How do green product exports affect carbon emissions?Evidence from China

Green development has become an increasingly important global initiative.Therefore,this study focuses on the impact of green product exports on carbon emissions in China.Firm-level datasets are used to estimate provincial green product exports between 2001-2016.This study estimates the impact of green exports on carbon emissions using the system generalized method of moments methodology.In addition,heterogeneity and asymmetry of the nexus are explored.The following findings are highlighted:(1)China’s green product exports show a significant upward trend during the study period;(2)increased green product exports,especially those of high-technology manufacturers,can effectively mitigate CO_(2) emissions;(3)the influence of green product exports on carbon emissions is regional heterogeneous but consistent across quantiles;and(4)technique and scale effects are significant mediators,whereas the composition effect is not.These findings provide new evidence supporting methods to mitigate China’s CO_(2) emissions by adjusting green product export structures.

Distortion product otoacoustic emissions in newborn babies with and without late-term maternal iron deficiency anaemia

Background:Studies on animals have demonstrated that maternal iron deficiency anaemia(IDA)could result in decreased cochlear sensory hair cells and reduced amplitudes of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions(DPOAEs)of young guinea pigs.Thus,it is essential to study the functioning of cochlear hair cells using DPOAEs in human newborn babies with maternal IDA.The current study explores maternal IDA’s effect on DPOAEs in newborn babies.Method:A total of 110 newborn babies with gestational age≥34 weeks were considered and a‘betweensubjects’design was used.The participants were divided into 3 groups-“Normal”(61 babies without maternal IDA),“Mild”(28 babies with mild maternal IDA)and“Moderate”(21 babies with moderate maternal IDA).The cord blood was collected and the DPOAEs were recorded for each baby for a range of frequencies(1 k 8 kHz)and a range of intensities(7040 dB SPL in 10 dB steps).Results:The analysis of both DP-gram and DP input-output(I/O)function showed that there was no significant difference(p>0.05)across the normal,mild,and moderate groups in the overall presence of DPOAEs as well as the amplitude across frequencies or intensities(7040 dB SPL).Also,the overall correlation of RBC indices with DPOAE amplitude across frequencies as well as the slope of the I/O function showed no relationship.Conclusion:The current study concludes that there is no effect of late-term maternal IDA on the DPOAEs of newborn babies.

Toward inclusive list-making for trade liberalization in environmental goods to reduce carbon emissions

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)is contemplating expanding its list of environmental goods(EG)for trade liberalization to fight climate change.In support of doing so,this study proposes that a long list that retains controversies is better for carbon emission reduction than a short common list.This study examines four mechanisms of longer lists:enlarging market scales,enriching product mixes,enhancing product sophistication,and enriching trade patterns.Using China’s emerging EG trade during the 2001-2015 period as a case study,this study compares four EG lists with different EG.The results show that:(1)a longer list reduces carbon emissions from both imports and exports,making domestic regions with different advantages have better chances of improving carbon efficiencies.(2)Product sophistication reduces the emission gap between trading partners,regardless of the length of EG lists.(3)China’s EG exports contribute to carbon reduction in leading regions,while EG imports provide laggard regions with better chances of reducing carbon emissions.These findings provide three implications for future list-making:it is important to(1)seek a long and inclusive list rather than a short common list,(2)shift the focus from environmental end-use to the technological contents of products,and(3)balance the demand of laggard regions to import and the capacity of leading regions to export.

Methane Production, Emission and Possible Control Measures in the Rice Agriculture

In the rice field methane is produced in the soil layer with depths of 2-25 cm. The vertical profile of methane production rate in the paddy soil during the water covering period differs from that in the paddy soil in dry phase. Only a small part, about 30%. of the produced methane is emitted to the atmosphere through rice plant, air bubbles, and molecular diffusion. Therefore, the methane emission rate from the rice field depends not only on the methane production rate in the soil, but also on the transport efficiency of the rice plant, air bubble formation that in turn depends on the production rate, and molecular diffusion.Field measurements show that methane emission rates from a particular rice field have very large diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations, which are related to soil characteristics, water regime, farming procedure, local climate, and rice growing activities. The relationship between the methane emission rate and the above mentioned factors is very complicated. The emission rates from different rice fields differ greatly not only in the absolute value, but also in the temporal variation patterns.Methane emission rate from the rice field may be significantly reduced by scientific management of fertilizer and irrigation. While the use of SO42- containing fertilizer and fermented organic fertilizer may reduce the methane emission significantly, the most promising measure for reducing methane emission from rice field is the frequent drainage irrigation procedure.

Effect of irrigation regime on grain yield,water productivity,and methane emissions in dry direct-seeded rice grown in raised beds with wheat straw incorporation

Dry direct-seeded rice grown in raised beds is becoming an important practice in the wheat–rice rotation system in China.However,little information has been available on the effect of various irrigation regimes on grain yield,water productivity(WP),nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and greenhouse gas emission in this practice.This study investigated the question using two rice cultivars in 2015 and 2016 grown in soil with wheat straw incorporated into it.Rice seeds were directly seeded into raised beds,which were maintained under aerobic conditions during the early seedling period.Three irrigation regimes:continuous flooding(CF),alternate wetting and drying(AWD),and furrow irrigation(FI),were applied from 4.5-leaf-stage to maturity.Compared with CF,both AWD and FI significantly increased grain yield,WP,and internal NUE,with greater increases under the FI regime.The two cultivars showed the same tendency in both years.Both AWD and FI markedly increased soil redox potential,root and shoot biomass,root oxidation activity,leaf photosynthetic NUE,and harvest index and markedly decreased global warming potential,owing to substantial reduction in seasonalThe results demonstrate that adoption of either AWD or FI could increase grain yield and resource-use efficiency and reduce environmental risks in dry direct-seeded rice grown on raised beds with wheat straw incorporation in the wheat–rice rotation system.

The effects of aeration and irrigation regimes on soil CO_2 and N_2O emissions in a greenhouse tomato production system

Aerated irrigation has been proven to increase crop production and quality, but studies on its environmental impacts are sparse. The effects of aeration and irrigation regimes on soil CO2 and N2O emissions in two consecutive greenhouse tomato rotation cycles in Northwest China were studied via the static closed chamber and gas chromatography technique. Four treatments, aerated deficit irrigation（AI1）, non-aerated deficit irrigation（CK1）, aerated full irrigation（AI2） and non-aerated full irrigation（CK2）, were performed. The results showed that the tomato yield under aeration of each irrigation regime increased by 18.8% on average compared to non-aeration, and the difference was significant under full irrigation（P〈0.05）. Full irrigation significantly increased the tomato yield by 23.9% on average in comparison to deficit irrigation. Moreover, aeration increased the cumulative CO2 emissions compared to non-aeration, and treatment effects were significant in the autumn-winter season（P〈0.05）. A slight increase of CO2 emissions in the two seasons was observed under full irrigation（P〉0.05）. There was no significant difference between aeration and non-aeration in soil N2O emissions in the spring-summer season, whereas aeration enhanced N2O emissions significantly in the autumn-winter season. Furthermore, full irrigation over the two seasons greatly increased soil N2O emissions compared to the deficit irrigation treatment（P〈0.05）. Correlation analysis indicated that soil temperature was the primary factor influencing CO2 fluxes. Soil temperature, soil moisture and NO3^- were the primary factors influencing N2O fluxes. Irrigation coupled with particular soil aeration practices may allow for a balance between crop production yield and greenhouse gas mitigation in greenhouse vegetable fields.

Isoflurane anesthesia suppresses distortion product otoacoustic emissions in rats

A commonly used anesthetic, isoflurane, can impair auditory function in a dose-dependent manner. However, in rats, isoflurane-induced auditory impairments have only been assessed with auditory brainstem responses; a measure which is unable to distinguish if changes originate from the central or peripheral auditory system. Studies performed in other species, such as mice and guinea-pigs, suggests auditory impairment stems from disrupted OHC amplification. Despite the wide use of the rat in auditory research, these observations have yet to be replicated in the rat animal model. This study used distortion product otoacoustic emissions to assess outer hair cell function in rats that were anesthetized with either isoflurane or a ketamine/xylazine cocktail for approximately 45 min. Results indicate that isoflurane can significantly reduce DPOAE amplitudes compared to ketamine/xylazine, and that responses were more variable with isoflurane than ketamine/xylazine over the 45-min test period. Based on these observations, isoflurane should be used with caution when assessing peripheral auditory function to avoid potentially confounding effects.

Effects of Fe and Mn in Paddy Soils Derived from Different Parent Materials on Methane Production and Emission

Three types of paddy soils, derived from granite, Quaternary red clay andbasalt, respectively, were selected to study the effects of Fe and Mn in paddy soils on methaneproduction and emission through pot and incubation experiments. The results indicated that thedifference of Fe and Mn in paddy soils was one of the important factors causing obvious differencesin methane emission from different soil types. Soil Fe and Mn affecting methane emission from thepaddy soils was likely through affectingsoil Eh and forming Fe and Mn plagues on rice roots.Different rates and valences of added Fe and Mn significantly affected methane production from paddysoils. Therefore, this study enhanced understanding of processes controlling methane emission frompaddy soils and may help to improve modeling and estimating regional and global methane emissionfrom paddy soils.

ESTIMATE OF METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE FIELDS IN CHINA BY CLIMATE-BASED NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

Rice fields provide food for over half of the world population but are also an important source of atmospheric CH(4). Using the climate-based GIS empirical model and the meteorological data collected from 600 meteorological stations in China, with county as the basic unit, the net primary productivity (NPP) of rice fields in China in 1990, 1995, 1998, and 2000 were estimated to be in the range from 202.19x10(12)g C in 1990 to 163.46x10(12)g C in 2000. From the measured data of the factors affecting CH(4) emission and NPP, the conversion ratio of the NPP into CH(4) emission for the rice fields of China was determined to be 1.8%. Using this ratio and estimated NPP, the CH(4) emissions from rice fields of China in 1990, 1995, 1998, and 2000 were estimated to be 7.24x10(12), 6.31x10(12), 6.77x10(12) and 5.85x10(12)g CH(4), respectively.

Carbon emission efficiency of forest processing industries in China

This paper uses an input-output table of China's provinces(2007-2016) to measure carbon emissions of these industries.It employs a Malmquist-Luenberger(ML) index with expected and undesired outputs,and an absolute β convergence and a conditional β convergence model,to conduct an in-depth analysis of dynamic changes and spatial convergence.Carbon emission efficiency of forest processing industries in 25 regions,including Shanghai,Chongqing,Zhejiang,and Jiangsu are increasing,whereas those of Tianjin,Liaoning,Heilongjiang,and Tibet are decreasing.The main contributing factors of carbon emission efficiency in three major regions vary over time.Further,carbon emission efficiency in the eastern,central,and western regions all have absolute β convergence and conditional β convergence,indicating that different regions are developing toward their own goals and industry,yet regions with lower efficiency are catching up with those where with more efficient strategies in place.Finally,this paper proposes according recommendations.

The multiple roles of crop structural change in productivity,nutrition and environment in China:A decomposition analysis

China's crop structure has undergone significant changes in the last two decades since 2000,with an increase in the share of cereals,vegetables,and fruit,squeezing out other crops.As a result,land productivity,nutrient supply,and carbon emissions have changed.How to reallocate limited farmland among crops to achieve the multiple goals of agrifood systems becomes an important issue.This study explores the sources of land productivity and nutrition supply growth and carbon emissions reduction,and identifies the multiple roles of crop structural change from 2003 to 2020 based on a decomposition analysis.The results reveal that the growth within crops is still the primary driver in land productivity and nutrition supply and the reduction in carbon emissions.However,structural change also plays various roles at different periods.From 2003 to 2010,crop structural change increased the total calorie supply but lowered land productivity and contributed at least 70%of the total growth of carbon emissions.The crop structure was relatively stable,and their effects were modest from 2010 to 2015.From 2015 to 2020,the crop structural change began to play a greater role and generate synergistic effects in improving land productivity,micronutrient supply,and reducing carbon emissions,contributing to approximately a quarter of the growth of land productivity and 30%of total carbon emissions reduction.These results suggest that strategies for crop structural change should comprehensively consider its multiple impacts,aiming to achieve co-benefits while minimizing trade-offs.

Potentials and Challenges of Carbon Knowledge Graph in Sustainable Textile Production for Carbon Traceability:A Review

Textile production has received considerable attention owing to its significance in production value,the complexity of its manufacturing processes and the extensive reach of its supply chains.However,textile industry consumes substantial energy and materials and emits greenhouse gases that severely harm the environment.In addressing this challenge,the concept of sustainable production offers crucial guidance for the sustainable development of the textile industry.Low-carbon manufacturing technologies provide robust technical support for the textile industry to transition to a low-carbon model by optimizing production processes,enhancing energy efficiency and minimizing material waste.Consequently,low-carbon manufacturing technologies have gradually been implemented in sustainable textile production scenarios.However,while research on low-carbon manufacturing technologies for textile production has advanced,these studies predominantly concentrate on theoretical methods,with relatively limited exploration of practical applications.To address this gap,a thorough overview of carbon emission management methods and tools in textile production,as well as the characteristics and influencing factors of carbon emissions in key textile manufacturing processes is presented to identify common issues.Additionally,two new concepts,carbon knowledge graph and carbon traceability,are introduced,offering strategic recommendations and application directions for the low-carbon development of sustainable textile production.Beginning with seven key aspects of sustainable textile production,the characteristics of carbon emissions and their influencing factors in key textile manufacturing process are systematically summarized.The aim is to provide guidance and optimization strategies for future emission reduction efforts by exploring the carbon emission situations and influencing factors at each stage.Furthermore,the potential and challenges of carbon knowledge graph technology are summarized in achieving carbon traceability,and several research ideas and suggestions are proposed.

Effects of glutamate on distortion-product otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem responses in guinea pigs

Objectives To investigate changes in evoked potentials and structure of the guinea pig cochleae during whole cochlear perfusion with glutamate. Methods CM, CAP, DPOAE, and ABR were recorded as indicators of cochlear functions during whole cochlear perfusion. The morphology of the cochlea was studied via transmission electron microscopy. Results There were no significant changes in DPOAE amplitude before and after glutamate perfusion. CM I/O function remained nonlinear during perfusion. ABR latencies were delayed following glutamate perfusion. The average CAP threshold was elevated 35 dB SPL following glutamate perfusion.. The OHCs appeared normal, but the IHCs and afferent dendrites showed cytoplasmic blebs after glutamate perfusion. Conclusions While being a primary amino acid neurotransmitter at the synapses between hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons, excessive glutamate is neurotoxic and can destroy IHCs and spiral ganglion neurons. The technique used in this study can also be used to build an animal model of auditory neuropathy.

High density γ-ray emission and dense positron production via multi-laser driven circular target

A diamond-like carbon circular target is proposed to improve γ-ray emission and pair production with a laser intensity of 8×1022 W cm-2by using 2D particle-in-cell simulations with quantum electrodynamics.It is found that the circular target can enhance the density of γ-photons significantly more than a plane target, when two colliding circularly polarized lasers irradiate the target.By multi-laser irradiating the circular target, the optical trap of lasers can prevent the high energy electrons accelerated by laser radiation pressure from escaping.Hence, γ-photons with a high density of beyond 5000 ncare obtained through nonlinear Compton backscattering.Meanwhile, 2.7×1011 positrons with an average energy of 230 MeV are achieved via the multiphoton Breit-Wheeler process.Such an ultrabright γ-ray source and dense positron source can be useful in many applications.The optimal target radius and laser mismatching deviation parameters are also discussed in detail.

Chamber Size Effects on Methane Emissions from Rice Production

Quantifying methane (CH4) emissions from cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in the field has received increased attention recently due to methane’s importance as a greenhouse gas. The enclosed-headspace chamber technique is the standard methodology for field assessments of trace gas emissions. However, to our knowledge, no direct comparisons of measured CH4 fluxes and emissions from field-grown rice among differing chamber sizes have been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chamber size [15.2- and 30.4-cm inside diameter (id)] on CH4 fluxes and season-long emissions from rice grown on a clay soil in Arkansas. Chamber size did not affect (P > 0.05) CH4 fluxes on 10 sampling dates during the flooded portion of the rice growing season and only affected fluxes on one of four sampling dates after flood release. Total season-long CH4 emissions from optimally N-fertilized rice were 32.6 and 35.6 kg CH4-C ha&#451&#183season&#451, which did not differ, and from bare clay soil were 0.74 and 1.75 kg CH4-C ha&#451&#183season&#451, which also did not differ, from the 15.2- and 30.4-cm chambers, respectively. Chamber size (i.e., 15.2- or 30.4-cm id) did not result in differences in cumulative CH4 emissions from this flooded-rice study that was conducted on a Sharkey clay soil in northeast Arkansas. Results indicate that both 15.2- and 30.4-cm diameter chambers were similarly adequate for measuring CH4 fluxes and emissions from the clay soil investigated. The similarity in emissions results between chamber sizes also indicates that the 15.2-cm diameter chambers adequately facilitated the quantification of CH4 emissions in this study.

Review of Carbon Emissions Trading Production Model and Research on Its Applications in China

With the Kyoto Protocol entering into effect in many countries one after another,carbon trading has come into being and developed quickly.China is the main supplier of carbon emissions rights in the world,but such transactions are still in the stage of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects without its own trading system,which is not conducive for China to win the rights of carbon pricing in the international market.Low-carbon and emissions reduction is the international trend nowadays,and therefore,it is particularly necessary and urgent to investigate the issue of carbon trading in China.In this paper,the authors have reviewed Putty-Clay Vintage,which is a model of production function for carbon trading,revealing the main points,contributions and shortcomings of the model.Combined with China's national conditions,the authors have investigated the application of this model in China's carbon trading from four different angles,including enterprise production optimization,financial market development,national macro-economy,and the allocation of emission quota.This study aims to provide China's enterprises with an analytical framework when participating in carbon trading in the future and it is beneficial for them to make optimal production planning when considering the cost of carbon emissions reduction.

Regional Carbon Emission Performance of Pig Production in China according to Malmquist-DEA Approach

As pig production is a main contributor of greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions from livestock sector,the carbon emissions of pig production are attracting increasing attention,especially in the developing countries. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2001 to 2012,this paper measures the provincial carbon emission performance(CEP) of pig production and we use a Malmquist DEA approach to analyze the decomposition which includes desirable and undesirable output. Furthermore,the regional disparity in carbon emission performance of pig production is also analyzed and finally the convergence is tested. The main results are as follows:(i) there are provincial differences in carbon emission performance changing of pig production in China,and the carbon emission performance of pig production in 30 provinces has a downward trend during this period;(ii) among China’s three major economic regions,in terms of carbon emission performance of pig production,they are ranked in descending order as follows: Western China,Central China and Eastern China;(iii) convergence testing shows that there is a convergence trend for carbon emission performance both nationally and for the three regions.

Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Irrigated Rice Production Systems in Ghana

Estimation of the carbon footprint in rice cropping systems can help in identifying the major options available in the quest to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in agricultural production. This research study assessed the greenhouse gas emissions of irrigated rice production based on field experiments and surveys. The study determined the effect of application of different nitrogen rates on crop yield, carbon footprint and net carbon in irrigated rice (Oryza sativa var KRC Baika) production systems. A three-year (one minor season followed by two major seasons) field experiment was conducted on a Vertisol in a completely randomized design with four nitrogen application rates. Biomass yield and the N content of straw and grain were determined after harvest. Additionally, data on detailed farm activities relative to the cultivation of the rice crop, input use as well as biomass yield were obtained and used to estimate the carbon footprint during the study. The results showed that between 862 and 1717 kg CO2-eq ha-1 was emitted from rice fields per season. From this study, nitrogen fertilizer with about 42% of the emissions, was the biggest contributor to total GHG emissions ha-1 of rice crop. Applying nitrogen fertilizer at 90 kg N ha-1 gave a similar yield, but with a lower carbon footprint relative to the application of 135 kg N ha-1. Therefore, applying N at 90 kg N ha-1 maintained yields, reduced GHG emissions and had a positive net carbon. The results of this study can be applied to ensure that farmers maintain yields with less cost to the environment.

N_2O emission factors of nitric acid production in China from CDM projects

Industrial production process including nitric acid production is an important greenhouse gas emission source. Although IPCC guidelines have given calculation methods and emission factors for N2O emission from nitric acid production, emission factors of nitric acid production in China are not given. And it can be seen from the comparison of the guidelines and registered CDM projects in China that the N2O emission factors given in the IPCC guidelines and actual N2O emission from nitric acid production in China differ greatly while measured N2O emission data is not available, so determination of emission factors for N2O emission from nitric acid production is an important basic research for N2O emission calculation in China. The method that calculate N2O emission factors from nitric acid production in China is studied with baseline emission factors based on actual measurement of registered CDM projects and the calculated emission factor is compared with that given in the IPCC guidelines in the text.

Evaluation of the Effect of Agricultural Management on Energy Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction of Bioenergy Production Chains

The role of energy crops in reducing fossil energy use and greenhouse gas emission is much debated. To improve decision making on the use of crops for producing bioenergy, a tool (Energy Crop Simulation Model or E-CROP) has been developed to calculate 1) sustainable crop dry matter yield levels as function of agricultural inputs, and 2) gross and net energy yield and greenhouse gas emission reduction, covering the entire bioenergy production chain from sowing to distribution of bioenergy. E-CROP can be applied to a wide range of crops, soils, climatic conditions, management choices, and conversion technologies. This paper describes E-CROP and focuses on its application on four arable crops, as cultivated on two contrasting sites in the Netherlands (potato and sugar beet for bioethanol, winter oilseed rape for biodiesel and silage maize for bioelectricity) and on the effect of crop management (viz. irrigation and nitrogen fertilisation). In all situations, gross energy output exceeded total energy input. Calculated for an average situation, net energy yield ranged from 45 to 140 GJ.ha-1. Lowering irrigation and/or fertilisation input levels generally resulted in a reduction of net energy yields. The net reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the average situation ranged from 0.60 to 6.5 t CO2-eq.ha-1. In general, N2O emission from nitrogen fertiliser caused large variations in the net reduction of greenhouse gas emission, which even became negative in some situations. Lowering nitrogen fertilisation to levels that are suboptimal for net energy yields enhanced the net reduction in greenhouse gas emission, implicating that both goals cannot be optimised simultaneously. Agricultural knowledge is important for optimising the outputs of bioenergy production chains.