated by various in vitro and in vivo models.The current findings provide scientific insights in encapsulation approaches for the delivery of TPPs,which can be of great value to TPPs-fortified food products.Further explorations are needed for the encapsulated TPPs in terms of their applications in the real food industry as well as their biological fate and functional pathways in vivo.

MoS2 nanorods with inner caves through synchronous encapsulation of sulfur for high performance Li–S cathodes

Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries have become one of the most promising candidates for next-generation batteries owing to their high specific capacity,low cost,and environment-friendliness.Many efforts have been made to mitigate the"shuttle effect"through physical adsorption and chemical bonding.MoS2 has been proposed as a cathode material to provide effective anchoring sites for lithium polysulfides(Li PSs),but is still limited by its layer structure.Herein,we designed novel MoS2 nanorods with inner caves based on our previous work,and performed synchronous encapsulation of sulfur during the synthesis process.The outer MoS2 tubular shells physically inhibit the outward diffusion of polysulfide species while the inner particles chemically anchor the polysulfides to prevent shuttling.As the cathode matrix in Li–S batteries,the electrochemical results deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 1213 mAhg^-1 for sulfur at 0.1 C.After cycling at 1 C for 300 cycles,the cells exhibit a capacity decay of only 0.076%per cycle and high average coulombic efficiency over 95%.The tubular MoS2 structure is an innovative and appealing design,which could be regarded as a prospective substrate for the improved performance of Li–S batteries.

ENCAPSULATION OF STRONG SOLID ACID NANOPARTICLES IN MESOPOROUS CHANNEL HOSTS

Mesoporous molecular sieve with Al-promoted sulfated rirconia (SZA) based strong solid acid nano-particles within its mesoporous channels was synthesized by using a one-step incipient wetness impregnation method with zirconium sulfate and aluminum sulfate as the precursors. The assemblies of SZA/MCM-41 were obtained by thermal decomposition of the precursors in air.The resultant composite was characterized with various techniques such as nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction, SEM and TEM. It was shown that the well-ordered channels of MCM-41 arranged in hexagonal arrays as well as the hollow tubular morphology was retained. The strong solid acid nanoparticles were isolated born each other and highly, dispersed in the channels. Nitrogen sorption showed the expected decrease in pore volume. The catalytic activity of SZA/MCM-41 composite in the isomerization of n-butane was dramatically improved in comparison to bulk SZA or SZA/silica.

Micro-encapsulation of Pacific white shrimp oil as affected by emulsification condition

Micro-encapsulation of shrimp oil using the mixture of whey protein concentrate(WPC)and sodium caseinate(SC)(1:1,w/w)as a wall material was carried out.The impact of core/wall material ratios(1:2 and 1:4,w/w)and homogenizing pressures(13.79 and 27.58 MPa)on characteristics and stability of emulsion was investigated.The size of emulsion oil droplets decreased with increasing homogenizing pressure(P<0.05)but was not influenced by core/wall material ratio(P>0.05).During the extended storage,particle size,flocculation factor(Ff)and coalescence index(Ci)of all emulsions sharply increased,especially in emulsions prepared at 13.79 MPa with a core/wall material ratio of 1:2(P<0.05).After spray drying,micro-encapsulated shrimp oil(MSO)prepared at 13.79 MPa with a core/wall material ratio of 1:2 had the larger size than others(P<0.05).MSO prepared using a core/wall material ratio of 1:4 with homogenizing pressure of 27.58 MPa exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency(EE)(51.3%–52.8%)than others.Thus,both core/wall material ratio and homogenizing pressure directly affected micro-encapsulation of shrimp oil.

Anti-aggregation growth and hierarchical porous carbon encapsulation enables the C@VO_(2) cathode with superior storage capability for aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Self-aggregation and sluggish transport kinetics of cathode materials would usually lead to the poor electrochemical performance for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs).In this work,we report the construction of C@VO_(2) composite via anti-aggregation growth and hierarchical porous carbon encapsulation.Both of the morphology of composite and pore structure of carbon layer can be regulated by tuning the adding amount of glucose.When acting as cathode applied for AZIBs,the C@VO_(2)-3:3 composite can deliver a high capacity of 281 m Ah g^(-1) at 0.2 A g^(-1).Moreover,such cathode also exhibits a remarkably rate capability and cyclic stability,which can release a specific capacity of 195 m Ah g^(-1) at 5 A g^(-1) with the capacity retention of 95.4%after 1000 cycles.Besides that,the evolution including the crystal structure,valence state and transport kinetics upon cycling were also deeply investigated.In conclusion,benefited from the synergistic effect of anti-aggregation morphology and hierarchical porous carbon encapsulation,the building of such C@VO_(2) composite can be highly expected to enhance the ion accessible site,boost the transport kinetics and thus performing a superior storage performance.Such design concept can be applied for other kinds of electrode materials and accelerating the development of highperformance AZIBs.

Effects of Residual Oxygen in the Degradation of the Performance of Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: Stability, Role of the Encapsulation

We have shown in our first articles [1] [2] that even after encapsulation, the first rapid phase of degradation mechanism observed has been attributed to oxidation of interfaces and an alteration of the charges collection process. A second phase slower is induced by the oxidation of the active film, namely a decrease in the absorption and a degradation of the charge transport process. We revealed that another decrease in power conversion efficiency which has been induced by a possible interfacial passivation occurred at the organic/cathode interface, owing to the presence of residual oxygen, moisture and other impurities. This is in reality the real cause of the first rapid phase of degradation mechanism observed.

Macroencapsulation Devices for Cell Therapy

Macroencapsulation has been widely used in cell therapy due to its capability to provide immune-privileged sites for implanted allogeneic or xenogeneic cells.Macroencapsulation also serves to provide mechanical and physiochemical support for maintaining cell expansion and promoting therapeutic func-tions.Macroencapsulation devices such as membrane-controlled release systems,hydrogels,micronee-dle(MN)array patches,and three-dimensional(3D)stents have shown promising in-lab and preclinical results in the maintenance of long-term cell survival and the strengthening of treatment effi-cacy.Recent studies focus on expanding the applications of these devices to new cell-based areas such as chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-T cell delivery,cardiovascular disease therapy,and the exploration of new materials,construction methods,and working principles to augment treatment efficacy and prolong therapy duration.Here,we survey innovative platforms and approaches,as well as translation outcomes,for advancing the performance and applications of macrodevices for cell-based therapies.A discussion and critique regarding future opportunities and challenges is also provided.

IP in IP Encapsulation在Linux中的实现

IP in IP封装技术有着广泛的用途。在 Mobile IP中 ,它被指定为必须实现的、将数据包由 m obile node的 hom e net-work发向 mobile node当前位置的封装形式。而且 ,它还被用于多点传送、指定安全特性的路由选择、策略路由等。由于 IP in IP封装有如此重要作用 ,因此 L inux很早就实现了该功能模块。本文从源代码对该模块的实现进行了分析。

THE BRINE SHRIMP (ARTEMIA PARTHENOGENETICA) AS ENCAPSULATION ORGANISM FOR PROPHYLACTIC CHEMOTHERAPY OF FISH AND PRAWN

Brine shrimp (Artrmia parthenogenetica) which had ingested three water-insoluble antibactrial drugs ie.sulfadiazine(SD), oxytetracycline (OTO) and erythromycin estolate (ERY-Es) were fed to TiIapia andMysis Ⅲ of Penaeus orientalis K..The drug contentS in the predators were then determined. Aferadministration of drugs to TiIapia and Mysis Ⅲ, through the bio-encapsulation of the brine shrimp,efficacious therapeuical concenration of OTC and ERY-Es(but not SD) in the pndators could bereached and meintained for mere than 8 hours.

NETWORK ENCAPSULATION OF NANOMETER CaCO_3

The encapsulation of stearic acid coated nanometer CaCO3 by a polystyrene (PS) network via emulsion polymerization is described, where gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) was used as an efficient crosslinker. The important factors such as the type and amount of surfactant and initiator and the content of CaCO3 are investigated as well as the role of MPS. It has been shown that little PS was extractable with only 0.6 wt% of MPS (relative to styrene). The cationic surfactant cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) proved more effective than the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS). The yield rises, particles become smaller and size distribution broadens with increased amount of CTAB. It is also found that either 2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) or ammonium persulfate (APS) is suitable for attaining high monomer conversion. With increased amount of CaCO3, the encapsulation ratio can be varied from 17.9 to 3.6, while monomer conversion and yield decrease slightly. FT-IR spectra of the products after extraction indicate tight encapsulation between PS and CaCO3, and TEM photographs of composite particles with well-defined core-shell structure give direct evidence of encapsulation.